State of
Karnataka Vs. Krishnaji Shrinivas Kulkarni
[1993] INSC 528 (16 December 1993)
RAMASWAMY,
K. RAMASWAMY, K. RAY, G.N. (J) CITATION:
1994 SCC (2) 558 JT 1993 Supl. 353 1993 SCALE (4)683
ACT:
HEADNOTE:
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. RAMASWAMY, J.- Special leave granted.
2.
These appeals arise from the order of the Division Bench dated January 18, 1990
of the Karnataka High Court in Writ Petition Nos. 1 1 21511223 of 1985 and
batch. The respondents own different extents of agricultural lands situated at Jambaga
and other villages in Bijapur District of Karnataka State which were in
erstwhile part of Bombay province. They leased out their
lands to M/s Sugarcane Products and Industries Ltd., a registered company, by a
registered lease dated April
1, 1942 for a period
of 30 years which stood expired on March 31, 1973 but remained in'possession as
tenant. The Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 196 1, Act IO of 1962 (for short 'the
Act') was amended by Amendment Act 1 of 1974 (for short the 'Amendment Act').
The
latter came into effect from March 1, 1974.
Section 79- B of the Act prohibits holding of agricultural land by certain
persons. Sub-section (1)(b) declares that with effect from the date of the
commencement of the Amendment Act, it shall not be lawful for a company 560 to
hold any land. Sub-section (2) thereof mandates every such company to furnish
to the Tehsildar having jurisdiction over the land, a declaration containing
the particulars of such lands and such other prescribed particulars. Under
sub-section (3) thereto the Tehsildar after inquiry made in the prescribed
manner should send the statement to the Deputy Commissioner who declares, by
notification that, "such land shall vest in the State Government free from
all encumbrances". Sub-section (4) gives right to the owner of the land
payment of compensation prescribed in Section 72.
The
lessee-company submitted a declaration, though purported to be under Section
66, but on the facts it must be one under Section 79-B(2). The Tehsildar after
conducting the inquiry and giving opportunity to the respondents submitted the
declaration to the Deputy Commissioner who published in the prescribed manner.
Thus 600 acres of demised lands stood vested in the State free from all
encumbrances. The respondents challenged the action in the writ petitions
contending that as on March
1, 1974 the company
was not holding the demised land as a tenant. The company, therefore, was
incompetent to file any declaration under Section 66 and it cannot be treated to
be under Section 79- B. Its possession is not lawful and that, therefore, the
land does not stand vested in the State. The company was not a holder under
Section 79-B. The landowners are holders of the lands. The High Court in the
impugned order rightly held that the impugned order was without authority of
law, being outside the purview of Section 79-B(3) of the Act and the ownership
of the respondents, however, was not declared.
3.It
is contended for the State that under Section 79- B(1), a person in possession
cultivating the land personally shall alone be entitled to hold the land. The
company having been declared to be disentitled to hold the lands on or from
March 1, 1974 and being enjoined under sub-section (2) to furnish a declaration
to the Tehsildar having jurisdiction over the land or greater part thereof, it
is the "holder" for the purpose of Section 79-B of the Act. It is
made clear by sub-section (1) of Section 79-B. Shri Javali, learned senior
counsel for the respondents, placing reliance on Section 2(1 1) of the
Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964, contended that the possession of the company
was unlawful as the lease had expired by efflux of time. Five hundred acres
were taken possession by the lessors, landowners and 600 acres though remained in
possession of the company, the Act did not divest their title. Only the title
of the land under personal cultivation of the tenant having existed jural
relationship of landlord and tenant alone stood divested as envisaged under
Section 44. On expiry of the lease in the year 1972-73 the possession of the
tenant was not juridical, but only as tenant holding over but in unlawful
possession. The lessors did not accept the rent from the tenant. Therefore, the
company has neither right to file any declaration under Section 66, nor under
Section 77-B(2) nor is it filed within 90 days' limitation prescribed thereunder.
Section 79-B(2) postulates "holder of the land" while Section 44
speaks of "land in personal cultivation of the tenant". They bring
out the distinction that the holder must be one in lawful possession and
personally cultivating the land under Section 2(11) of the 561 Act. Since the
tenant was not cultivating the land, nor had juridical possession, the
declaration under Section 79-B(3) is illegal and the interpretation given by
the High Court is correct. In Support thereof he placed reliance on Section 2(2
1), "the landowner", Section 2(3 1) "holder", Sections 5,
19, 20, 44, 58, 62, 66 and 77.
4.With
a view to appreciate the rival contentions it is necessary to look into the
scheme of the Act and the purpose envisaged therein. The Act is an agrarian
reform prescribing "ceiling on land holding" and "conferment of
ownership on tenant". Section 2(1 1) defines personal cultivation, the
details of which are not material, but the Explanation 1 to Section 2(1 1)
amplifies that the land held by a society, etc. shall be deemed to be
cultivating personally, if such a land is cultivated by hired labour or by
servants under the personal supervision of an employee or agent of such
institution, society, trust, etc. Under Section 2(21), the owner of the land
has been defined with an extended inclusive definition. Section 2(34) defines
tenant to mean an agriculturist who cultivates personally the land "he
holds on lease from a landlord". Section 5 prohibits grant of lease or
creation of tenancy after March 1, 1974
for any period whatsoever. Sub-section (2) gives exemption to seamen or
soldiers with which we are not concerned. Section 6 postulates that "no
tenancy of any land shall be terminated merely on the ground that the period
fixed for its duration whether by agreement or otherwise has expired". In
other words, Section 6 manifest the legislative intention that notwithstanding
the expiry of the lease by efflux of time, the tenancy on account thereof,
should not stand terminated. A conjoint reading of Sections 19, 20, 58, 60, 62
read with Section 44 indicates that on or from March 1, 1974 the tiller of the soil should alone be entitled to remain
in possession and should personally cultivate the land. The pre-existing right,
title and interest of the landowner stood extinguished and the lands stood
vested in the State free from all encumbrances. The Act confers ownership
rights on the tenants in the manner prescribed by the Act. If he either ceases
to cultivate the land or leases to others or contravenes the grant, the
conferment of ownership of land stands terminated. The resultant consequences
are that the lands shall stand divested from him and revested in the State Government
for the purpose of assignment to the other tiller. Section 44 expressly divests
the title of the landowner and conferred right only for compensation under
Section 72. Equally Section 79-B prohibits the company or any charitable
society or trust or cooperative society, etc. to hold the lands.
Sub-section
(1) expressly mandates that "no person other than a person cultivating
land personally" shall be entitled to hold land. In other words, a person
be it owner or a tenant, but be in possession and personally cultivating the
land has been statutorily permitted to hold the land. The holding of the
landowner is subject to the ceiling under Section 66. The company etc. was
prohibited to hold land.
A duty
has been imposed by subsection (2) of Section 79-B to furnish within 90 days,
to the Tehsildar having jurisdiction a declaration concerning the land held by
it in the prescribed 562 manner. In other words, the company is enjoined to
make the declaration. "On making such a declaration" that the
specified land was held by it, subsection (3) provides the procedure for
inquiry. On compliance thereto and submission of a report after the prescribed
inquiry, by the Tehsildar, the Deputy Commissioner, he has been empowered to
declare by the notification that such land "shall vest in the State
Government free from all encumbrances" and take possession thereof in the
prescribed manner. The definition of bolder under Section 2(1 1) of the Land
Revenue Act undoubtedly defines, to mean "in lawful possession of land,
whether such possession is actual or not". We are not so much concerned
with the lawful possession or possession of a tenant holding over for the
purpose of interpreting the provisions of the Act. Section 6, as seen earlier,
specifically declares that despite the expiry of lease by efflux of time, the
tenancy would not stand terminated and that, therefore, the possession of the
tenant/company statutorily remains to be juridical possession. The phrase
"holder" of the land in Section 79-B must be construed from that
perspective. The contra-contention violates the scheme and defeats the purpose
of the Act. It is to be remembered that in respect of the matters covered under
the Act, the jurisdiction of the civil court has been ousted and conferred on
the Tribunals under the Act. There is no forum created under the Act to decide
the rights of the landowner and the erstwhile tenant.
5.In Bhawanji
Lakhamshi v. Himatlal Jamnadas Danil the facts were that after the lease had by
the appellant expired by efflux of time they remained in occupation and were
paying the rent to the lessor. The leases were determined by issue of notice
under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act and the suit was filed for
decree of eviction on the ground of personal requirement. One of the defences
was that after the lease was determined the lessor accepted the rent. Therefore,
as tenant holding over he was entitled to the protection of Section 13 of the
Bombay Rent Act.
That
was negatived by all the courts and decree for eviction was granted. This Court
held that the act of holding over, after expiry of the lease, does not create a
tenancy of any kind. After he continued with the consent of the landlord he is
tenant at sufferance and without consent he is not a tenant holding over. Under
Section 116 of Transfer of Property Act the assent of the landlord for the
continuance of the possession after the lease was determined creates a new
tenancy, but there must be bilateral assent expressly or otherwise. Accordingly
it was held that there was no proof that the landlord had accepted the rent
agreeing to continue the tenancy. The ratio therein has no application to the
facts of this case. In M.C. Chockalingam v. V.
Manickavasagam2
the question therein was whether the lessee of a cinema theatre, after the
expiry of the lease was having lawful possession under Rule 13 of Madras
Cinemas Regulations. In that context this Court held that by the language of
Rule 3 it is implicit that the owner is having a title to the property if he
can satisfy the licensing authority that the tenant, though was 1 (1972) 1 SCC
388: (1972) 2 SCR 890 2 (1974) 1 SCC 48: (1974) 2 SCR 143 563 in possession,
his possession was not lawful, but litigious possession and he is not entitled
to the renewal of the licence. Lawful possession cannot be established without
a concomitant existence of lawful relationship between the landlord and the
tenant. This relationship cannot be established against the consent of the
landlord unless his consent becomes under special law, irrelevant. Lawful
possession is not litigious possession and must have some foundation in legal
right to possess the property which cannot be equated with a temporary right to
enforce recovery of the property in case a person who is wrongly or forcefully
dispossessed from it. Therefore, the ratio in the above decision also is not of
any assistance to the respondents. It is also equally well settled law that of
the expiry of the lease of the landlord, the rent of the landlord continues to
receive without protest, he acquiesced to the continuance in possession by the
lessee and unless he is lawfully ejected his possession cannot be held to be
unlawful.
6.As
seen, admittedly the respondents as on March 1, 1974 did not have possession of the
lands. The company lessee continued to hold the land. By operation of Section 6
though its lease had expired by efflux of time, the lease did not stand
terminated. In other words, his possession remains juridical possession under
the Act. Therefore, on its being prohibited to remain in possession, the
company was enjoined under Section 79-B(2) to furnish declaration and
accordingly he did furnish to the Tehsildar, though mistakenly done by quoting
Section 66(1). Quotation of a wrong provision does not take away the
jurisdiction of the authorities to inquire under Section 79-B(3) of the Act.
The
Tribunals, therefore, had jurisdiction to inquire into and publish the
declaration as enjoined under Section 79- B(3) of the Act. The demised 600
acres land held by the company stood vested in the State free of encumbrances.
7.Accordingly
the order of the High Court is clearly illegal. It is set aside and the action
of the Deputy Commissioner under Section 79-B(3) is upheld. The appeals are
allowed, but without costs.
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