A. Jayaram
& Anr Etc. Etc. Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh [1995] INSC 311 (13 July 1995)
Ray,
G.N. (J) Ray, G.N. (J) Faizan Uddin (J) G.N. Ray.J.
CITATION:
1995 AIR 2128 1995 SCC Supl. (3) 333 JT 1995 (5) 238 1995 SCALE (4)393
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
THE
13TH DAY OF JULY, 1995 Present:
Hon'ble
Mr. Justice G.N.Ray Hon'ble Mr. Justice Faizan Uddin Mr.K.T.S.Tulsi, Additional
Solicitor General, Mr. K.Madhava Reddy and Ms.Amreshwari, Sr. Advs., Mr.K.R. Choudhary,
Mr.G.Narasimhlu, Mr. V.V.Vaze Mr.D.Satyanarayan, Mr.R.P. Srivastava, Mr. Hemant
Sharma, Mr. W.A.Quardi, Mr. P.Parmeswaran and C.B.Babu, Advs. with them for the
appearing parties.
The
following Judgment of the Court was delivered:
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 310
OF 1989 A.Jayaram and Anr. Versus State of Andhra Pradesh By C.B.I.
WITH
Criminal appeals Nos.308 and 309 of 1989, 311 to 317 of 1989, 163 to 166 of
1994 and Criminal Appeals Nos. 184 to 185 of 1994.
All
the aforesaid appeals were heard analogously because the criminal proceedings
instituted against the appellants in these appeals, being the officers of the
State Government of Andhra Pradesh and dealers of fertilizers in the State of
Andhra Pradesh related to an alleged scandal in transporting imported fertilisers
from the ports of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh to different destinations in
the State of Andhra Pradesh. A tabular statement indicating the numbers of the
appeals in this Court, corresponding numbers of the appeals in the Andhra
Pradesh High Court and corresponding numbers of the criminal cases in the trial
court out of which the appeals in the High Court arose is given below:
Government
and others are dealers.
The
Special Judge for Fertilizers Transport Cases (A.P.) acquitted all the accused
in the criminal cases instituted against the officers and dealers. But on
appeals by the State of Andhra Pradesh, the High Court of Andhra Pradesh by the
impugned judgments reversed the orders of acquittal and convicted all the
appellants. As the Criminal Appeal No. 310 of 1989 was taken up first for
hearing and was argued at length as the main appeal and learned counsel
appearing for the appellants in the other appeals supplemented the arguments by
drawing attention of this Court to the special facts relating to such appeals,
we propose to deal with the arguments advanced in Criminal Appeal No. 310 of
1989 at length.
Criminal
Appeal No. 310 of 1989 has been preferred by Accused No. 2 District
Agricultural Officer Nandiyal (DAO) and Accused No. 3 Assistant Agricultural
Officer Nandiyal (AAO) Accused No.1 who was a dealer in fertiliser was also
convicted by the High Court. Both A-2 and A-3 have been convicted by the High
Court under Section 120B read with Section 420 I.P.C. and sentenced to pay a
fine of Rs.100/- and in default to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one month.
They were further convicted under Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1) (d) of
prevention of Corruption Act and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs.100/- and in
default to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one month. They were also
sentenced to imprisonment till the rising of the Court. The dealer accused No.1
was however convicted under Section 477- A I.P.C. and was sentenced to pay a
fine of Rs.100/- in default to unergo rigorous imprisonment for one month. He
was also sentenced to detention till the rising of the Court. It may be
indicated here that the Government Officers in the other appeals were sentenced
similarly on similar evidence. Accordingly submissions on behalf of such
appellants were also more or less on similar terms.
The
impugned judgments of the High Court reversing the orders of acquittal and
convicting the appellants in these appeals have been assailed by the learned
counsel for the appellants by contending that although an appellate Court has
jurisdiction to interfere with the finding of fact and reverse such finding on
proper appreciation of evidence adduced in the trial, as a rule of prudence,
court of appeal should not interfere with the order of acquittal are not perverse
of against the weight of the evidence addced in the case and the basis of
judgment is founded on a reasoning which can not be held to be one of the
possible views which may be reasoning which can not be held to be one of the
possible views which may be reasonably taken by the Court.
The
learned counsel have submitted that the guidelines or the principles justifying
interference by the Court of appeal against an order of acquittal have been
well settled by a number of decisions of this Court indicating that rules of
prudence dictate that unless a very strong case for interference against a well
reasoned order of acquittal is made out, the court of appeal will refrain from
making its own assessment of the evidence for taking one of the possible views,
different from the view taken by the trial court. It has been submitted that
although High Court has rightly pointed out the principles justifying
interference against the order of acquittal it failed to appreciate the facts
and circumstances of the cases and the evidences adduced in the trial and has
reversed the decisions of the trial court cotrary to the well established
principles justifying such interference. The contention of the learned counsel
appearing for the appellants in Criminal Appeal No. 310 of 1989 are to the
following effect:-
(a)
The High Court in this case has totally ignored the reasons given by the Trial
Court and totally overlooked the several admissions made by the prosecution
witnesses in their Cross- examination which wholly demolisnes the value of
their evidence in examination- in-chief. Except discussing one aspect, namely
that owners of the shops are competent witnesses to identify the handwriting of
their clerks who made the entries in the account books, there is no discussion
regarding several other reasons given by the Trial Court for not accepting the
evidence of the prosecution witnesses.
(b)
The High Court has gone by surmises.
The
High Court has, in reversing the Trial Courts Judgment of acquittal nowhere
found that on the evidence adduced the view taken by the trial court could not
have been taken. The High Court, sitting in appeal, ought not to have reversed
the acquittal without displacing the findings of the Trial Court merely because
a different view was also possible. The High Court has nowhere considered how
the officers, A-2 and A-3, could be held guilty of conspiracy without a
categorical finding that no fertilizer was received by the AAD (A-3). It has
not adverted to the admissions made by the prosecution witnesses in their cross
examination which were referred to by the Trial Court for acquitting them.
(c)
The High Court has failed to notice that not a single witness of the
prosecution has stated that there was no stock of fertilizers on the day when
it was recorded in the stock register by A- 3.
(d)
The High Court failed to see that upto the date of issuance of the impugned
certificates, there was no obligation to verify the registration numbers of the
trucks in which the fertilizers were transported.
(e)
The High Court failed to consider that the District Agricultural Officer in Nandiyal
which is in Kurnool District, has neither jurisdiction nor the staff to monitor
each lorry transporting fertilizers lifted from Kakinada port which is five districts away at a distance of nearly
600 kms. from his place of posting. He (A-2,DAO) was to take the certificate
given by A-3 (AAO) and issue a certificate verifying the distance and
reasonableness of Rate after verifying the stock which he did.
There
is no evidence to the contrary.
(f)
The High Court has erred in nothing the DAO's (A-2) contention. It was never
argued for A-2 that he had no obligation to verify the stock.
(g)
The High Court failed to notice that there is an entry in the stock register of
the respective stock on the particular day and A-(3) (AAO) gave the
certificate. Prosecution has not examined any witness even to say that no truck
came and no fertilizer was delivered to A-2 on that day.
(h) No
witness was examined to prove that on the day the entry was made, any
inspection was done either on that day or within a reasonable time thereafter
to hold that no stock was received and certificate given by A-2 and A-3 are
false.
(i) No
witness was examined to show that attempt was made to ascertain if any stock was
in the godown contemporaneously with the date of the entry in the stock
Register or the issuance of the certificate; nor was there any specific
complaint to this effect.
No one
was examined to prove that there was no stock on the relevant date.
(j)
The High Court totally ignored the evidence of PWs. 13 and 15 who categorically
stated that fertilizers were freely available in the market which fact was
specifically referred to and relied upon by the Trial Court to acquit the
appellant. With the limited jurisdiction of A-2 and A-3 they could only verify
the stock brought to them and enter in the stock register. They had no
machinery to verify whether it was the self same stock which was lifted by A-1
from Kakinada or some other stock. For that
purpose A-2 was required only to verify the port documents showing lifting at
this port. It is the admitted case of prosecution that Dealer A-1 did lift
fertilizer from Kakinada.
Hence
some fertilizer was delivered to A-2. Even if it was not the same, A-2 and A-3
were bound to issue the certificates. Hence they cannot be held guilty. There
is no evidence that fertilizer was not delivered at all.
When fertilisers
were freely available the dealers could even after selling away fertilizers
lifted at port could very well have purchased fertilizers locally and delivered
it to A-2. Unless this hypothesis, which is highly probable is excluded by
positive evidence A-2 and A-3 cannot be found guilty.
(k)
The trial court further held that the alleged sales by dealer (A-1) at Bubbili
and Sompeta was not established.
The
trial Court also held that the identify of the fertilisers sold is not
established. In the absence of such evidence, the trial court refused to
believe that the fertilisers were not transported from Kakinada to Allagadda in Kurnool District.
Dealing with this aspect, the High Court has observed that the partner of the
shop has been examined and in some cases clerk has been examined and accounts
in which the sale transactions are entered are proved and hence sale by A-1 is
proved. In coming to that conclusion, the High Court failed to notice that:
i) day
books were not filed and only ledgers were filed.
ii) In
the ledgers there is no entry of A-1 selling the fertilisers.
iii)
There is also no entry to identify the fertilisers sold, nor even that it was
imported fertiliser taken delivery of at Kakinada by A-1. The day book in which such entries are said to have been made
was not produced.
iv)
That the registration number of trucks were not entered in the ledger and are
said to have been entered in the day book but that day book was not produced.
The witnesses examined admitted that they did not travel in the trucks which
transported the fertilisers purchased by them.
v) The
drivers were not examined.
vi)
The trip sheets of the trucks were not filed. A few filed are loose sheets.
Witnesses
admitted that they were not maintained for all trips. Refering to the decision
in State of Kerala versus Thomas Alias Boby (1986 (2)
SCC 411) it was contended that trip sheets were not worthy of credence because
loose sheets properly maintained and kept not in any book form, have no
evidentiary value. No liability can be imposed on the basis of mere entry in
the account books and such trip sheets. All these facts were taken note of by
the trial court in holding the sales not proved.
vii)
The High Court in reversing the findings has only made a general reference to
the examination-in-chief of those witnesses and wholly ignored the damaging
admissions made by each one of the witnesses in cross-examination.
viii)
The High Court has only pointed out that partners of the firm which purchased fertilisers
were competent witnesses to identify the signature of the clerks who made these
entries. That by itself does not establish the identity of the fertilisers
lifted from Kakinada port nor does it establish that A-1
had sold those fertilisers.
ix)
The High Court has placed reliance on entries at the check posts. Judicial
notice of the fact could be taken note of that for several trucks moving on
road there are no entries in the check post regions. When these fertilisers are
admittedly not liable for sales tax. If no entries are made, no inference
adverse to the accused could be drawn.
1) The
ingredients of the offences charged against the appellants have not been
established for the following reasons:
a) A-2
and A-3 are charged with the offence of giving false certificates.
For
bringing home the charge of 120-B read with 420 against A-2 and A-3, the
prosecution in this case must establish that they had conspired with A-1 to
cheat. There is no direct evidence on this aspect. Of course, it can be
established by circumstantial evidence.
The
most essential ingredient of the offence of cheating is deceiving any person
and inducing that person to deliver any property. In this case there is no
proof of non delivery of fertiliser. The certificate issued by A- 2 and A-3,
could be said to be false only if no fertiliser was received by A- 3 and yet
A-3 entered in the stock register and issued the certificate.
There
is no finding of the High Court that the stock of fertilisers was not received.
It may be noted that there is no duty cast upon A-3 to certify that a
particular type of fertiliser has been received or imported fertiliser has been
received or the very same stock lifted from Kakinada port was received by him.
A-3
was only to certify the quantity of fertiliser received. It was not within the
power of A-3 to monitor the transport all the way from Kakinada to Allagadda over a distance of 600
kms.
His
jurisdiction is limited to one of the several talukas of the district while the
fertiliser was to be transported over 5 districts. When fertiliser was freely
available in the market, it may very well be that A-1 disposed of the fertiliser
lifted from Kakinada at Kakinada or at any other place nearby, purchased other fertilisers
freely available in the market and delivered to A-3 and A-3 who having received
the same entered in the stock register and issued the certificate. The
certificate so issued could not be said to be false or given to deceive anyone
unless it is established that no fertiliser at all was received on the
particular day a certificate issued cannot be said to be false. There is no
such evidence; hence A-3 cannot be held guilty.
b) A-2,
DAO, issued certificate certifying the distance from Kakinada to Allagadda and the reasonable
rate which could be paid per ton of fertiliser per km. It is not the case of
the prosecution that the certificate of distance and reasonable price is false
or untrue. The case is that the fertilisers were not transported at all and
that no fertiliser was reversed on the day when it was entered in the stock
register. A-3 was to give the certificate certifying the distance and the rate
for transport after verifying the stock after obtaining the certificate issued
by A-3. If the certificate issued by A-3 is not false, as submitted above, when
there is no evidence that DAO A-2 has not verified the stock, A-2 also cannot
be held guilty. Even assuming that A-1 has disposed of the fertiliser lifted
from Kakinada at any other place and did not
actually transport it to Allagadda, so long as it is not established that on
the day when the entry is made in the stock register, there was no stock
received by A-3 neither A-2 nor A-3 can be held guilty. The prosecution has
failed to prove positively that there was no fertiliser on the relevant date.
The
prosecution however wants the court to draw an inference against the accused on
the evidence of sale of certain fertilisers by A-1 the dealer, at some other
place. There is no basis for such an inference especially when plenty of fertilisers
were freely available in the market and even after disposing of the fertilisers
at a different place, the dealer (A-1) could have purchased fertiliser from the
nearby market and delivered the same to A-3. A certificate issued by A-3 on
receiving such fertilisers cannot be said to be falsely issued with an intent
to deceive the government to secure benefit for A-1. A-2 also could not
therefore be found guilty.
The
prosecution, however, says that in the circumstances only negative evidence
could be adduced that fertiliser were disposed of elsewhere and positive
evidence of fertiliser not having been delivered on the relevant date to A-3,
could not be adduced. This contention cannot be accepted for several reasons.
i) The
evidence of anyone who inspected the godowns as they are expected to be
inspected periodically could have been adduced. Not a single witness has been
examined by the prosecution to prove this.
ii)
Evidence of persons of the locality where the godown was situated, could have
been adduced to show that no trucks came and no fertilisers were received at
that godown on that day or a day or two earlier or later.
iii)
A-3 had certified that A-1 dealer has taken delivery at Kakinada as per port documents and that he
has delivered certain quantity of fertiliser.
iv)
The conspiracy is said to be of the DAO (A-2) and AAO, (A-3) with the dealer
(A-1). The conspiracy is not between any officer above the level of DAO and yet
none of those higher officers have been examined to show that in or about the
relevant date, these fertilisers were not available in the godown.
v)
While the offence is alleged to have taken place in october 1968. FIR was
registered on 24.6.1970 and the chargesheet was laid in 1973. The charge sheet
does not say that any Officer higher in hierarchy to A-2 was involved.
Yet
none of them has been examined to prove that fertilisers were not in the godown
on the day when they were purportedly received by A-2.
It has
been very strongly contended by the learned counsel for the appellant that the
prosecution pleaded an excuse for not leading better evidence to establish all
the ingredients of the offence on account of inordinate delay in making proper
investigation and filing the charge sheet and contended that adverse inference
should be drawn against the accused. The learned counsel for the appellants has
contended that such contention being against all cannons of criminal jurisorudence
should not have been accepted by the Court. It was the unfailing obligation of
the prosecution to lead convincing and unimpeachable evidence to prove the
charges levelled against the accused. Failure of the prosecution to establish
such charge for any reason whatsoever cannot but ensure to the benefit of the
accused particularly when the delay in investigating the case and filing chargesheet
was not attributable to the accused.
It has
also been contended that the conviction was sought to be based on
circumstantial evidence are well settled by decisions of this Court in a catina
of cases.
Referring
to the decision made by this Court in Janar Lal Das versus State of Orissa
(1991 (3) SCC 27), the learned counsel has submitted that this court has indicated
that in order to sustain conviction on circumstantial evidence, three
conditions must be fulfilled namely;
(i) the
circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be
cogently and firmly established.
(ii) those
circumstances should be definite unerringly pointing towards the guilt of the
accused:
(iii) the
circumstances, taken cumulatively, should from a chain so complete that there
is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime
was committed by the accused and none else, and it should also be incapable of
explanation on any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused.
In
cases depending largely upon circumstantial evidence there is always a danger
that conjecture or suspicion may take the place of legal proof. The Court must
satisfy itself that various circumstanced in the chain of evidence should be
established clearly and that the completed chain must be such as to rule out a
reasonable likelihood of the innocence of the accused. When the main link goes,
the chain of circumstances gets snapped and other circumstances cannot in any
manner establish the guilt of the accused beyond all reasonable doubts. It is
at this juncture the court has to be watchful and avoid the danger of allowing
the suspicion to take the place of legal proof for sometimes unconsciously it
may happen to be a short step between moral certainty and legal proof. At times
it can be a case of `may be true'. But there is a long mental distance between
`may be true' and `must be true' and the same divides conjectures from sure
conclusions.
It has
been contended that there is no convincing and unimpeachable evidence which
unerringly points out to the guilt of the accused and in the facts of the case,
no conclusion other than complicity of the accused for the offence charged, is
possible. Hence, conviction of the appellant on probability, surmise or
conjecture was not warranted.
The
learned counsel for the appellant has submitted that the appellants had no
special knowledge as to what route had been actually followed by the dealer or
transporter in bringing the fertilisers to government godown. The appellants
had the duty to certify shortest route between the point of lifting and point
of delivery and certify reasonable rate on the basis of such shortest route.
It has
been contended that the appellants being government officers responsible at the
receiving point were required to ensure that fertilisers had in fact delivered
at the receiving point. On receiving the fertilisers, the appellants have
discharged their duties in certifying the receipt of fertilisers. Nobody had
verified the stock received at the godown on the day of delivery or even within
a reasonable time. If a dealer or transporter disposes of fertilisers lifted at
port on route and brings a new consignment of fertiliser by procuring
elsewhere, the government officers at the receiving and had nothing to do.
If on
receipt of the fertilisers delivered at the destination, such officers had
issued certificates, no offence charged against them could be held to have been
established.
Circulars
issued subsequent to 1.11.68 would go to show that A-2 (DAO) nor A-3 (AAO) were
required to verify the Registration number of trucks in which the fertilisers
were actually transported to Allagadda. That was prescribed only subsequent to
the date of the alleged offence. Under the earlier circulars there was no such
requirement. Reliance was placed by the prosecution on circular dated 5.2.68 at
page 29 to 31 of paper book, Vol.II which require the A-2 (DAO) to conduct
physical verification of stocks received in the district and the manure mixing
firm and report the same in a cover addressed to the Director of Agriculture by
name.
There
was no failure to verify on the part of A-2 when he issued such a letter. That
letter is extracted at page 70 of the High Court judgment, Ex.P-87. No evidence
is adduced by the prosecution to show that no stock was received by A-3 and
that A-2 did not physically verify the stock. Not one witness has so stated.
The prosecution only insists upon the court to draw adverse inference against
the accused from the fact that A-1 had disposed of some fertilisers somewhere
at Kakinada, Bubli, or Sompeta after lifting
from Kakinada.
When
several complaints were made that officers were delaying in issuing the
certificates the procedure was modified by circulars dated 27.6.1966 Ex.P-1 at
page 149 and circular dated 12.3.1968 Ex.D-48 page 155. Ex.D-48 specifically
says that DAO (A-2) should ensure that the parties have actually moved the
stock and for this purpose the DAO may obtain the certificate of verification
from Agricultural Extension Officer (A-3). A-2 has obtained such certificate.
Further, the Agricultural Extension Officer (A- 3) should furnish the stock
book entry of the depot concerned. Admittedly such an entry is found and it is
furnished by A-3 to A-2 and A-2 in turn has forwarded the same to the higher
authorities. Further, Agricultural Extension Officer (A-3) is required to make
the stock book entry basing on the material furnished in proforma 1 issued at
the ports. It is the admitted case of the prosecution that proforma 1 issued at
the ports was so furnished. Hence the certificate issued by A-3 cannot be said
to be false when for the purpose of ensuring actual movement of stocks, these
alone were to be taken into account. As regards the certificate to be issued by
A-2 (which is at page 152 of the Special Leave Petition paper book), circular
dated 27.6.1966, states that in view of the clarification given by the
Government of India, the following procedure is prescribed for certification
regarding rates and distance.
That
procedure was followed. There is no evidence of the prosecution that that
procedure was not followed. There is no allegation that distance and rates
certified are not correct.
Circular
dated 5.2.1968 only emphasises the physical verification. There is no evidence
that he has not physically verified issuing the certificate of distance and
route in the covering letter addressed to the Director of Agriculture. It does
not prescribe verifying Registration Number of trucks.
The
learned counsel appearing for the appellants who are government officers have
submitted that charges against the government servants could not be
established. Even if the transporters or dealers in fertilisers had committed
guilt they were liable to be convicted for the part played by them but on
account of any guilt on the part of the dealers, the officers could not be
prosecuted. Hence, there was no occasion to convict such officers by reversing
the orders of acquittal.
The
learned counsel for other appellants who are government officers have submitted
that facts and circumstances in other cases are more or less similar. No varification
of stock at the receiving and had been done immediately after receipt of the
goods or even within a reasonable time. Therefore, the appellants for the grounos
indicated in Criminal Appeal No.310 of 1989 should be acquitted by setting
aside the unjust and improper order of conviction and sentence passed by the
High Court.
The
learned counsel appearing for the dealers in their appeals have submitted that
it was alleged that the dealers, pursuant to the conspiracy with other accused
namely the government officers had preferred false claims for reimbursement of
the road transport charges. It has been contended that the dealers had obtained
certificates about the receipt of the goods transported at the destination
issued by the competent government official. It had not been established that
such goods had in fact not been received by leading any convincing positive
evidence about the stock position at the relevant time. No one had verified the
stock at the receiving end either on the date of delivery or within reasonable
time thereafter. Hence, it cannot be contended that goods in question had not
been transported at all but false claim for such transportation charge had been
made. It has been contended that the High Court allowed the appeals against the
dealers mainly on the ground that there were no entries at the check posts and
that there was evidence of sale of some fertilisers. Absence of entries in chek
posts ipso facto did not establish that the lorries did not ply through the
routes in question. It could not be established beyond all reasonable doubts
that invariably in all cases appropraite entries in check posts had been made.
It has
been established that checkpost entries had not always been properly
maintained. Hence, absence of entry in the checkpost could not be held to be conclusive
evidence about non transportation of goods.
It has
also been contended that transportation of goods by alternative route was not
prohibited. The only embargo was that transportation charge should be paid on
the basis of shortest route certified by competent government official. The
learned counsel have contended that evidence about sale of fertilizers at some
places had been led by the prosecution. Such fact ipso facto, does not
establish conclusively and beyond reasonable doubt as to whether the goods to
be transported had been sold and as such the same had not been delivered at the
destination. No proof has been given by the prosecution as to what quality of fertilisers
had been sold. There is also no evidence that no fertiliser was available in
the market in the entire region. It has been contended by the learned counsel
for the appellants that after a long lapse of time, an uproar was made in the
State Assembly and in the media about large scale manipulation in the
transportation of fertilisers. It was only because of public pressure that long
after transportation was effected enquiries were sought to be made. It was
unfortunate that the government could not place reliance on the State's police
and because of public uproar, C.B.I. was entrusted to cause enquiry into the
allegation of scandal with the transportation of fertilisers. Admittedly, such
enquiry had been made at a very belated stage when hardly there was any
material or evidence to substantiate the charges against the accused. It has been
contended that knowing fully well that such allegations about the scandal in
dealing with fertilizers could not be established for want of proof, the
government in order to pacify public demand initiated the criminal cases
against the appellants.
The trial
court by giving detailed reasons acquitted all the accused in the criminal
cases instituted against them. But as aforesaid, the High Court reassessed the
findings of the trial court and convicted the appellants mainly on the basis of
suspicion, surmise and conjectures. It has been contended that the token
punishment given by the High Court amply demonstrates that the High Court also
entertained a feeling that the guilt had not been established in a fully
convincing manner. In the aforesaid facts, the learned counsel have submitted
that the impugned decisions of the High Court have occasioned grave injustice
and should be set aside by this Court.
The
learned counsel appearing for the State of A.P.
in these appeals have, however, seriously disputed the contentions made on
behalf of the appellants. The learned counsel for the State in Criminal Appeal
No.310 of 1989 has contended that transportation of fertilisers had to be made
from the port of Kakinada to Allagadda in Karnool District.
It is
the prosecution case that such fertiliser had not been transported to the
destination but the goods were sold at Kakinada itself and at some intermediate places and the dealers made a false
claim of transportation charge for a sum of Rs.13,972.50. A-3 who was the Agricultural
Assistant Officer and consignee of the goods made a false entry in the stock
register to the effect that the fertilizers were received at Allogadda and on
the oasis of certificate used by A-3 since endorsed by A-23, the District
Agricultural Officer about actual transportation of the fertilizers through
shortest route, the claim of the dealer was allowed by the government. The
prosecution alleged that there had been conspiracy and connivance between A-2
and A-3 and A-1 to defraud the Government.
Learned
counsel for the State respondent in support of the judgment has submitted that
the prosecution in support of its case examined the owners of the lorries
alleged to have transported the goods from Kakinada to Allagada as PWs. 6,7,8,16 and 22. It is the prosecution case that
the fertilisers stated to have been carried to the destination at Allagada had
been disposed of at Kakinada. Such purchasers of fertilisers
were examined as PWs. 1-4, 13-15, 21, 24, 29, 30, 34 and 35. The officials of
the check post on the regular route between Kakinada and Allagada were also examined by the prosecution being PWs. 26-28 and
31. It has been contended by the learned counsel for the respondent that
unfortunately after long laspe of time it was not possible to lead direct
evidence about the actual position of stock of fertilisers at the destination
point on the date of alleged receipt of fertilisers or immediately thereafter.
It has
been submitted that it was a large scale scandal in the matter of
transportation of imported fertilisers at various destinations at State of Andhra Pradesh and because the fraud was
perpetrated with the active connivance of the government officials entrusted to
receive the fertilisers at the destination, such fraud could not be detected
immediately. He has submitted that it is unfortunate that the C.B.I. had to be
entrusted for causing enquiry because effective enquiry could not be made by
the State agencies.
Such
enquiry had been held long after the incident of fraud.
Naturally,
the C.B.I. was handicapped to a great extent but despite the same the C.B.I.
has done excellent job and by examining the lorry owners, the persons
purchasing the fertilisers stated to have been transported and the officials in
the check post. It has been conclusively established from depositions of such
witnesses that the fertilisers in question had in fact not been transported to
destination. The learned counsel has submitted that once this fact is clearly
established that the fertilisers which had been lifted at the port and was
scheduled to be transported at the destination Allagada had not been
transported by the lorries through which it was said to have been transported
and it is also proved that fertilisers had in fact been sold elsewhere and such
lorries did not pass through the usual route to be followed for such
transportation, there will be no difficulty in holding that the certificate
which was issued by the government officials about the actual transportation of
the said fertilisers by the shortest route was false and fabricated and such
certificate had been issued without actually receiving the goods. On the basis
of such evidences since accepted by the High Court, the order of conviction by
the High Court by reversing improper judgment of acquittal passed by the trial
court is wholly justified and no interference is called for.
The
trial court proceeded on surmise and conjecture. The learned counsel has
submitted that the High Court was fully aware of the appeal court's
responsibilities and duties in dealing with the judgment of acquittal. Since
the finding of the trial court was completely against the weight of the
evidence and such finding could not be held to be based on a reasonable view
which could be taken on the basis of evidence adduced in the case, the High
Court felt that such order of acquittal could not be sustained. Accordingly,
the impugned orders of conviction of sentence have been passed.
It has
been submitted by the learned counsel for the respondent that the trial court
erred in drawing adverse inference against the prosecution case because the
drivers of the lorries had not been examined but only the lorry owners were
examined. The trial court also draw an adverse inference because the clerks of
the lorry owners who made entries about the movement of the lorries in question
had not been examined. The learned counsel has submitted that such view of the
trial court was wholly erroneous and unjustified. The lorry owners were
competent to say whether the lorry owned by them had been engaged for the
transportation of the fertilisers in question and it was not necessary to
examine the drivers who actually drove the lorries. The owners of the lorries
were expected to know the hand writings of the clerks engaged by them in the
registers maintained in their office. To prove such entries about the movement
of lorries, the clerks were not required to be examined and no adverse
inference was required to be drawn for not examining the clerks. It has been
submitted that the High Court observed that there were several Circulars issued
prior to March 12, 1968 and subsequent to March 12, 1960 and such circulars only indicated
the responsibilities of the Agricultural Officer. It has been submitted that
the High Court elaborately dealt with the circulars and held that despite
specific guidelines given, the accused A-2 and A-3 deliberately failed and
neglected to perform their official duties. The learned counsel has submitted
that in a case governed by the circumstantial evidence it is often very
difficult to prove when the minds of the accused met and it is only from the
facts proved, the reasonable inference can be drawn about the collusion between
A-2 and A-3, namely, the government officials and the dealer in fertilisers
A-1.
It has
been contended by the learned counsel for the respondent that the owner of
lorry PW.6 was examined by the prosecution. The said owner was the best person
to speak about the fact whether his lorry had been taken on hire at the
relevant time for transporting the goods. The lorry owner is not expected to
maintain the trip sheets written some time in 1968 when he was examined after
several years.
P.W 35
the clerk in the shop of G. Surya Narayana stated that he had purchased 340
bags of urea from PW 30 Bhoja Dharam Raju & Company, Kakinada and by making
an entry he took delivery of the said 340 bags of urea. PW 30 was also examined
to prove that Bhoja Dharma Raju and Company had sold 340 bags of urea. Ex.P.164
and P.167 are the sale bills issued by Dharma Raju. Ex.P.65 and P.67 are the two
sale bills which were also sent with the lorries and by which the stocks were
sent. Such bills clearly established that the lorry did not proceed on the same
date to Kakinada and any statement to that effect
was false. Ex.P.164 is the seal of Ramabhadrapuram check post entry. It has
been contended by the learned counsel for the respondent that if the lorry in
question had in fact travelled by any other route, such fact was within special
knowledge of the accused trader. In that event, the burden shifts to the
accused to prove the special facts within his knowledge. The owner of the lorry
had been examined as PW 7 and the said owner had proved the entry Ex.P.20 in
the day book maintained by him on 9.10.1968. The trip sheet Ex.P.21 dated
11.10.1968 shows that the lorry made a trip from Kakinada to Sompeta. Sompeta is situated within Srikakulam District
which is at one end of the State of Andhra Pradesh touching the border State of Orissa. It has been established by examining the officials of the
check posts that there is no entry in any of the check posts between Kakinada
and Allagada in respect of the lorry in question namely lorry bearing No.
A.P.W.4926. Ex.P.39 is the account book dated October 10, 1968 showing that
fertilizers belonging to A-1 were loaded in the said lorry. The account book of
P.W.30 shows that they purchased the fertilisers on October 10, 1968 and the
trip sheet shows that the fertilisers had in fact been transported to a
different place. From such evidences a reasonable conclusion can be drawn that
the said lorry did not reach the destination.
P.W.1
is the husband of the owner of lorry No. APP 8379. The said witness has stated
that Ex.P.1 is the trip sheet and his lorry did not transport any fertiliser to
Allagadda and he does not know whereabout of his driver Rama Rao. P.W.22 is the
clerk who identified the signatures of Rama Rao, Driver. P.W.33 gave evidence
to the effect that the lorry made a trip from Kakinada to Amatalagalsa and
identified Ex.P.58 the way bill and stated that the vehicle did not transport
any fertiliser for Thallam Trading Company namely A-1 from Kakinada to Allagadda
on October 10, 1968. So far as the transporter of fertilisers of lorry No. APV
7335 is concerned, the owner of the lorry P.W 24 has proved that the Ex.P.28 is
the trip sheet dated January 10, 1968 which shows that the lorry transported
from Kakinada to Rajam. Rajam is in Srikakulam District. Such fact clearly
indicates that the fertiliser in question had not been transported by lorry No.
APV 7335. The learned counsel has submitted that even if transportation by one
of the lorry appears to have not been conclusively proved, there is no
difficulty in convicting the accused if non delivery of the fertiliser at the
destination on other occasions is established. The learned counsel has
submitted that ingenuous plea has been taken for raising unfounded doubts to
the effect that the case had not been established beyond all reasonable doubts.
Accordingly, the benefit of doubt should go to the accused. Such case of the
accused, however, should not be accepted for the simple reason that the
prosecution has established by examining the purchasers of fertilisers, the
lorry owners, the officials of the check posts that such lorries had not
transported the fertiliser at the destination and the lorries had in fact
transported different goods at other destinations. On the basis of such
evidence, only conclusion can be drawn that a false certificate was procured by
the dealer A-1 and false certificates were given by the local government
officials, A-2 and A-3 in perpetrating a deep rooted conspiracy to defraud
public exchequer. It has been contended that the learned counsel for the State
that the Assistant Agricultural Officer was the consignee of the goods. He was
required to make an entry in the stock register after physically verifying that
the goods had in fact been transported. It was on the basis of such receipt of
goods that he was required to issue certificate that the goods had reached the
destination. The other accused namely the District Agricultural Officer had to
satisfy himself about the physical arrival of goods for the purpose forwarding
the claim of the dealer for payment.
The
learned counsel has further submitted that several circulars were issued from
time to time by the competent authorities with regard to the verification of
stocks and certificate to be issued on the genuineness of the claim.
Between
1958 and 1968, different circulars have been issued on different dates. The
subsequent circulars issued after the commencement of offence however need not
be considered for these appeals Ex.P.83, the circular dated June 24, 1964
requires that the Assistant Agricultural Officer should satisfy himself that
the goods were actually transported by shortest route through the mode of
transport claimed in the bill and the rates mentioned said Assistant
Agricultural Officer had verified the same and found correct. Such certificate
only points out that he was a party to conspiracy and when the goods had in
fact not reached the destination, he issued a false certificate only for the
purpose of defrauding public exchequer. It has been also submitted by the
learned counsel for the respondents that the trial court failed to consider
some of the relevant materials and it had also considered some materials
improperly. It is because of such errors and omissions that the High Court was
fully justified in considering the evidences and setting aside the orders of
acquittal passed against the weight of the evidence. It has been submitted by
the learned counsel for the State that a very lenient sentence by the High
Court has been passed but such lenient sentence by no means establishes that
the accused are not guilty. The Court in awarding sentence takes mitigating
circumstances into consideration. The case continued for long because large
number of documents had been exhibited and large number of witnesses were
examined. The Government officials had to suffer because of the pendency of
criminal cases. Considering such mitigating circumstances, it is quite likely
that a lenient sentence has been passed by the High Court. The learned counsel
for the respondent submits that there is no merit in the appeals and the same
should be dismissed.
The
facts and circumstances of the case in the other appeals are more or less the
same. The prosecution by examining the purchasers of the fertilizers the owners
of the transport, officials of the check posts on usual routes, tried to
establish that the fertilisers in question had not in fact been carried to the
destination. Hence, no bill for such transportation could be presented by the
dealers and no certificate about transportation of such goods by the shortest
route at a reasonable cost could be issued by the government officials.
Accordingly, it was contended by the learned counsel for the state that the
conviction in all the cases should be upheld and this Court should dismiss the
appeals preferred by the accused.
After
giving our anxious consideration to the facts and circumstances of the case and
considering the judgments by both the courts and evidences adduced in the case
through which we have been taken by the learned counsel for the parties, it
appears to us that a large scale fraud had been committed in the matter of
transportation of fertilisers from the ports of arrival to various destinations
in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Such fertilisers had been brought at a point of
time when the State was in dire need of good quality of fertilisers for
cultivation. It is the case of the prosecution that large scale fraud had been
committed by a large number of government officials in conspiracy with the
dealers in fertilisers who were entrusted to take the fertilisers from the port
to various government godowns. The prosecution case is because there was a
conspiracy involving reasonable government officials, the fraud could not be
detected earlier. Thereafter, when the State Police was entrusted with the
enquiry, for some inexplicable reasons, the enquiry appeared to be tardy. In
the meantime, uproar was made in the State Assembly and the newspapers
published the news of large scale scandal relating to transportation of fertilisers.
The embarrassed State Government thereafter entrusted the C.B.I. to make
enquiries. The C.B.I. made enquiries and charge sheets were filed. There is no
manner of doubt that by that time it was quite late and the C.B.I.
was
handicapped in causing more effective enquiry. Despite such fact, it appears to
us that the C.B.I. has done excellent job by examining the lorry owners, the clerks
of the lorry owners, the officials of different check posts and also the
purchasers of fertilisers at different places for the purpose of showing that
the fertilisers lifted from the port and stated to have been transported at
different destinations had in fact not been transported in the manner alleged
but on the basis of false entries made by the government officials and also by
issuing false certificate of such transportation payments had been made.
Unfortunately,
no evidence has been led whether fertilisers in fact had not been delivered on
the relevant date at the destination by proving the stock register at the
relevant time. It is really unfortunate that in a case of such magnitude senior
officials of the concerned department were not examined. No witness from the
locality of the godown was also examined to show that on the relevant dates no
delivery of fertiliser at the destination had taken place. Unless by
unimpeachable and convincing evidence, the factum of non delivery of such fertilisers
with reference to actual stock position on the relevant date can be clearly
established, in our view, it becomes very difficult to proceed on the footing
that the concerned government officials issued false certificate about receipt
of the goods on the dates in question. There is force in the contention of the
learned counsel for the appellants that it was not unlikely that some fertilisers
had in fact been delivered to the government officials at the destination. On
the basis of such delivery, the certificates had been issued by them. It 0is
not the case of the prosecution that the quality of the fertilisers was
required to be examined by the officers at the receiving end and they had
proper infrastructure to make such exercise. It has been rightly contended that
it was not established that the fertilisers was not available anywhere in the
locality so that it was not possible to replace the quantity of fertiliser
after selling the original consignment. Simply on the basis of evidence given
by lorry owners that their lorries did not carry the fertiliser or such lorries
had gone to different places and some fertilisers were sold by the dealers to
other persons, non delivery of fertiliser at the destination by other means can
not be fully ruled out. The circumstances are undoubtedly very intriguing and
raise considerable doubt but in the absence of unimpeachable direct evidence
about the actual stock position at the receiving end, the indirect
circumstantial evidences, in our view do not establish the prosecution case
beyond all reasonable doubts. It is true that there is no absolute standard of
proof in a criminal trial and the court should not nurture fanciful doubts by
exaggerated devotion to the rule of benefit of doubt but in a case of
circumstantial evidence all the links in the chain of events from which
irresistible conclusion about the guilt of the accused for the offence alleged
can be drawn, must be established beyond the pale of reasonable doubt. The
court has to be watchful and avoid the danger of allowing suspicion to take the
place of legal proof. Conviction can not be based on circumstances indicating
that the prosecution case is quite likely to be true. For basing the conviction
in a case governed by circumstantial evidence, the facts established must rule
out any likelihood of innocence of the accused. The exact stock position on the
alleged date of delivery of fertiliser which would have repelled any other
possibility is unfortunately not forthcoming. It does not appear that any
attempt to establish the actual stock position of fertiliser in the godown in
question on the relevant date or soon thereafter with reference to register of
stock or any other contemporaneous document has been made. It is only through
negative and indirect evidence the prosecution is attempting to establish that
the fertiliser had not been delivered.
Such
evidence would have been very convincing to corroporate the direct evidence
about the stock position in the event the correctness of such stock position
was challenged. So long the possibility of some other conclusion cannot be
fully ruled out, the prosecution case remains in the realm of probability.
In the
facts of the case, we are of the view that the government officials who are
appellants in some of these appeals cannot be held to be guilty with all
certainty and they are entitled to get the benefit of doubt. The appeals,
preferred by the government officials therefore, should be allowed by setting
aside the conviction of sentence passed against them by the High Court. It
appears to us that although the High Court reversed the orders of acquittal in
convicting the government officials, the High Court perhaps felt that some
convincing evidences were lacking and it is not unlikely that for the said
reasons, although the High Court convicted the government officials for serious
offences charged against them only a token sentence of fine of Rs.100/- and
detention till the rising of the Court had been passed which sentence normally
should not have been passed.
So far
as the appeals preferred by the dealers of the fertilisers are concerned, it
appears to us that direct and positive evidences have been led by the
prosecution to show that the fertilisers were not transported by the dealers in
the manner alleged by them. If the dealers had transported the fertilisers by a
different route or by any other transport and if they had sold different fertilisers,
such facts were within their special knowledge and in the facts of the case,
the dealers ought to have satisfied the court that the fertilisers had in fact
been transported by other transports and in a manner different from what was
mentioned in the bills. The evidence adduced by the prosecution by examining
lorry owners, clerks of such owners, officers of the check posts on the usual
routes convincingly point out that the fertiliser was not transported in the
way it appeared in the bills since certified by the government officials at the
destination. If some fertilisers of equal quantity had been handed over at the
destination, it was not unlikely that the government officials having taken
delivery of such fertilisers without appreciating the fraud and with reference
to the record of loading of the fertiliser at port, would be justified in
issuing certificate about transportation at reasonable rate by the shortest
route. As the possiblity of delivering fertiliser of similar quantity which may
not be qualitatively same, by procuring them locally, when non availability of fertiliser
in the region had not been established by the prosecution, cannot be fully
ruled out, the government officers, in our view, were entitled to benefit of
doubt. But in the facts of the case, such benefit will not be available to the
dealers. We, therefore, do not find any reason to interfere with the orders of
conviction passed against the dealers and their appeals being Criminal Appeals
Nos.163,165,166,184 and 185 of 1994 are dismissed. Criminal Appeal No.164 of
1994 has been preferred both by the dealers and the government officials. Such
appeal stands allowed in part and conviction and sentence passed against the
government officials being appellants Nos. 3 to 5 stand set aside and they are
acquitted. But the appeal preferred by appellants Nos. 1 & 2 stands
dismissed.
It is
really unfortunate that in fertiliser scandal of such magnitude, appropriate
steps at the right time had not been taken and for want of convincing and
unimpeachable evidence, the accused who were government officials have been
acquitted by giving them benefit of doubt. It appears to us that such large
scale scandal in transporting imported fertiliser would not have occurred if
larger number of government officials and others than prosecuted were not
involved. It is not unlikely that superior government officials had also played
a vital role in perpetrating the said fraud or concealing the same. The tardy enquiries
made by the State police thereby necessitating an enquiry by the C.B.I. at a
belated stage is only a sad commentary on the efficiency of the police
administration. We may only hope that in future there will be proper vigilance
and scandal of this type may not take place.
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