Bajirao T. Kote & ANR Vs. State of
Maharashtra & Ors [1994] INSC 653 (8 December 1994)
RAMASWAMY, K.
RAMASWAMY, K.
PARIPOORNAN, K.S.(J)
CITATION: 1995 SCC (2) 442 JT 1995 (1) 85
1994 SCALE (5)138
ACT:
HEADNOTE:
K. RAMASWAMY, J.
1.
This
appeal by special leave arises from the order of the High Court bombay dated
june 13, 1979 in writ petition no. 587 of 1979. The Govt. of Maharashtra
published in the State gazette the notification issued under s.4(1) of the Land
Acquisition Act 1 of 1894 (for short, 'the Act') on October 11, 1972, acquiring
the lands including House No.594/B admeasuring about 25" x 25" for
public trust "Saibaba Sansthan Shirdi", the validity of which was
challenged by the appellants in the writ petition. The Division Bench rejected
their writ petitions in limini. Thus this appeal.
2.
It
is contended for the appellants that the specification of the "public
purpose" in the notification is vague and acquisition for Saibaba Sansthan
is of no public purpose. For the first time before the High Court, the
respondents had disclosed in their counter affidavit, namely, that the land was
needed for joining two temples, i.e. Saibaba and Dwarka Mai Mandir. Even that
also is of no public purpose, since those two temples have been in existence
for well over years without any need for them to be connected. There is no 87
specification either in the notification or in the counter affidavit to
disclose the purpose .behind the proposed acquisition denying to the appellants
an opportunity to effectively object to the acquisition. Right of objection
statutorily given to the owner of the land under s.5A of the Act should not be
made illusory by vague statement of public. purpose. It is, therefore, a
colourable exercise of the power and also is vitiated on the ground of
vagueness.
3.
It
is also contended that by running the business of selling flowers in the house
proposed to be acquired to .the pilgrims and a small hotel is being run, they
would also serve public purpose of catering service to the pilgrims denying
their livelihood, offend their right to life.
Attempts were made to purchase the property
from the appellants by negotiation which were turned down by the Charity
Commissioner by his finding that the purchase does not serve any public
purpose. Therefore, the exercise of the power by the State under s.4 is
malafide amenable to judicial review under Art.226 and Art. 136 of the
Constitution. It is also further contended that for the construction of a huge
Dharamshala, a resting room and Prachar Hall, the area under acquisition is too
small. The total extent is only 60 sq. meter in all and no useful purpose will
be served by acquiring such a small piece of land for a large project. The same
contention are raised in the other connected appeal.
4.
These
contentions have been refuted by Sri Ganpule, the learned senior counsel for
the second respondent, Sansthan. The questions, therefore, are whether the
public purpose specified is vague and liable to be quashed on that ground and
whether notification published under s.4(1) of the Act is vitiated by malafide
or colourable exercise of the power. The notification mentions thus:
"Whereas it appears to the Commissioner, Poona Division that lands
'specified in the Schedule II hereto are likely to be needed for public
purpose, viz., for public trust Saibaba Sansthan, Shirdi. It is hereby notified
under the provision ors.4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 that the said land
are likely to be needed for the purpose specified above". The question,
therefore, is whether this notification is vague and the public purpose
mentioned therein is liable to be quashed on that ground. The leading judgment
of this Court in this behalf is the ratio laid down in Smt. Somavanti &
Ors. v.
The State of Punjab & Ors., 1963 (2) SCR
774. The facts therein were that the State of Punjab exercised the power under
s.4(1) and issued the notification followed by the declaration under s.6 that
the land was likely to be needed by the government for a public purpose,
namely, for the "setting up of a factory" (elaborated later on) for
manufacturing various ranges of refrigeration compressors and ancillary
equipments. It was contended that the public purpose is a colourable exercise
of the power and it is no public purpose and that, therefore, the exercise of
the power for the benefit of the company is a colourable exercise of the
statutory power offending their right to hold the property under Art. 19( 1
)(g) of the Constitution.
The Constitution Bench per majority dealing
with that question held at p.801 that the Act made no attempt to define public
purpose in a compendious way. Public purpose is bound to vary with the times
and the prevailing conditions in a given locality and, therefore, it would not
be a practical proposition even to attempt a comprehensive definition of it. It
88 is because of this that the legislature has left it to the Government to say
what is a public purpose and also to declare the need of a given land for a
public purpose. At p.804 it was held that whether in a particular case the
purpose for which land is needed is a public purpose or not is for the State
Govt. to be satisfied about. If the purpose for which the land is being
acquired by the State is within the legislative competence of the State, the
declaration of the Government will be final subject, however, to one exception.
That exception is that if there is a colourable exercise of power the
declaration will be open to challenge at the instance of the aggrieved party.
If it appears that what the Government is
satisfied about is not a public purpose but a private purpose or no purpose at
all, the action of the Government would be colourable as not being relatable to
the power conferred upon it by the Act and its declaration will be a nullity.
Subject to this exception the declaration of the Government will be final.
Therefore, the Constitution Bench upheld the
notification when it was mentioned that the public purpose was for industrial
development without any specification.
5.
In
V.M. Soneji & Anr. v. State of Bombay (Now Gujarat) & Ors., 1964 (3)
SCR 686. another Constitution Bench considered the question, when the
notification under s.4(1) mentioned public purpose. namely, "for State
Transport Corporation". The contention thereto also was that it was vague
and is a colourable exercise of power. The Constitution Bench negatived the
contention and held that there is a clear declaration of the government that
the purpose of acquisition was a public purpose even though the land was being
acquired for a corporation and not for the State. The acquisition must
nevertheless be said to be for public purpose. In Ratilal Shakarabhai &
Ors. v. State of Gujarat & Ors., 1970 (2) SCC 264, the facts were that the
land was acquired for public purpose, namely, for housing scheme undertaken by
a Cooperative Society registered under the Cooperative Societies Act and
sanctioned by the State Govt. for the employees of a company. It was contended
that the public purpose was vague. A bench of three Judges considered the
question whether it was vague and liable to be quashed? In paragraph 8, it was
held that there was no substance in the contention that the notification under
ss.
4 & 6 was vague. They are similar to
notifications usually issued under ss. 4 & 6. Therein it is clearly
mentioned that the proposed acquisition was for public purpose. Public purpose
in question was also stated therein. In Jage Ram & Ors. v. State of Haryana
& Ors., 1971 (3) SCR 871, a bench of two Judges was to consider whether the
public purpose elaborated in the affidavit filed under the State Govt. that it
was needed to start new industry is vague and liable to be quashed. It was held
that starting an industry is a public purpose. It is essentially a question
that has to be decided by the government. There is no denying the fact that the
starting of new industry is in public interest.
Therefore it was held that the notification
under s.4(1) and the declaration under s.6 were not vague.
6.
In
Gopal Krishan Das v. Sailendra Nath Biswas & Anr., 1975 (1) SCC 815, the
facts therein were that the notification under s.4(1) was published for the
public purpose of "construction of dispensary building and other
institutions connected with E.S.I. Scheme" It was contended 89 that it was
colourable exercise of the power as the State Govt. did not apply its mind to
matters in respect of which it ought to have been satisfied before the
declaration under s.6 of the Act was made. Considering the effect of the
notification a bench of three Judges held that it must appear to the State Govt.
that the land sought to be acquired is needed or is likely to be needed for a
public purpose before notification under s.4(1) is published. The notification
under s.4(1) and the declaration under s.6 were held to be valid. In Babu Singh
v. Union of India, AIR 1979 SC 1713 at 1716, paragraph 7, a bench of two Judges
was to consider whether public purpose set out in the notification under s.4(1)
and the declaration under s.6 were different from each other and the
declaration thereby becomes invalid.
Considering that question it was held that
the notification under s.4(1) and the declaration under s.6 that the land Was
needed for the extension of soil conservation and other improvement work in the
catchment area of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh and for raising a green belt around
the Capital was held to be public purpose and was not vague. In Srinivasa Coop.
House Building Society Ltd. v. Madam Gurumurthy 'Sastry & Ors., JT 1994 (4)
SC 197, a bench of two judges, to which one of us K.Ramaswamy, J. was a member,
considered the question whether acquisition for a private cooperative society
was a public purpose. Considering that question, this Court held that:
"Public purpose is not capable of
precise definition. Each case has to be considered in the light of the purpose
for which acquisition is sought for. It is to serve the general interest of the
community as opposed to the particular interest of the individual. Public
purpose broadly speaking would include the purpose in which the general
interest of the society as opposed to the particular interest of the individual
is directly and vitally concerned. Generally the executive would be the best
Judge to determine whether or not the impugned purpose is a public purpose. Yet
it is not beyond the purview of judicial scrutiny"
7.
In
that case it was found that since the acquisition was for a private coop. house
building society not sanctioned by the State Govt., it was held that the
acquisition was not for public purpose and that coop. society was also not a
company. In M.P. Housing Board v. Mohd. Shaft & Ors., 1992 (2) SCC 168 on
which strong reliance was placed by the counsel for the appellant. The facts
were that the notification issued under s.4(1) did not specify any public
purpose. The notification merely reads that the land detailed in the schedule
attached thereto was required for a public purpose. The notification further
disclosed that the State Govt. was being of the opinion that the provision of
sub-s.(1) of s.17 was applicable in respect of the land required to be
acquired, it dispensed with the enquiry under s.5-A of the Act. The schedule of
the land was given. In that context a bench of three Judges considered the
controversy and had held that the latter elaboration that the land was acquired
for the planned development under the M.P. Housing Construction Board was vague
and that, therefore, it was not a public purpose. Accordingly the notification
was quashed. It is seen that this Court consistently has taken the view that if
the purpose has been mentioned in the notification as a public purpose, whether
it "specified" the public purpose or not, the court did not go behind
the public purpose nor seek specification in the notification published under
s.4(1). When declaration un- 90 der sub-s.(1) ors.6 was published, the public
purpose was held to be conclusive by operation of sub-s.3 ors.6. If there is
any vagueness and if it is specified in the counter affidavit or is evident
from the record, it was also accepted by this court amplifying the public
purpose in the notification. If it is not a public purpose, i.e. to serve
general interest but individual interest, it was held to be a colourable
exercise of power. In M.P. Housing Board 's, case as no mention was made of any
public purpose in the notification issued under s.4(1), the subsequent
clarification was not accepted by this Court. This Court did not lay down any
law contrary to or inconsistent with the law laid down by the two Constitution
Bench Judgments and successive three Judge Benches and two Judge Benches.
Therefore, the ratio therein must be
understood in the backdrop of the facts and renders little assistance to the
appellants.
8.
The
contention that it is also a malafide exercise of power has no legs to stand.
In Abdul Husein Tayabali & Ors. v. State of Gujarat & Ors., 1968 (1)
SCR 797, a bench of three Judges of this Court considered whether the State
Govt. has exercised the power mala fide without applying its mind to the facts'
of the case. Considering the facts of that case and the allegations made in the
petition and the counter affidavit filed by the State Govt. explaining the
circumstances in which the notification under s.4(1) and the declaration under
s.6(3) came to be published, i.t was held that it is not a mala fide exercise
of the power. Enquiry under s.5A was conducted and a report submitted
thereunder was considered and then the declaration under s.6(1) was published.
It is seen that in this case even before the enquiry under s.5A was conducted
and the report submitted and the declaration under s.6(1) could be made, the
appellants had approached the High Court and sought to have the notification
published under s.4(1) quashed.
9.
It
is seen that the public trust Saibaba Sansthan - Shirdi, needs the land for the
public purpose, namely, two temples are needed to be connected by a road though
the land occupied by the house sought to be acquired. It is true that Saibaba
Temple at Shirdi is run by a public trust maintaining Saibaba Temple at Shirdi
and other temples and Dharamshala prayer Hall. Thousands of pilgrims daily
visit Saibaba Temple at Shiridi to pay their homage and seek blessings of the
mystic' secular saint Sri Saibaba. Each religion claims that he belongs to
their faith but the great saint never proclaimed himself to be of a particular
faith.
Therefore, all sections of the people in
India have great unflinching faith, devotion and absolute belief in him and
every day thousands of pilgrims throng Shirdi to pay their homage and seek his
blessings. Though physically he was not present, the devotees believe that he
is still surviving.
10.
The
land of India is known for such great saints and yogies hailing from different
faiths. One good example is of two brothers, by name, EIder and Younger,
bala-yogies in Mummidivaram village in East Godavari of Dist. Andhra Pradesh,
the EIder one started his penance at the age of 16 and the younger one at the
age of 7 years respectively. They stopped taking any food and water and locked
themselves in two separately built asharms from outside and the keys were kept
in the custody of the District Magistrate. According 91 to the wishes of the
yogi, on Mahasivaratri day, in the midnight at the stroke of 12.00 without a
watch, hissing sound would be heard and the doors were to be opened and the
EIder yogi would give darshan to the devotees on a speciallyeracted platform at
a distance of 500 sq. yards and after 10 minutes the door from outside would be
closed and he would get himself seated on the platform after 10 minutes and
thereafter the closed platform would be opened and throughout the day he would
give darshan. The EIder yogi used to give darshan and retired back into Ashram
on the next day midnight. Both brothers closed their eyes. There were neither
windows to get air nor ventilators to exhaust air from inside. Keeping the
ashram closed throughout the year without air, not only makes the life
impossible to live but also bad Odour would emit contrarily when the doors were
opened, perfume smell come out from the rooms. They did their ceaseless penance
for well over 40 years. It is a miracle that they surpassed human physiology
and they know the latest technological development. EIder yogi started his
penance even when electricity was not known in the villages.
He knows the mechanism of electrical operations
and explained new developments in the country by his signals since he observed
only silence. It is highly impossible to walk when they always keep themselves
seated with crossed- legs. But within a short period of 5 to 10 minutes, he
used to reach the platform. It is also impossible to know how they know the
latest technological developments when they closed the eyes and lock themselves
in the Ashram. These revelation are inexplicable and how they survive doing
penance for more than 40 years without taking any food and water and without
excretions and bath When the doors were opened, it would be seen that they
appear as if they just had bath and had wet clothes but nothing could be found.
The entire room gives perfume smell.
It is difficult to explain these miracles
where from such perfume smell comes and not a particle of dust was found in the
rooms. India has produced several such great saints and yogies but these are
only illustrative.
11.
Be
that as it may, it cannot be gainsaid that providing access to the temples is
not a public purpose. The exercise of the power under s.4(1) of the Act,
therefore, is neither colourable nor malafide. It is true that this court in
Tata Cellular v. Union of India, 1994 (3) Scale, 477, by a bench of three Judges,
considering the scope of judicial review of the administrative action (grant of
licence by tenders) held that the administrative actions of the State or its
instrumentalities are amenable to judicial review.
As mentioned earlier when the State Govt. have
exercised the power under s.4(1) for a public purpose and the public purpose
was mentioned therein, the exercise of the power cannot be invalidated on
grounds of malafides or colourable exercise of power so long as the public
purpose is shown and the land is needed or is likely to be needed and the
purpose subsists at the time of exercise of the power. It is primarily for the
State Government to decide whether there exists public purpose or not, and it
is not for this Court or the High Courts to evaluate the evidence and come to
its own conclusion whether or not there is public purpose unless it comes to
the conclusion that it is a malafide or colourable exercise of the power. In
other words the exercise of the power serve no public purpose or it serves a private
purpose.
12.
It
is true that an attempt was made on an earlier occasion to purchase the
property by negotiation but it was turned down by the Charity Commissioner and
he refused to grant permission. Consequently, the trust was constrained to approach
the government requesting to acquire the land.
The government did consider the circumstances
and exercised that power. The Act does give the power to negotiate by private
sale or even during pending acquisition proceedings negotiations by private sale
could be made in which event the need to determine the market value under the
Act would be obviated and the compensation would be determined in terms of the
agreement reached between the Land Acquisition Officer and the owner of the
land or person having an interest in the land, subject to the prior approval of
the Govt. Therefore, the failure to purchase the land by negotiation and the
exercise of the power under s.4(1) thereafter, by no stretch of imagination, be
considered to be a mala fide or colourable exercise of the power.
Therefore, we do not find any infirmity or
illegality in the notification published under s.4(1) warranting interference.
Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed but
without costs.
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