Chandigarh Administration & Anr Vs. Manpreet Singh & Ors [1991] INSC 298 (18 November 1991)

Sawant, P.B. Sawant, P.B. Jeevan Reddy, B.P. (J)

CITATION: 1992 AIR 435 1991 SCR Supl. (2) 322 1992 SCC (1) 380 JT 1991 (4) 436 1991 SCALE (2)1030

ACT:

Punjab Engineering College--Admissions---Union Territory of Chandigarh Memo dated 19.5.1982/6.9.1990--Reservation of seats for children/spouses of military/para-military person- nel-College prospectus dividing them in 5 sub-categories--Admissions to be given in order of priority in descending order---High Court's direction to switch the categories affecting the order of priority Legality of.

Constitution of India 1950:

Art. 226--High Court's jurisdiction-Whether supervisory in nature- objectives of writ jurisdiction explained-High Court not to sit/act as an appellate authority over the rule making authorities.

Practice and Procedure:

College admissions--Whether High Court should stay for 3-4 weeks implementation of its order admitting a student, if so prayed.

HEAD NOTE:

The Union Territory of Chandigarh, by its Memo dated 19.5.1982 as modifited by another Memo dated 6.9.1990, reserved 5% of seats for children/spouses of military/pars- military personnel. Pursuant thereto the Punjab Engineering College, reserved 15 seats for such candidates. For the purpose of admission the college categorised in its prospec- tus these candidates into 5 sub-categories. These belonging to the respective categories and obtaining qualifying marks in the entrance examination were to be admitted meritwise in the order of priority in descending order: sub-category 1 consisted of children/spouses of defence personnel who were awardees of gallantry decorations of Paramvir/Mahavir/Vir Chakra in person or posthumously, or, dependent children/spouses of defence/pars military personnel who were killed or totally incapacitated in action while in service.

Dependent childern/spouses of defence/pars military person- nel who died in service were put in sub-category 2. Subcate- gory 3 comprised the dependent children/spouses of defence/pars military personnel incapacitated while in service, Dependent children/spouses of Ex-servicemen (mili- tary and pars military) were 323 placed in sub-category 4; and those of serving defence/pars military personnel found place in sub-category 5.

For the academic year 1991-92 out of the 15 seats, 9 seats went to all the 9 qualified candidates belonging to sub-categories 1 to 3, and remaining seats were allotted to 6 candidates meritwise out of 90 qualified candidates be- longing to sub-category 4. Sub-category 5 went unprovided.

Respondent no.1 in SLP No.16066/91, who appeared in the entrance examination for the academic year 1991-92 but did not get admission, filed a writ petition before the High Court contending that his father was an awardee of 'Shaurya Chakra' which was equivalent to Vir Chakra and therefore his case ought to have been considered in sub-category 1. On behalf of the College it was stated that 'Shaurya Chakra' award was not covered under the rules and regulations and, therefore, respondent no.1, being the son of an Exservice- man, could be considered only in sub-category 4.

Respondents no.1 and 2 in SLP No.16065/91, the sons of the serving defence personnel, filed another writ petition before the High Court challenging the categorization of defence personnel as unreasonable and contended that chil- dren of serving defence personnel should have been preferred over the children of Exserviceman.

The High Court allowed both the writ petitions and directed the College to admit all the three petitioners. It ordered that subcategory 5 should be treated as sub-category 4 and sub-categery 4 should be treated as sub-category 5, and the admissions should be made accordingly.

The petitioner in SLP No.16451/91, being the son of an serviceman, was initially entitled to be considered under sub-category 4 which by the order of the High Court was converted into sub-category 5. He challenged the said con- version of categories by yet another writ petition which was dismissed by the High Court.

The Chandigarh Administration and the College filed SLPs No.16066 and 16065 of 1991 against the orders of the High Court allowing the two writ petitions, whereas SLP No. 16451 of 1991 was filed by the petitioner in the third writ peti- tion which was dismissed by the High Court.

324 It was contended on behalf of Chandigarh Administration and the College that the High Court exceeded its jurisdic- tion in granting the impugned order in as much as in writ jurisdiction the High Court does not sit as an appellate authority over the rule making body nor can it re-write the rules.

On 15.11.1991 the three Special Leave Petitions were dis- posed of.

Giving reasons in support of its order dated 15.11.1991 this Court,

HELD: 1. While acting under Article 226 of the Constitu- tion, the High Court does not sit and/or act as an appellate authority over the orders/actions of the subordinate author- ities/tribunals. Its jurisdiction is supervisory in nature.

[pp. 335 H; 336 A] One of the main objectives of this jurisdiction is to keep the government and several other authorities and tribu- nals within the bounds of their respective jurisdiction. The High Court must ensure that while performing this function it does not overstep the wellrecognised bounds of its own jurisdiction. [p. 336 A]

2.1 In the instant case, the High Court should not have indulged in the exercise of 'switching' the categories and that too without giving any reasons therefor. Thereby, it has practicably assumed the role of rule-making authority, or, at any rate, assumed the role of an appellate authority.

That is clearly not the function of the High Court acting under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. IP. 334 G-H1

2.2 If the High Court was satisfied that the rule was discriminatory and bad, the only course open to it was to strike down the offending rule. It could also have directed the authorities to reframe the rule and make admissions accordingly. [p. 333 F] By directing that category 4 should be treated as cate- gory 5 and conversely category 5 should be treated as cate- gory 4, the High Court has prejudicially affected the rights of candidates falling under category 4 without even hearing.them, particularly when these categories were men- tioned in the order of priority. [p. 335 A]

3. A rule making authority need not observe the rule of hear- 325 ing, but the High Court exercising its judicial power cannot dispense with the requirement. [p. 335 AB]

4. Although the orders and directions made by the High Court were totally unsupportable in law, yet, in view of the subsequent developments, the Special Leave Petitions could not be allowed. By the time the SLPs were taken up and stay granted, the respondents were already admitted in the Col- lege and they gave up their seats which they had obtained in other colleges. Depriving them of their admission in the College at such a late stage would result in grave and irreparable prejudice to them. The Administration and the College authorities ought to have acted with more alacrity and approached this court earlier than they did. [p. 336 B- D]

5. In matters where the High Court directs the students to be admitted in educational institutions it would be advisable if the High Court stays the operation of its order for a period of about 3 to 4 weeks if a request therefor is made by the educational institution or the State as the case may be. [pp. 336 GH; 337 A]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Special Leave Petition Nos. 16066. 16065 & 16451 of 1991.

From the Judgment and Order dated 28.8.1991,30.8.1991 & 9.10.1991 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in C.W.P .Nos. 12644, 12485 and 14606 of 1991 respectively.

Kapil Sibal, Ranjit Kumar, J.D. Jain, Mrs. Kawaljit Kocher, Dr. Balram Gupta, Ms. Yasmin Tarapore, J. Lal Kai- lash Vasdev, Ms Nandini Sawhney, R.K. Kapoor, A.A. Khan and Anil Verma for the appearing parties.

The following Order of the Court was delivered:

In the Union Territory of Chandigarh, 5% of the seats are reserved in favour of sons/daughters/spouses of Mili- tary/Para-Military personnel. Orders in this behalf are issued by the Administration in its memo dated 19th May, 1982 which were later modified in memo dated 6.9.1990. In accordance with the said orders, Punjab Engineering College (a College run by the Chandigarh Administration and affili- ated to Punjab University) reserved 15 seats in favour of sons/daughters/spouses of Military/ParaMilitary Personnel.

The College published a prospectus for the session 1991-92.

It contains inter alia the rules governing the admission of stu- 326 dents to the said college. So far as the reservation in favour of children and spouses of Military/Para-Military Personnel is concerned, the rule, (printed at pages 23 and 24 of the Prospectus) reads as follows:

"Sons/Daughters/Spouses of Military/Para- military Personnel etc.:

3 The Admission of the candidates against the reserved seats under this category will be made on the basis of merit list prepared according to the priorities given below in the descending order:-

1. Sons/Daughters/Spouses of defence personnel who are awardees of gallantry decorations of Paramvir/Mahavir/Vir Chakra in person or posthumously.

OR Sons/daughters/spouses of defence personnel and para-military personnel like CRPF, BSF etc. who are killed or are total incapacitated in action while in service and were wholly dependent on them.

2. Sons/daughters/spouses of defence person- nel and para-military personnel like CRPF/BSF etc. who die while in service and were wholly dependent on them;

3. Sons/daughters/spouses of defence per- sonnel and para-military personnel like CRPF/BSF incapacitated while in service and were wholly dependent on them;

4. Sons/daughters/spouses of exservicemen (military and para-military personnel like CRPF/BSF who are wholly dependent on them;

5. Sons/daughters/spouses of serving de- fence personnel and paramilitary personnel like CRPF/BSF who are wholly dependent on them:

The candidates claiming admissions under the category 1 above are required to submit the photo-copy of citation for the gallantry award, failing which the application will not be considered in this category, The candidates claiming admission under category I are required to submit a certificate from the respective Head- quarters regarding death/total incapacitation in action while in service.

The candidates claiming admission under category 2 and 3 are required to submit a certificate from the respective Headquarters regarding death/total incapacitation.while in service.

327 The candidates claiming admission under category 4 are required to submit discharge certificate from sevice and certificate of dependence from the District Magistrate of the district concerned.

The candidates claiming admission under category 5 are required to submit the certificate of dependence from the unit in which parent/spouse is serving.

The candidates who apply for admission against this category will also be considered for admission against the seats allocated for Chandigarh/ General Pool to which they may belong as per their merit." A perusal of the rule shows that the five categories are mentioned in the order of priority in the descending order.

There is no allocation of seats as between these five cate- gories. It means that in the first instance, all the quali- fied and eligible candidates falling in category 1 will be given admission and if any seats are left unfilled, quali- fied candidates failing in category 2 will be admitted. If there are any seats still left unfilled, qualified candi- dates falling in category 3 will be given admission and so on. In a given year, it may well happen that all the avail- able seats reserved for children/spouses of defence person- nel are taken away by the candidates in the first or first and second categories. As a matter of fact, for the year 1990-91, only 6 candidates belonging to sub-category 4 out of 90 candidates could be admitted and not the others and category 5 'went unprovided altogether. It is stated that all candidates obtaining the specified minimum marks in the common entrance test were treated as qualified for being considered for admission.

S.L.P. 16066/91: The first respondent in the S.L.P. applied for admission to Punjab Engineering College under this quota. He appeared in the common Entrance Test along with other applicants. The College Authorities considered his case placing him in category 4 since his father was an Ex-serviceman. He could not, however, be given the admission because the 15 seats reserved for children and spouses of Military/ParaMilitary Personnel in this College were allo- cated in the following manner:

a. There were three candidates falling in category 1 (i.e., children of Defence Person- nel who are awardees of gallantry decoration, Paramvir Chakra/Mahavir Chakra, in person or posthumously). All the three were given admis- sion.

b. There were 5 candidates falling in catego- ry 2. They were admitted.

328

c. Only one candidate falling in category 3 appeared and was given the seat;

d. There were 90 candidates failing in category 4. But only 6 seats were available (nine seats having been taken away by sub- categories a to c). These six seats were allotted on the basis of inter-se merit among the candidates failing in this category. The first respondent being at a fairly lower position in this merit list could not be given the admission.

No seats were left for being allotted to candidates failing in category 5.

Finding that he has not been given admission in this Col- lege, the first respondent filed a writ petition in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana being C.W.P. No.12644 of 1991.

His contention was that his father Major Kuldip Singh Malik was awarded Shaurya Chakra for acts of gallantry, that Shaurya Chakra is equivalent to Vir Chakra, in all respects and, therefore, his case ought to have been considered in category 1 and not in category 4. He submitted that along with his application for admission he had enclosed a copy of the citation awarded by the President of India to his father showing that his father Major Kuldip Singh Malik was awarded Shaurya Chakra for displaying exemplary courage and leader- ship in the course of his duties in the Mizo Hills. He complained that two of the candidates admitted under catego- ry 1 have received less marks than he.

The High Court has allowed the Writ Petition on the following reasoning:

"According to Regulation 695 of the Defence Services Regulations relating to the Army, issued by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Shaurya Chakra is awardable for gallantry and comes after Ashoka Chakra and Kirti Chakra. Further, according to Regulation 717, in order of precedence, this award of Shaurya Chakra is at number thirteen. that is immediately below Vir Chakra and Param Vir Chakra is at number two and Maha Vir Chakra is at number seven. Despite all this, the re- spondents, while considering the candidature of the petitioner, did not grant him admission to the Bachelor of Engineering Course in the current session even though he was higher in academic merit as compared to respondent Nos. 3 and 4 who have been granted such admission.

In reply, the respondents have pleaded that no doubt the father of the petitioner was deco- rated with Shaurya Chakra award in 329 1969, but it is gallantry award and is not strictly covered by the rules, regulations and the prospectus of the College, though it is admitted that both respondents Nos.3 and 4, who have been granted admission, were lower in merit than the petitioner, so far as the academic record is concerned.

After hearing the learned counsel for the parties, we find that the approach of the respondents in rejecting the candidature of the petitioner is neither legally correct nor just and fair. However, as respondent Nos.3 and 4 who are lower in academic merit than the petitioner, happen to be the sons of the awardees of Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra respectively, it would be unfair if the admis- sion already granted to them by the Chandigarh Administration and the Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, is set aside.

Resultantly, we allow this petition and issue a direction to respondent Nos. 1 and 2 to admit the petitioner against the category of sons/daughters of awardees of gallantry deco- rations, without disturbing the admission of respondents Nos.3 and 4. In case no such seat is available for the petitioner, the respond- ents shall create a seat for the purpose forthwith. This shall also be deemed to be a direction to the Punjab University for accord- ing necessary approval for the creation of the additional seat. There shall be no order as to costs." The decision of the High Court was rendered on 28th August, 1991. The present S.L.P. was filed in this court on 7th October, 1991. In fact, it appears that having waited for one month and not having been admitted in the college in pursuance of the Judgment, the first respondent took pro- ceedings for Contempt against the College Authorities. The first respondent, was admitted in the college on 28th Octo- ber, 1991. It is now stated by his counsel that the first respondent has given up his seat in another college (Jamia Millia), on being admitted to this College. The writ peti- tion came up for final hearing before us on 15.11.1991. We disposed of the SLPs on that day stating that reasons for our orders will be given today.

S.L.P. No. 16065/91 Respondents 1 and 2 in this S.L.P. also applied for admission to Punjab Engineering College as children of serving Defence Personnel. They too appeared for the common Entrance Test along with other applicants. Since the parents of the two respondents were serving Defence Personnel, their case was considered under category 5, As stated herein 330 before, no seats were left for being allocated to candidates falling in category 5. Respondents I and 2 were, therefore, not given admission in this College whereupon they ap- proached the Punjab and Haryana High Court by way of a writ petition being C.W.P. No. 12485 of 1991. Their case was that the categorisation of Defence Personnel was unjust and unreasonable in as much as while the children and spouses of serving Defence Personnel are placed in category 5, children and spouses of Exserviceman are placed above them in catego- ry 4. According to the respondents. children of serving Defence Personnel must be preferred over the children of Exservicemen. In a short order, the High Court allowed the writ petition and directed'that category 5 should be treated as category 4 and category 4 should be treated as category

5. The Court directed that admissions for the current year (1991-1992) shall be made accordingly. The order of High court is a short one and may be set out in its entirity:

"After hearing the learned counsel for the parties and having gone through their plead- ings, we are of the considered view that sub- categories No. 1, 2 and 3 deserve to be re- tained at their appropriate present places. So far as sub-categories No.4 and 5 i.e. relating to the sons, daughters and spouses of the exservice personnel ,as well as the sons, daughters and spouses of service Defence personnel are concerned, we find that the ends of justice would be adequately met and the object for which the reservation has been provided would be achieved if the sons, daugh- ters and spouses of serving Defence personnel are placed at sub-category No.4 i.e. above the category of Exservicemen. This conclusion has been arrived at by us after considering the circumstances that the wards and spouses of serving Defence personnel are at a disadvan- tage in the absence of their guardians serving at far off/distant places defending the coun- try vis-a-vis who have retired from the mili- tary and are now living with their wards.

Keeping these considerations in view, we dispose of this writ petition by issuing a direction to the respondent Union Territory Chandigarh and Principal, Punjab Engineering College, to go ahead with the admission of this reserved category. Therefore, so far as such categories 1,2 and 3 are concerned, there shall not be any change. However, we direct that so far as sub-category No.4 is concerned, persons covered in this shall be considered at No. 5 and those covered in sub-category 5 are concerned, shall be considered at No. 4. The admission, which are going to be finalised tomorrow, shall not be made in accordance with these directions. A copy of the order be supplied Dasti also to the learned counsel for the parties." 331 This order was made on 30th August, 1991 whereas the present SLP was filed in this Court on 7th October, 1991.

These respondents too took proceedings for contempt against the college for not implementing the direction of the High Court. They were admitted on 28th October, 1991. These respondents also say that on being admitted to this college they have given up their admission in other colleges. This SLP was heard alongwith SLP. No.16066 of 1991 on 15.11.91.

S.L.P. No. 16451 of 1991 This petition for Special Leave is directed against the order dated 9th October, 1991 passed by a Division Bench of the Punjab ,and Haryana High Court dismissing the writ petition filed by the petitioner. The petitioner (writ petitioner) applied for admission to the Punjab Engineering College for the year 1991-92 under category 4 being the son of an Exserviceman. By virtue of the directions given by the High Court in its order dated 30.8.1991 in C .W.P. No. 12485 of 1991, category 4 became category 5 and category 5 became category 4 and admissions were being made on that basis. The petitioner who fell in category 4 (,as per the prospectus of the College) and which was now converted to category 5 by virtue of the decision of the High Court aforesaid applied to the High Court to consider his case in category 4 itself and grant him admission. His writ petition was dismissed by the High Court on 9th October, 1991 under a short order which reads thus:

"Admissions are being done as per the direc- tions issued in Civil Writ Petition No.12485 of 1991, decided by the Division Bench on August 30. 1991. In view of the said decision, we do not find any merit in the contentions raised by the learned counsel for the peti- tioner. The Writ petitions dismissed. A copy of this order be given dasti." The petitioner is in fact questioning the correctness of the directions given by the High Court in C.W.P.No.12485 of 1991 disposed of on August 30, 91.

Counsel for Chandigarh Administration and the College (petitioners in SLP's 16066 and 16065 of 1991) contended that the High Court has exceeded its jurisdiction in grant- ing the impugned directions. He submitted that High Court, while exercising the writ jurisdiction conferred upon by Article 226 of the Constitution of India, does not sit as an Appellate Authority over the rule making authority nor can it re-write the rules. If the rule or any portion of it was found to be bad, the High Court could have struck it down and directed the rule-making authority to re-frame the 332 rule and make admissions on that basis but the High Court could not have either switched the categories or directed that Shaurya Chakra should be treated as equivalent to Vir Chakra By its directions, the High Court has completely upset the course of admissions under this reserved quota and has gravely affected the chances of candidates failing in category 4 by down-grading them as category 5 without even hearing them. These are good reasons for the categorisation done by the Administration which was adopted by the College.

He submitted that while Paramvir Chakra, Mahavir Chakra and Vir Chakra are awarded for gallantry in war, Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra are awarded for gallantry otherwise than in war. Shaurya Chakra was awarded to the father of the first respondent in SLP.No. 16066 of 1991 for his gallant conduct in counter-insurgency operations in Mizo Hills. It was not a war. He placed, before us, the true extract of order of precedence of awardees. It reads thus:

"TRUE EXTRACT OF ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF AWARDS.

717. Order of Precedence of Awards- The order of precedence of various awards is as follows:

Bharat Ratna Param Vir Chakra Ashoka Chakra Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Param Vishisht Seva Medal Maha Vir Chakra Kirti Chakra Padma Shri Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vir Chakra Shaurya Chakra The President's police and Fire Service Medal for gallantry. Sena/Nao Sena/Vayu Sena Medal Vishisht Seva Medal The Police Medal for gallantry Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Wound Medal The General Service Medal 1947.

Samar Seva Star 1965 Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Raksha Medal 2965." 333 Counsel says that by its directions contained in the two orders impugned herein, the High Court has exercised a jurisdiction, which really did not belong to it. We are inclined to agree with him.

Counsel for the petitioner in S.L.P.No. 16451 of 1991 supported the aforesaid arguments.

On the other hand, the counsel for respondents (writ petitioners in the High Court) in the first two SLPs. sup- iported the order of the High Court and submitted further that since the said respondents have given up their seats in other colleges and have been admitted in the Punjab Engi- neering College any order throwing them out from the Punjab Engineering College, at this juncture would cause them irreparable prejudice. They submitted that the Chandigarh Administration and the College authorities have been sleep- ing over the matter until a contempt petition was filed and that they moved this Court only after they were summoned in the Contempt proceedings. They should be held dis-entitled to any relief on account of laches, submitted the counsel.

We are of the considered opinion that the orders of High Court are wholly unsustainable. We shall consider both the directions separately. Let us first consider SLP 16066 of 1991, arising from C.W.P. 12644/91.

The rule as framed by the Chandigarh Administration and as published by the College in its prospectus in the year 1991-92 placed in category I children and spouses of only those Defence Personnel who were awardees of gallantry decorations of Paramvir Chakra, Mahavir Chakra or Vir Chakra in person or posthumously. It did not include Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra or Shaurya Chakra. The validity of the rule was not expressly questioned before the High Court. Assuming that it was so questioned and assuming that the High Court was satisfied that the rule was discriminatory and bad for the reason of not including Ashok Chakra etc., the only course open to it was to strike down the offending rule. It could also have directed the authorities to reframe the rule and to make admissiions accordingly. High Court however did not choose to do so. It merely directed that since Shaurya Chakra is immediately below Vir Chakra in the order of precedence and since respondents 3 and 4 in the writ peti- tion admitted under sub-category I have obtained lesser marks than the writ petitioner, he should be given admission without disturbing the admission given to respondents 2 and 3 in that writ petition. The entire reasoning of the High Court has been extracted by us herein above. It shows that absolutely no reason is assigned for granting the said direction. All that it says is that since Shaurya Chakra is also awardable for gallantry and is placed imme- 334 diately below Vir Chakra, the writ petitioner should be granted admission. If really the High Court was of the opinion that Shaurya Chakra is equivalent to Vir Chakra and should be treated on the same par as Vir Chakra then it should spelt out the position also of Ashok Chakra and Kirti Chakra. which are above Shaurya Chakra. According to the Rules notified children/spouses of Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra & Shaurya Chakra awardees did not fall under category 1 nor under categories 2 or 3. They would fail under catego- ry 4 or category 5, as the case may be, depending upon whether their parent/spouse was an ex-service person or a serving person. There may have been other candidates who are the children/spouses of Shaurya Chakra awardees and for that matter, Ashok chakra and Kirti Chakra awardees who may have obtained more marks than the writ petitioner (first respond- ent in SLP 16066 of 1991) but who did not claim a seat under category 1 nor were considered as such. They may not have stated the fact of their parent/spouse being a Ashok chakra/Kirli Chakra Shaurya Chakra awardee, nor filed the relevant citation, since it was not relevant as per the published Rules. Had the proper course been followed, all of them could have applied properly and could have been consid- ered. By saying this we do not mean to say that the Rule is bad. We do not mean to say so at all. There may be good reasons for the Rule as published - or there may not be.

That is not the issue. What we are saying is that if the High Court was of the opinion that all the gallantry awar- dees (including Ashok, Kirti and Shaurya Chakra) should be placed in category 1, it should have said so, struck down the category-and, may be, directed reframing of rule and admissions made on that basis.

Coming to SLP 16065 of 1991, the position appears to been even worse. Without assigning any reason the High Court has directed that category 4 should be made category 5 and category 5 should be made category 4. In short, it has switched these two categories. Again, we must say that if the High Court thought that this categorisation was discrim- inatory and bad it ought to have struck down the categorisa- tion to that extent and directed the authority to' re-frame the rule. It would then have been open to the rule making authority either to merge these two categories or delete one or both of them, depending upon/he opinion they would have formed on a review of the situation. We must make it clear again that we express no opinion on the question of validity or otherwise of the rule. We are only saying that the High Court should not have indulged in the exercise of 'switch- ing' the categories, - and that too without giving any reasons thereafter. Thereby. it has practicably assumed the rule of rulemaking authority, or. at any rate, assumed the role of an Appellate Authority. That is clearly not the function of the High Court acting under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. Now, let us notice the implications and consequences of the said 'switching'.

335 By directing that category 4 should be treated as category 5 and conversely category 5 should be treated as category 4, the High Court has prejudicially affected the rights of candidates falling under category 4 without even hearing them. It must be remembered that these categories are mentioned in the order of priority as emphasised herein- before. A rulemaking authority need not observe the rule of hearing, but the High Court exercising its judicial power cannot dispense with the requirement and that is precisely the grievance of the petitioner in S.L.P. 16451/91 arising from V.W.P. 14606 of 1991. He was entitled to be considered under category 4 (as per the prospectus) whereas by virtue of the High Court's order his category has become category 5, the result of which is that no seat may be left for his category, whereas the said category was entitled to some seats at least according to the Rules as framed and pub- lished by the Administration and College. Suffice is to say that the giving the said direction, while the admission were in progress, the situation has been confounded beyond re- call.

Article 226 of the Constitution of India empowers the High Court to issue to any person or authority (including the government) directions, orders or writs including writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus, mandamus, Prohibition, quo warrants and certiorari, or any of them for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.

Though the Article itself does not contain any restric- tive words, the Courts have, ever the years, evolved certain self-constraints though, we are not bound by the procedural technicalities governing these high prorogative writs in English law. As observed by a Constitution Bench in Bassappa v. Nagappa [1955] 1 S.C.R. 250 at 256:

"In view of the express provisions in our Constitution we need not now look back to the early history or the procedural technicalities of these writs in English law, nor feel op- pressed by any difference or change of opin- ion, expressed in particular cases of English Judges. We can make an order or issue a writ in the nature of certiorari in all appropriate cases and in appropriate manner, so long as we keep to the broad and fundamental princi- ples that regulate the exercise of jurisdic- tion in the matter of granting such writ in English law." While this is not the place to delve into or detail the self-constraints to be observed by the Courts while exercis- ing the jurisdiction under Article 226, one of them, which is relevant herein, is beyond dispute viz. while acting under Article 226, the High Court does not sit and/or act as an Appellate Authority over the orders/actions of the Subor- dinate Authori- 336 ties/Tribunals. Its' jurisdiction is supervisory in nature.

One of the main objectives of this jurisdiction is to keep the government and several other authorities and Tribunals within the bounds of their respective jurisdiction. The High Court must ensure that while performing this function it does not overstep the well-recognized bounds of its own jurisdiction.

Though we are satisfied that the orders and directions made by the High Court are totally unsupportable in law, the subsequent developments dissuade us from allowing these SLPs. As stated above, the three respondents-writ-petition- ers (first respondent in SLP. 16066/91 and respondents I and 2 in SLP. 16065/91) have been admitted into this college (Punjab Engineering College) on 28th October, 1991, where- upon they have given up the seats which they had obtained in other colleges. This statement of theirs is not disputed either by the Chandigarh Administration or the college authorities. Depriving the said respondents of their admis- sion in this college at this stage would result in grave and irreparable prejudice to them. We think that the Administra- tion and College authorities ought to have acted with more alacrity and approached this Court earlier than they did. By the time, these SLPs were taken up by us and stay granted, the said respondents were already admitted into the College and, they say, they had given up their seats in the other colleges. On this score alone, we decline to interfere with the orders in C.W .P. 12644/91 and 12485/91.

Now coming to SLP 16451 of 1991, the situation is this:

By virtue of the orders of the High Court, three students who were not entitled to admission according to rules have been given admission against the three vacancies which had arisen since the finalization of the admissions. The college authorities say that but for the orders of the High Court, these three vacancies would have gone to the first three candidates in the waiting list. The petitioner in SLP 16451 of 1991 says that he is one such person in the waiting list and he would have obtained admission but for the admission given to the three candidates in pursuance of the High Court orders. We do not know whether the petitioner's case is true. All the same, we think it appropriate to make the following direction: the college authorities shall create three more seats in the said course and admit the first three available students in the waiting list against those seats. The Chandigarh Administration shall pass the neces- sary orders in this behalf. Action in terms of this direc- tion shall be taken forthwith by the Chandigarh Administra- tion and the college authorities.

Before we part with this case we wish to make an obser- vation. In matters of this nature where the High court directs students to be admitted in Educational Institutions.

it would be advisable if the High Court stays 337 the operation of its order for a period of about 3 to 4 weeks, if a request therefor is made by the Educational Institution or the State, as the case may be.

SLPs disposed of accordingly.

R.P. Petitions disposed of.

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