Sardha
Ram Vs. Nakli Singh & Ors [1989] INSC 325 (26 October 1989)
Rangnathan,
S. Rangnathan, S.
Kania, M.H. Kuldip
Singh (J)
CITATION:
1990 AIR 67 1989 SCR Supl. (1) 769 1989 SCC (2) 620 JT 1989 Supl. 305 1989
SCALE (2)923
ACT:
East
Punjab Utilisation of
Lands Act, 1949:
Landholder--Notice
to bring uncultivated land under cultivation--Sale of a portion of land-Sale proceeds--Utilisation for
reclamation of the remaining land-Whether sale for necessity.
Code
of Civil Procedure 1908: Sec. 100 Second appeal--Concurrent findings of fact by
courts below High Court--Whether to interfere with.
HEAD NOTE:
The
respondent's predecessor-in-interest received notice under the East Punjab Utilisation
of Lands Act, 1949 for bringing his uncultivated land under cultivation.
Thereafter he sold a portion of his land by executing two sale deeds in favour
of two different vendees for the purpose of utilising the sale proceeds to
reclaim the remaining land. The respondents fried suits for setting aside the
sales, contending that the alienation was made without legal necessity, which
were dismissed by the Trial Court. The first appeals were dismissed by the
Senior Subordinate Judge.
On
second appeal a learned single judge of the High Court held that the sale in favour
of the first vendee was for legal necessity only to the extent of Rs.1,O00 and
the sale in favour of the second vendee was entirely without necessity.
On a
further appeal the Division Bench reversed the decision of the single judge
with regard to first vendee holding that the sale was for necessity but upheld
the decision with regard to second vendee holding that the sale in his favour
was without legal necessity. Hence this appeal by the second vendee.
Allowing
the appeal, this Court,
HELD:
1. The sale in favour of the second vendee was a valid sale and is not liable
to be impugned by the representatives or the successors-in-interest of the
vendor. [774E] 770
2.
Under the provisions of the East Punjab Utilisation of Lands Act, 1949 a notice
could be given requiring a land holder to bring uncultivated land under
cultivation after reclamation within a period of 30 days from the date of issue
of a notice in that regard. Failing this, the area could be resumed by the
Government and leased out to some other cultivators or society for cultivation
for a period of at least 8 years. [773B]
2.1 A
land owner receiving a notice under the said Act has two options before him. He
can either own his helplessness to reclaim the land and permit it to be leased
out by the Government to other persons for cultivation for a substantial
period. Or he may decide that he should make an attempt to make atleast a part
of the lands fertile by selling a portion of the land and reclaiming the rest
with the help of the sale proceeds. A bona fide decision taken by him to
exercise the latter option cannot be said not to be an act of good management.
[773G-H; 774A]
3. If
the sale in favour of the first vendee in the same circumstances was a valid
sale, it is very difficult to say that the sale in favour of the second vendee
was not. The necessity for both the sales was the situation arising out of the
receipt of the notice under the East Punjab Lands Utilisation Act. In fact the
findings of the Trial Court and the first appellate court on this issue were
findings of fact which did not call for interference by the High Court.
[774A-B]
CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 836 of 1974.
From
the Judgment and Order dated 23.8.1971 of the Punjab & Haryana High Court
in L.P.A. No. 487 of 1968.
S.P. Goyal
and D.D. Sharma for the Appellants.
A. Minocha
for the Respondents.
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by RANGANATHAN, J. Nawal Singh sold 102 bighas
of land to Nathu Ram for Rs.8,000 by a sale dated 11th February, 1952.
He
also executed a sale-deed in respect of 90 bighas of land to Sardha Ram for a
sum of Rs.4,500 on 28th
October, 1952.
There
were recitals in the two sale-deeds regarding the necessity for the sale. The
first sale-deed stated:
771
"(1) The land is Banjar Qadim. According to the law in force, it is
obligatory to break and cultivate this land. Otherwise the Government would
give it out by auction to some other person.
(2) I
need money to bring other land under the plough, to sink a new well and for
other agricultural works, such as purchases of bullocks etc.".
The
recitals in the second sale-deed dated 28-10-1952 ran as follows:
"I
have absolutely sold the aforesaid banjar qadim land ..... for meeting my own
needs, repairing the well, installing a persian wheel purchasing camel, and
reclaiming the aforesaid banjar qadim jungle land." Nawal Singh's heirs
filed suits for setting aside the sales on the ground that they were governed
by Punjab Agricultural customs in matters of alienation, that the land was ancestral
and that the alienation had been made without legal necessity and, therefore,
would not affect their reversionary rights on the death of the vendor. Both
suits were consolidated and tried together. The suits were dismissed by the
sub-judge and the first appeals were dismissed by the senior subordinate judge.
Second appeals were preferred which came up for hearing before a learned Single
Judge of the High Court. The learned Judge held that the sale in favour of Nathu
Ram was without legal necessity except to the extent of a sum of Rs. 1,000
which was actually utilised by the vendor for the sinking of a new well 'in his
remaining lands', and that the sale in favour of Sardha Ram was entirely
without necessity.
There
were appeals against the order of the learned Single Judge to a Division Bench
of the same High Court. The Division Bench held that, so far as the sale in favour
of Nathu Ram was concerned, the learned Single Judge had fallen into an error
in upsetting the concurrent findings of fact of the Courts below. The Court
proceeded to observe:
"The
Courts below found and on evidence that bulk of Nawal Singh's land was banjar qadim.
It has
been further found that under the Punjab Utilisation of Lands Act, notices were
issued to Nawal Singh that if the land was not broken up it would be taken
under that Act and leased out 772 to third party. There were no irrigation
facilities available for the land and to sink a well money was needed. There is
ample evidence on the record on which these evidences are based. The vendor has
come into the witness box and stated that the money was raised for this
purpose. The statement of the vendee was accepted by the Courts of fact. In
this situation, there was no justification to displace the judgments of the
Court below with regard to the sale in favour of Nathu Ram (Ex. D-3). The rule
is firmly settled that the vendee either established the existence of necessity
in fact or a bona fide inquiry that there was necessity for the sale. If he
satisfies either one of the two requirements the sale would be held for
necessity or an act and good management, as the case may be ......
It
cannot be denied that for an agriculturist to bring under his plough his land
is a matter of necessity and if some land is sold to bring the bulk of the land
under cultivation, it would certainly be an act of necessity as well as an act
of good management. We are, therefore, clearly of the view that the learned
Single Judge was not justified in upsetting the sale in favour of Nathu
Ram." However, in respect of sale in favour of Sardha Ram, the Bench
observed that the real difficulty was that there was no evidence that the money
was advanced for the purpose of breaking up of the land but for the mere
recital in the sale-deed which was not sufficient for the purpose.
Unfortunately, neither the vendee nor the witness had stated that the land was
sold by Nawal Singh to break up his banjar qadim land. The only fact proved was
that Nawal Singh had a lot of banjar land but that was of no consequence by
itself.
The
decision of the learned Single Judge was therefore upheld in respect of the
sale in favour of Sardha Ram. The vendor has accepted the decision in regard to
the sale in favour of Nathu Ram. Sardha Ram has preferred the present appeal
before us.
The
learned counsel for the appellant contended that there was really no difference
in the factual position so far as the two sales are concerned and that the
Division Bench has erred in upsetting the sale in favour of Sardha Ram while
upholding it in the case of Nathu Ram. The High Court overlooked that even
assuming that there was no evidence to show that Sardha Ram had made enquiries
as to the necessity for the sale, factual necessity for the sale had been
established by the evidence on the record which was common to both the sales.
After 773 hearing both sides, we are of opinion that this contention has to be
accepted. It is an admitted fact that the alienor owned about 1,100 bighas of
land. It was also an established fact that, of this, 973 bighas was banjar qadim
and the remaining land was of inferior quality. The land was also under
mortgage. It is also Common ground that the provisions of the East Punjab Utilisation
of Lands Act (Act 3.8 of 1949) as amended by Ordinance 15 of 1950 were in force
in the area. Under the provisions of this Act, a notice could be given
requiring a land holder to bring uncultivated land under cultivation after
reclamation within a period of 30 days from the date of issue of a notice in
that regard.
Failing
this, the area could be resumed by the Government and leased out to some other
cultivators or society for cultivation for a period of at least 8 years. The
appellant had examined the development clerk in the office of the Deputy
Commissioner, Kamal (D .W. 1) to show that a notice had been issued to Nawal
Singh under the provisions of the said Act on 8th May, 1951 in respect of his banjar land measuring 976 bighas.
The
learned Single Judge overlooked the notice of 8th May, 1951 and, mistakenly referring to another notice issued on 15.10.1954
to Sardha Ram, thought that the compulsions under the Act arose only after the
sales of 1952. The Division Bench, however, has accepted the correct position
while dealing with the sale in favour of Nawal Singh. Having done this, we fail
to see now the Bench could have held that the sale in favour of Sardha Ram was
not actuated by the same grounds of necessity. The question for consideration
is whether if Nawal Singh, faced by the notice under the Punjab Utilisation Act
that unless he brought the land under cultivation they would be leased out to
some other party, decided that it would be in the best interests of the
holdings as a whole to sell a portion of the land so that sale proceeds may be utilised
for the reclamation of the major part of the remaining land, it could not be
said that such a sale was justified by necessity. We think that the answer must
be in the affirmative. The learned Single Judge expressed the view that
non-compliance with the notice would result only in a temporary lease of the
land to outsiders and this consequence was not sufficient to justify the sale
of a portion of the lands on grounds of necessity. We, however, agree with the
Division Bench on this. A land owner receiving a notice under the said Act has
two options before him. He can either own his helplessness to reclaim the land
and permit it to be leased out by the Government to other persons for
cultivation for a substantial period. Or he may decide that he should make an
attempt to make at least a part of the lands fertile by selling a portion of
the land and reclaiming the rest 774 with the help of the sale proceeds. A bona
fide decision taken by him to exercise the latter option cannot be said not to
be an act of good management. We think that if the sale in favour of Nathu Ram
in the same circumstances was a valid sale (and we agree with the Division
Bench on this), it is very difficult to say that the sale in favour of Sardha
Ram was not. The necessity for both the sales was the situation arising out of
the receipt of the notice under the Punjab Land Utilisation Act. Indeed we
think that the findings of the trial court and first appellate court on this
issue were findings of fact which did not call for interference by the High
Court.
Learned
counsel for the respondent drew our attention to the findings of the Learned
Single Judge that, according to D.W. 2, the vendor was a "drunkard given
to licentious habits". The trial court and first appellate court have
examined the entire evidence and recorded a finding to the contrary. That
apart, all that D.W. 2 said was: "The character of Nawal Singh is bad. He
drinks and is also a womaniser", D.W. 2, however, also said that Nawal
Singh had sold the land for managing the work of cultivation. It is, therefore,
difficult to draw from D.W.2's testimony the inference that the sale of the
land had been necessitated by the immoral activities of the vendor and that
there was no real necessity to sell the land. The Division Bench, rightly, has
attached no importance to this aspect of the case.
For
the reasons mentioned above we are of opinion that the sale in favour of Sardha
Ram was a valid sale and is not liable to be impugned by the representatives or
the successors-in-interest of Nawal Singh. This appeal is therefore allowed and
the judgment of the first appellate court is restored. In the circumstances,
however, we make no order as to costs.
T.N.A.
Appeal allowed.
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