Universal
Radiators, Coimbatore Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax,
Tamil Nadu [1993] INSC 165 (30 March 1993)
Sahai,
R.M. (J) Sahai, R.M. (J) Thommen, T.K. (J)
CITATION:
1993 AIR 2254 1993 SCR (2) 775 1993 SCC (2) 629 JT 1993 (3) 150 1993 SCALE
(2)393
ACT:
Income
Tax Act, 1961 : Sections 4 and 10(3).
Assessee--Manufacturer
of automobile radiators--Copper ingots booked from America--To be rolled in
Bombay as and sheets and despatched to assessee for manufacture--Ship carrying
goods seized by Pakistan--Insurance company paying value of goods in
dollars--Devaluation of Indian rupee--The difference of the Indian rupee before
devaluation and that received after devaluation--Excess held a capital
receipt--Not business receipt--Receipt of casual nature--Sterilization of stock
in trade.
Words
and Phrases--Meaning of 'Income'--'Casual'.
HEAD NOTE:
The
appellant assessee a manufacturers of radiators for automobiles booked copper
ingots from a corporation In the United States of America for being brought to Bombay where it was to be rolled Into
strips and sheets and then despatched to the assessee for being used for
manufacture.
While
the ingots were at sea, hostilities broke out between India and Pakistan and, the vessel carrying the goods was seized by the authorities
in Pakistan. The claim of the assessee for the
price paid by it for the goods was ultimately settled in its favour by the
Insurer in America.
The
Indian Rupee In the meanwhile had been devalued and, therefore, in terms of
rupees the appellant firm got Rs.3,43,556/- as against their payment of Rs.2,00,164/-
at the old rates. The differnece was credited to profit on devaluation in the
Profit and Loss Account. The claim of the appellant that the difference being a
causal receipt and non-recurring In nature, and as such was not liable to tax,
was not accepted by the Income Tax Officer.
The
Appellate Assistant Commissioner rejected the appeal of the assessee, being of
the opinion that the receipt was one which did not arise directly from carrying
on business by the assessee but was the incidental 776 to it, and not finding
any merit in the submission that the ultimate realisation was in the nature of
capital gains and not revenue recipt.
In
further appeal by the assessee, the Tribunal held that when the goods were
seized by the Pakistan authorities the character of the goods changed and it
became sterilized and, therefore, it ceased to be stock-in trade of the assessee,
that the devaluation surplus was in nature of capital receipt and not a profit
made by the assessee in the course of business, that the money which came to
the assessee was as a result of the settlement of the insurance claim and,
therefore, the profit that resulted from it could not be considered in the
normal course of business.
The
High Court in its advisory jurisdiction at the instance of the' Department negatived
the claim of the assessee for two reasons, one the difference in the cost price
and the sale price, and the other that it was revenue receipt, and did not
agree with the Tribunal as according to it if the assessee had got the goods
imported into India and sold them it would have got higher amount as a result
of devaluation, and held that there could be no dispute that the assessee was
liable to pay tax on the difference of the sale price and the cost. It further
held that the nature of the amount which came in the hands of the assessee was
a revenue receipt, and did not agree that the payment made to the assessee was
otherwise than for business, as the whole transaction was part and parcel of
the business carried on by the assessee and could not be described as
extraneous to it.
In the
assesses appeal to this Court, on the question whether the excess amount paid
to the assessee due to fluctuation in exchange rate was taxable or not.
Allowing
the appeal, this Court,
HELD :
1. The
word 'income', ordinarily in normal sense, connotes any earning or profit or
gain periodically, regularly or even daily in whatever manner and from whatever
source. It is thus a word of very wide import. Section 2(24) of the Income Tax
Act is legislative, recognition of its elasticity. Its scope has even widened
from time to time by extending it to varied nature of income. Even before it
was defined as including profits, gains, dividends and contributions received
by a trust it was held to be a word, 'of broadest connotation' which could not
be understood in restricted or technical sense.' [781 D-E] 777 Raghuvanshi
Mills Ltd., Bombay v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City, (1952) 22 ITR 484, referred to. [781 E]
2.
'Casual' means accidental or irregular. If the irregular or the accidental
income arose as a result of business activity, them even if it was
non-recurring, it may not have fallen outside the revenue net. The real test,
is therefore, what was the nature and character of the income which accrued to
the assessee. The causal nature of it or non-recurring nature were only aids to
decide if the nature of income was in the course of business or otherwise. [782
F] Barendra Prasad Ray and Ors. v. Income Tax Officer, (1981) 129 ITR 295; S.
G. Mercantile Corporation Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, (1972) 83
ITR 700; Commissioner of Income Tax v. Calcutta National Bank, (1959) 37 ITR
171 and Commissioner of Income Tax, Mysore v. Canara Bank Ltd. (1967) LXIII ITR 328, referred to. [782 G, H, 783
B]
3. An
income which was casual in nature could be brought In the revenue net only if
it arose from business. In other words the receipt or profit of the nature
covered by Section 10(3) could be brought to tax if it was the result of any
business activity carried on by the assessee. [783 D] In the instant case, the assessee
carried on business of manufacturing radiators and not ingots. The ingots were
imported to be converted into strips and sheets at Bombay.
The
link which could create direct relationship between the finished goods and the
raw material was snapped even before it reached Bombay. Payment made for loss of such goods did not bear any nexus
with the assessee's business. May be that if it would have reached, it could
have been 'after conversion into strips and sheets used as raw material. But so
long as it did not reach Bombay and was not converted into raw
material, the connection it bore with the assessee's business was remote. And
any payment made in respect of it could not be said to accrue from business.
[783
E] Strong and Company of Romsey, Limited v. Woodifieid (Survevor of Taves), 5
Tax Cases p.215, referred to. [783 F]
4. An
income directly or ancillary to the business may be an income from business,
but any income to an assessee carrying on business does not become an income
from business unless the necessary relationship 778 between the two is
established. [784 B] In the Instant case, what was lost was not raw material,
but something which was capable of being converted into raw material. The
necessary nexus between ingots and radiators which could have resulted in
income from ingots never came into being. Thus any devaluation surplus arising
out of payment paid for loss of ingots could not be treated as income from
business of the assessee. [784 C] S. Income from goods purchased for business
is not an income from business. In the instant case buying ingots by the assessee
was not a part of its trading activity. [784 F] State Bank of India v. Commissioner of Imcome Tax, Ernakulam,
(1986) 157 ITR 67, distinguished. [784 F]
6.
Taxability on profit or deduction for loss depends on whether profit or loss
arises in the course of business.
The
courts have maintained a distinction between insurance against loss of goods
and insurance against loss of profits.
The
latter is undoubtedly taxable. Taxability of the amount paid on settlement of
claim by the insurance company depends both on the nature of payment and
purpose of insurance. [785 D-E]
7. Any
payment being accretion from business, the excess or surplus accruing for any
reason may be nothing but profit. But where payment is made to compensate for
loss of use of any goods in which the assessee does not carry on any business
or the payment is a just equivalent of the cost incurred by the assessee, but
excess accrues due to fortuitous circumstances or is a windfall, then the
accrual may be a receipt, but it would not be income arising from business,
and, therefore, not taxable under the Act. [785 F- G] Commissioner of Inland
Revenue v. William's Executors, 26 Tax Cases p.23, referred to. [785 H] In the
instant case, the assessee did not carry on business of buying and selling of
ingots. The compensation paid to the assessee was not for any trading or
business activity, but just equivalent in money of the goods lost by the assessee
which it was prevented from using. The excess arose on such payment in respect
of goods in which the assessee did not carry on any business. Due to fortuitous
circumstances of devaluation of currency, but not due to any business or
trading activity the amount could not 779 be brought to tax. [786 C-D]
Commissioner of Income Tax v. Union Engineering Works, (1976) 105 ITR 311,
approved. [786 G]
CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5897 of 1983.
From
the Judgment and Order dated 25.7.1979 of the Madras High Court in Tax Case No.
54/76 (Reference No. 35/76.) T.A. Ramachandran and Janki Ramachandran for the
Appellant.
J.
Ramamurthy, P. Parmeswaran (NP), Ranbir Chandra (NP), T.V. Ratnam and Ms. A. Subhashini
(NP) for the Respondent.
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by R.M. SAHAI, J. Legal issues that arise
for consideration in this appeal, directed against the decision of the High
Court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Tamil Nadu v. Universal Radiators, (1979)
120 ITR 906 on questions of law referred to it in a reference under the Income
Tax Act (in brief 'the Act') are, if the excess amount paid to the assessee due
to fluctuation in exchange rate was taxable either because the payment being
related to trading activity it could not be excluded under Section 10(3) of the
Act even if it was casual and non-recurring in nature or it was stock-in-trade,
therefore, taxable as revenue receipt or in any case the compensation for the
loss of goods could not be deemed anything but profit.
Shorn
of details the assessee, a manufacturer of radiators for automobiles booked
copper ingots from a corporation in the United States of America for being brought to Bombay where it was to be rolled into strips and sheets and then despatched
to assessee for being used for manufacture.
While
the ingots were at sea, hostilities broke out between India and Pakistan and, the vessel carrving the goods was seized by the
authorities in Pakistan. The claim of the assessee for the
price paid by it for the goods was ultimately settled in its favour by the
insurer in America.
Meanwhile
the Indian Rupee had been devalued and, therefore, in terms of rupees the
appellant firm got Rs. 3,43,556 as against their payment 780 of Rs. 2,00,164 at
the old rate. The difference was credited to profit on devaluation in the
Profit and Loss Account. The claim of the appellant that the difference being a
casual receipt and non-recurring in nature, it was not liable to tax, was not
accepted by the Income Tax Officer. In appeal the Appellate Assistant
Commissioner was of opinion that the receipt was one which did not arise
directly from carrying on business by the assessee but was incidental to it.
But he did not find any merit in the submission that the ultimate realisation
was in nature of capital gains and not revenue receipt. In further appeal the
Tribunal held that when the goods were seized by the Pakistan authorities the character of the
goods changed and it became sterlised and, therefore, it ceased to be
stock-in-trade of the assessee. The Tribunal held that the devaluation surplus
was in nature of. capital receipt and not a profit made by the assessee in
course of business. It further found that the money which came to the assessee
was as a result of the settlement of the insurance claim and, therefore, the
profit that resulted from it could not-be considered to have arisen in normal
course of business.
When
the matter came to the High Court, in its advisory jurisdiction, at the
instance of the department, on the following questions of law, (i) Wether, on
the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was
right in law, in holding that the devaluation surplus earned by the assessee consequent
to the settlement of the claim by the insurance company is not assessable as
revenue receipt for the assessment year 1967- 68 ? (ii)Whether on the facts and
in the circumstances of the case, the Appellate Tribunal was right in holding
that the profit earned by the assessee on account of devaluation of Indian
Currency was not in the course of carrying on of the business or incidental to
the business ? It did not agree with the Tribunal as according to it if the assessee
had got the goods imported into India and sold them it would have got higher amount as a result of
devaluation.
Therefore,
it held that there could be no dispute that the assessee was liable to pay tax
on difference of the sale price and the cost. The High Court further held that
the nature of the amount which came in the hands of the assessee was revenue
receipt. It 781 did not agree that the payment made to the assessee was
otherwise than for business, as the whole transaction was part and parcel of
the business carried on by the assessee and could not be described as
extraneous to it.
The
High Court thus negatived the claim of assessee for two reasons, one, the
difference in the cost price and the sale price, and the other, that it was
revenue receipt. In observing that, 'If the assessee had got the goods imported
into India and had sold them at a higher rate, which would have increased as a
result of devaluation, then there can be no dispute that the assessee would be
liable to tax on the difference between the sale price and the cost', the High
Court oversimplified the issue. May be any profit or gain accruing to an assessee
as a result of difference between the sale price and the cost price in a year
is income. And by that yardstick the devaluation surplus, irrespective of any other
consideration, may be receipt which in common parlance may be income. But
liability to pay tax under the Act arises on the income accruing to an assessee
in a year.
The
word 'income', ordinarily in normal sense, connotes any earning or profit or
pin periodically, regularly or even daily in whatever manner and from whatever
source. Thus it is a word of very wide import. Clause (24) of Section 2 of the
Act is legislative recognition of its elasticity. Its scope has been widened
from time to time by extending it to varied nature of income. Even before it
was defined as including profits, gains, dividends and contributions received
by a trust it was held to be a word, 'of broadest connotation' which could not
be 'understood in restricted or technical sense'. The wide meaning of the word
was explained by this Court in Raghuvanshi Mills Ltd., Bombay v.
Commissioner
of Income Tax, Bombay city, (1952) 22 ITR 484 and it was emphasised
that the expression, 'from whatever source derived' widened the net. But exigibility
to tax is not the same as liability to pay tax. The former depends on charge
created by the Act and latter on computation in accordance with the provisions
in the Act and the rules.
Surplus
in consequence of devaluation of the currency was undoubtedly receipt, but the
liability to pay tax on it could arise only if it was income for purposes of
the Act and was not liable to be excluded from computation under any of the
provisions of the Act or the rules framed thereunder.
Section
10 of the Act provided for exclusion of certain income from computation. One of
its subsection, which is relevant for this appeal, during the period under
dispute, stood as under, In computing the total income of a previous year of
any 782 person, any income failing within any of the following clauses shall
not be included (3) any receipts which are of a casual and non-recurring
nature, unless they are (i) (ii)receipts arising from business or the exercise
of a profession or occupation; or (iii) In substantive clause, an income which
was casual and non- recurring in nature was excluded from being charged as
income of the assessee. Due to use of word, 'and', existence of both the
conditions was mandatory. Absence of any disentitled the assessee from claiming
any benefit under the clause. C Casual' according to dictionary means
'accidental or irregular'. this meaning was approved by this Court in Ramanathan
Cheuiar v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras, (1967) 63 ITR 458. Non-recurring is one which is not likely to occur
again in a year. But an income even after satisfying the two conditions may
still not have been liable to be excluded if it fell in one of the exceptions
carved out by the proviso. In other words, the receipt should not only have
been casual and non-recurring only but it should not have been 'receipts
arising from business'.
To put
it the other way, if an income arose in the usual course of business, then it
would not have been liable for exclusion even if it was casual or non-recurring
in nature.
'Casual',
as explained earlier, means accidental or irregular. But if the irregular or
the accidental income arose as a result of business activity, then even if it
was non-recurring, it may not have fallen outside the revenue net. The real
test, therefore, was the nature and character of income which accrued to the assessee.
The casual nature of it or non-recurring nature were only aids to decide if the
nature of income was in the course of business or otherwise. In Raghuvanshi
Mills Ltd. (Supra) it was held by this Court that a receipt even if it was
casual and non- recurring in nature would be liable to tax if it arose from
business. 'Business' has been defined in Clause' 13 of Section 2 of the Act as
including 'any trade, commerce or manfacture or any adventure or concern in the
nature of trade, commerce or manufacture'.
In Barendra
Prasad Ray and Ors. v. Income Tax Officer, (1981) 129 ITR 295 it has been held,
by this Court, that the expression, 783 'business' is of very wide import and
it means an activity carried on continuously and systematically by a person by
the application of his labour and skill with a view to earning the income. The
width of the definition has been recognised, by this Court, even in S.G.
Mercantile Corporation Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax (1972) 83 ITR
700 and Commissioner of Income Tax v. Calcutta National Bank, (1959) 37 ITR
171. And even a single venture has been held to amount to business and the
profit arising out of such a venture has been held to be taxable as income
arising from business. In Commissioner of Income Tax, Mysore v. Canara Bank
Ltd., (1967) LXIII ITR 328 it was held, by this Court, that where money was
lying idle and the blocked balance was not employed for internal operation or
for business by the bank the profit accruing to the assessee on the blocked
capital due to fluctuation in exchange rate could not be held to be income
arising out of business activity or trading operation. The ratio reflects the
rationale implicit in sub-section (3) of Section 10 of the Act. An income which
was casual in nature could be brought in the revenue net only if it arose from
business. In other words the receipt or profit of the nature covered by Section
10(3) could be brought to tax if it was result of any business activity carried
on by the assessee.
The assessee
carried on business of manufacturing radiators and not ingots. They were
imported to be converted into strips and sheets at Bombay. The link which could
create direct relationship between the finished goods and raw material was
snapped even before it reached Bombay. Payment made for loss of such goods did
not bear any nexus with the assessee's business. May be that if it would have
reached, it could have been after conversion into strips and sheets used as raw
material. But so long it did not reach Bombay and was not converted into raw material,
the connection it bore with the assessee's business was remote. And any payment
made in respect of it could not be said to accrue from business.
In
Strong and Company of Romsay, Limited v. Woodifield (Surveyor of Taxes), 5 Tax
Cases p.215, a converse case where the assessee claimed deduction of certain
payments made to a customer, for the injury caused to him by falling off a
chimney due to the assessee's servant's negligence, it was held, "it does
not follow that if a loss is in any sense connected with the trade, it must
always be allowed as a deduction; for it may be only remotely connected with
the trade or 784 it may be connected with something else quite as much as or even
more than with the trade.
I
think only such losses can be deducted as are connected with it in the sense
that they are really incidental to the trade itself." The word 'from'
according to dictionary means 'out of. The income thus should have accrued out
of the business carried on by the assessee. An income directly or ancillary to
the business may be an income from business, but any income to an assessee
carrying on business does not become an income from business unless the
necessary relationship between the two is established. What was lost on the
seas was not raw material, but something which was capable of being converted
into raw material. The necessary nexus between ingots and radiators which could
have resulted in income from ingots never came into being. Thus any devaluation
surplus arising out of payment paid for loss of ingots could not be treated as
income from business of the. assessee.
For
deciding the next aspect, namely, if the excess payment due to devaluation
could be treated as revenue receipt, two questions arise, one, if the ingots
were stock-in-trade and other the effect in law of its being blocked or sterlised.
Stock-in-trade
is goods or commodity in which the assessee deals in course of business
activity. Good or commodity may be capital or revenue depending on. if it is
bought or sold or is used or exploited by the assessee. Since the ingots by
itself were not raw material and were not usable by the assessee for the
business of manufacturing radiators, unless they were converted into strips and
sheets, they could not be treated as stock-in-trade. The buying of the ingots
by the assessee was not a part of its trading activity. Income from goods
purchased for business is not an income from business. Ratio in State Bank of
India v. Commissioner of Income Tar, Emakultam, (1986) 157 ITR 67 relied on
behalf of department is not helpful' as the Bank of Cochin, as part of its
banking business, had been purchasing cheque payment orders, mail transfers,
demand drafts etc. drawn in foreign currencies which were sold or en- cashed
through assessee correspondent banks in foreign currencies concerned and
proceeds credited to the current account of the assessee and therefore the
foreign exchange was held to be stock-in-trade of the assessee, and any increase
in value of foreign currency resulting in excess credited to the a'ssessee's
account as a result of devaluation was held to be in consequence of assessee's
business activity.
785
Even assuming it was stock-in-trade, it was held by this Court in Commissioner
of Income Tax v. Canara Bank Lid, (supra) that stock-intrade, if it gets
blocked and sterlised and no trading activity could be carried-with it, then it
ceased to be stock-in-trade, and any devaluation surplus arising on such
capital due to exchange rate would be capital and not revenue. Applying the
ratio of this case, the copper ingots, which even if assumed to be stock-in-
trade, were blocked and sterlised due to hostilities between India and Pakistan, and, therefore, it ceased to be stockin- trade and any
surplus arising due to exchange ratio in the circumstances was capital receipt
only.
Coming
to the issue whether devaluation surplus earned by the assessee consequent on
the settlement of the claim by the insurance company could be treated as revenue
receipt, it may be stated that taxability on profit or deduction for loss
depends on whether profit or loss arises in course of business. The courts have
maintained a distinction between insurance against loss of goods and insurance
against loss of profits. The latter is undoubtedly taxable as is clear from the
decision in Raghuvanshi Mills (supra) where any amount paid by the insurance
company 'on account of loss of profit' was held taxable. But what happens where
the insurance company pays any amount against loss of goods.
Does
it by virtue of compensation become profit and is taxable as such. Taxability
of the amount paid on settlement of claim by the insurance company depends both
on the nature of payment and purpose of insurance. Raghuvanshi Mills' decision
is an authority for the proposition where the very purpose of insurance itself
is profit or gain.
Result
may be the same where the payment is made for goods in which the assessee
carried on business. Any payment being accretion from business, the excess or
surplus accruing for any reason may be nothing but profit. (see the King v. B.
C Fir and Cedar Lumber Company, Ltd. 1932 AC 441, Green (HM Inspector of Taxes)
v. J. Gliksten & Son, Ltd Reports of Tax Gases Vol.14 p.365, Commissioner
of Income- Tax, Bombay City-III v. Popular Metal Works & Rolling Mills
(1983) ITR Vol. 142 p.361. But where payment is made to compensate for loss of
use of any goods in which the assessee does not carry on any business or the
payment is a just equivalent of the cost incurred by the assessee, but excess
accrues due to fortuitous circumstances or is a windfall, then the accrual may
be a receipt, but it would not be income arising from business, and, therefore,
not taxable under the Act.
In
Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. William's Executors, 26 Tax Cases p.23, 786
the distinction was explained thus, "A manufacturer can, of course, insure
his factory against fire. The receipts from that insurance will obviously be
capital receipts.
But
supposing he goes further, as the manufacturer did in that case, and insures
himself against the loss of profits which he will suffer while his factory is
out of action; it seems to me it is beyond question that sums received in
respect of that insurance against loss of profits must be of a revenue
nature." The assessee did not carry on business of buying and selling
ingots. The compensation paid to the assessee was not for any trading or
business activity, but just equivalent in money of the goods lost by the assessee
which it was prevented from using. The excess arose onsuch payment in respect
of goods in which the assessee did not carry on any business. Due to fortuitous
circumstances of devaluation of currency, but not due to any business or
trading activity the amount could not be brought to tax.
The
Appellate Tribunal in the instant case had found, "the profit on account
of devaluation is not business profit or income as it has nothing to do with
the business or trading activity of the assessee. The profit arose since the clai
m was settled by the Insurance Company and the Indian rupee was devalued. Even
without paying for the goods contracted for, the assessee by an extraordinary
set of fortuitous circumstances earned a profit which by its very nature is
causal and non-recurring. In this view of the matter the profit cannot be
charged to tax." The High Court of Kerala in Commissioner of Income Tax v.
Union Engineering Works, (1976) 105 ITR 311 held :
"In
the instant case, the excess profit, as found by the Tribunal, was not a receipt
arising from business; nor was it, as admitted on both sides, capital gains.
This was part of the compensation received by the assessee from the insurer for
damage caused to its goods. The claim for the compensation for damage caused to
the goods had.-been 787 settled with the insurer, and the sum, so settled did
am include any excess profit. The excess profit arose entirely due to the-,
devaluation. This excess amount was in the nature of a windfall, being the
unexpected fruit of devaluation, and it can not, therefore, be regarded as a
receipt arising from business though it may be said in a sense to be a receipt
in the course, of business.
We
hold that the Tribunal had correctly held that the sum of Rs.13,455.75 received
by the assessee was not a recipt arising from its business within the meaning
of section 10(3)(ii) 'of the Income Tax Act, 1961." We are of the view
that on the facts of that case, the High Court of Kerala was right in law in
upholding the findings of the Tribunal while on the facts found in the instant
case, the High Court, of Madras was wrong in law in reversing the
well-considered order of the Tribunal.
For
reasons stated by us this appeal suceeds and is allowed.
Both
the questions referred by the Tribunal to the High Court are answered in the
affirmative, i,e, in favour of assessee and against the department. The assessee
shall be entitled to its costs.
N. V.
K. Appeal allowed.
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