Smt. Chandrakantaben
Vs. Vadilal Bapalal Modi & Ors [1989] INSC 108 (30 March 1989)
Sharma,
L.M. (J) Sharma, L.M. (J) Kania, M.H.
CITATION:
1989 AIR 1269 1989 SCR (2) 232 1989 SCC (2) 630 JT 1989 (4) 115 1989 SCALE
(1)802
ACT:
Indian
Evidence Act, 1872. Sections 34, 61 and 114.
Books
of account--Entries--Proof of--Nobody supporting correctness of
entries----Account books liable to be reject- ed.
Title--Proof-
Presumption on basis of revenue entry--When arises.
Limitation
Act, 1963. Article 65--Adverse possession--Proof-Actual physical possession by
claimant not necessary--Fact that property was in possession of tenants would
be of no consequence.
Indian
Contract Act, 1872. Sections 182 and 188--Joint possession-Claim by
agent--Agent actually collecting rent from tenants-Cannot claim joint
possession of property.
HEAD NOTE:
Respondent
No. 1 in the appeals instituted a suit for partition against his younger
brothers and sisters, and the heirs of his deceased brothers. The plaintiff was
the eldest among the brothers and sisters. The 1st and 2nd Defendants were his
brothers, the 3rd Defendant his sister, the 4th and 5th Defendants, the widow
and son respectively of the third brother. Defendant 6 was the widow of the
fourth brother, and Defendants 7 to 12 were his children, while Defendant No.
14 was the wife of Defendant No. 1, and Defendants 13, 15, 16 and 17 were their
children.
The
subject matter of the appeals related only to one item of property known as
"Naroda Chawl" measuring 7 acres and 2 gunthas of land, where 115
rooms and huts stood con- structed, out of which 114 rooms had been let out to
ten- ants, and one room was retained for the caretaker.
According
to Defendants No. 6 to 12 this property exclu- sively belonged to defendant No.
6 and was not liable to partition. The other defendants however supported the
plain- tiff's case that it belonged to the 233 joint family and was liable to
partition.
Defendants
6 to 12 pleaded that the plaintiff's father- Bapalal orally gifted this
property to his daughter-in-law Defendant No. 6 in March 1946 and made a
statement before the Revenue authorities on . the basis of which her name was
mutated and she was put in possession thereof, that although she came in
peaceful possession, the management which in- cluded realisation of rent was in
the hands of Defendant No. 1, that as some dispute arose in 1952 she assumed
direct charge of the chawl and had remained in possession thereafter, and that
she had acquired good title therein by adverse possession before the suit was
filed in 1960.
The
City Civil Judge who tried the suit, held that there was a joint Hindu family
and a business was carried on for the benefit of the family and the income
there from was thrown into the common pool and all the properties including the
disputed chawl were treated as belonging to the family.
As the
case of Defendant No. 6 about the gift, the mutation of her name, and her
exclusive possession from 1946 till the date of the suit was found correct, it
was held that she had acquired title by adverse possession, and the suit was
dismissed with respect to the disputed chawl.
The
plaintiff appealed to the High Court. Some of the defendants also filed appeals
in respect of the other items of property. All these appeals were heard and disposed
of by a common judgment.
The
High Court reversed the finding of adverse posses- sion in regard to the
disputed chawl and granted a decree for partition. It held that Defendant No. 6
remained in exclusive possession of the property only since 1952, the period
was thus short of the time required for prescription of title. It further held
that since the rents of the chawl from 1952 were collected by her husband and
after his death by her son (Defendant No. 7), she was liable to render accounts
till the death of her husband, and she along with Defendant No. 7 would be
jointly liable for the period thereafter.
Separate
Appeals were preferred by Defendant Nos. 6 and 7 to this Court.
Allowing
the Appeals, setting aside the decision of the High Court and restoring that of
the Trial Court.
234
HELD:
1. The principle that revenue entry furnishes presumptive evidence of title is
inapplicable in the instant case. It cannot be denied that title to Naroda Chawl
could not have passed to Defendant No. 6 by virtue of the entry Ext. 247. The
value of the chawl even in 1946 was large and no registered instrument of
transfer was executed. Besides Ext. 247 describes the plaintiff's father (Bapalal)
and Defendant No. 6 (Chandrakanta) as Kabjedar, that is occu- pant. In such
circumstances, the presumption which can be raised in favour of Defendant No. 6
from this entry is with respect of her possession and possession only. [238F-G]
Gangabai and others v. Fakirgowda Somaypagowda Desai and others, AIR 1930 Privy
Council 93; and Desai Navinkant Kesarlal v. Prabhat Kabhai, 9 Gujarat Law
Reporter 694, referred to.
2. The
account books have to be rejected as not reli- able. It is apparent from the
evidence that nobody takes the responsibility of supporting the correctness of
the entries therein. Many of the documents produced by Defendant No. 1 were
accepted, but the account books which were S. Nos. 123-75 to 123-97 of Ext. 123
were in express terms not admitted. The plaintiff filed his objection--Ext.
172.
Defendant
No. 6 also filed her objection--Ext. 275. The books were admitted in evidence
and marked as exhibits on the statement of the plaintiff which he made in
cross-exami- nation. The plaintiff by saying that he had written as per the
instructions of Defendant No. 1 made it clear that he Could not vouchsafe for
its reliability. Defendant No. 1 could not summon courage to support them
either personally or through any witness. No reason has been suggested as to
why he did not produce other important documents in his possession which could
have supported the account books and the joint case of the parties resisting
the appellant's claim. [243B-E]
3.
Defendant No. 1 cannot be treated to be in joint possession as he was actually
collecting the rents from the tenants. it is well settled that the possession
of the agent is the possession of the principal and in view of the fidu- ciary
relationship, Defendant No. 1 cannot be permitted to claim his own possession.
[247D-E] David Lyeii v. John Lawson Kennedy, [1889] XIV H.L.(E) 437; Williams
v. Pott, L.R. XII Equity Cases 149 and Secre- tary of State for India v. Krishnamoni
Gupta, 29 Indian Appeals 104, referred to.
4(a).
It is the intention to claim exclusive title which makes 235 possession adverse
and this animus possidendi must be evi- denced and effectuated by the manner of
occupancy which again depends upon the nature of the property. The manner of
possession depends upon the kind of possession which the particular property is
susceptible. That possession to the extent to which it is capable of
demonstration must be hostile and exclusive and will cover only to the extent
of the owner's possession. [246E-F] (b). The title to the chawl as owner,
subject to the tenancy was an interest in immovable property so as to be
covered by Article 144 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1908, which specifically
mentioned, ".. . or any interest therein". [246E] In the instant
case, the parties have been fighting for the rent from the chawl so long as it
continued in posses- sion of the tenants. Before the gift of 1946 the Defendant
No. 1 was collecting the rent and he continued to do so even thereafter till
1952. The appellant has, however, estab- lished her case that the Defendant No.
1 acted as her agent after 1946 and when he repudiated this agency in 1952 he
was effectively removed from the management of the chawl. Since 1946 the
tenants attorned to the Defendant No. 6 and paid rent to her under printed
receipts announcing her ownership, but of course through her agent the
Defendant No. 1. The fact that the tenants have been in actual physical possession
of the chawl is, in the circumstances, of no assistance to the respondents.
What is material is that they paid the rent to the Defendant No. 6. Defendant
No. 6 was in adverse possession from the period 1946 to 1952 through her agent
Defendant No. 1 and thereafter through her husband and son Defendant No. 7 till
1960 when the suit was filed, the total period being more than 12 years. [246G-H;
248G] Uppalapati Veera Venkata Satyanarayanaraju and another v. Josyula Hanumayamma
and another, [1963] 3 SCR 910 and Hari Prasad Agarwalla and another v. Abdul
Haw and others, A.I.R. 1951 Patna 160, referred to.
CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 410 and 520(N) of 1973.
From
the Judgment and Decree dated 21/22/23.11.1972 of the Gujarat High Court in
First Appeal Nos. 454 and 455 of 1970.
B.K.
Mehta, D.N. Misra, J.B. Dadachanji & Co. and N.J. Modi, for the Appellants.
236
S.K. Dholakia, P.H. Parekh, J.H. Parekh, Ms. Sunita Sharma, Krishan Kumar, Vimal
Dave and H.J. Javeri, for the Respondents.
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by SHARMA, J. These appeals are directed
against the deci- sion of the Gujarat High Court in an appeal arising out of a
suit for partition instituted by the respondent No. 1, Vadilal Bapalal Modi
(since deceased).
2. The
father of the plaintiff Vadilal was Bapalal who had 5 sons--the plaintiff, Ramanlal,
Gulabchand, Kantilal and Jayantilal; and a daughter--Champaben. Gulabchand was impleaded
as the first defendant in the suit and on his death his heirs and legal
representatives have been substi- tuted. Kantilal and Champaben are defendants
No. 2 and 3 respectively. Ramanlal predeceased Bapalal and his wife and son are
defendants No. 4 and 5. Jayantilal also died earlier and his wife Smt. Chandrakantaben,
defendant No. 6 is the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 418 of 1973. Their
children are defendants No. 7 to 12. CiviI Appeal No. 520 of 1973 has been
preferred by the 7th defendant, Narendra.
3. The
suit by VadilaI was instituted in 1960, claiming share in the considerably
large properties detailed in the Schedule to the plaint, but the present
appeals are not related to any other item excepting the property described as a
chawl admeasuring 7 acres and 2 gunthas of land with 115 rooms and huts,
situated in the Naroda locality in Ahmedabad under Lot No. 8 of the plaint
which has been referred to by the counsel for the parties before us as the chawl
or the Naroda chawl. According to the case of the defendants No. 6 to 12, this
property exclusively belongs to defendant No. 6 and is not liable to partition.
The other defendants contested the claim of the plaintiff with respect to some
other items, but so far the disputed chawl is con- cerned, they supported the
plaintiffs' case that it belonged to the joint family and is liable to
partition.
4. The
land of Lot No. 8 was acquired by Bapalal in 1932 for a sum of Rs.9,450 and
the rooms were constructed thereon in about 1934. It has been held by the High
Court, and the finding has not been challenged before us, that Bapalal acquired
the property and built the chawl with the aid of ancestral joint funds, and the
property, therefore, belonged to the family. According to the case of the
defendants 237 No. 6 to 12, Bapalal orally gifted the property to his
daughter-in-law Chandrakanta the 6th defendant, in March, 1946 and made a
statement before the Revenue authorities on the basis of which her name was
mutated, and she was put in possession thereof. Admittedly 114 rooms in the Naroda
chawl had been let out to tenants, and one room was retained for the caretaker.
According to Chandrakanta's case, although she came in peaceful possession, the
management which in- cluded realisation of rent was in the hands of Gulabchand
(defendant No. 1). It appears that in 1952 some dispute arose and Chandrakanta
assumed direct charge of the Naroda chawl and has remained in possession
thereafter. Thus she has been in exclusive possession of the disputed chawl
since 1946, and acquired good title therein by adverse possession before the
suit was filed in 1960.
5. The
learned Judge, City Civil Court, Ahmedabad, who tried the suit, held that BapalaI
and his sons constituted a joint Hindu family and the business carried on by Bapalal
was for the benefit of the family and the income from the business was thrown
in the common pool and all the proper- ties including the disputed chawl were
treated as belonging to the family. Proceeding further it has been found that
the case of the defendant No. 6 about the gift, the mutation of her name, and
her exclusive possession from 1946 till the date of the suit was correct. She
was accordingly held to have acquired a title by adverse possession. The suit,
therefore, was dismissed with respect to the disputed chawl.
For
the purpose of the present appeal it is not essential to mention the findings
of the trial court relating to the other items of the suit property. The
plaintiff appealed before the Gujarat High Court. Some of the defendants also
filed two separate appeals against the judgment of the trial court dealing with
other items of property with which we are not concerned. The appeals were heard
and disposed of to- gether by a common judgment in November 1972. The High
Court reversed the finding of adverse possession in regard to the disputed chawl
and granted a decree for partition. It was held that the defendant No. 6
remained in exclusive posses- sion of the property only since 1952 and the
period was thus short of the time required for prescription of title. Deal- ing
with the relief for rendition of accounts, the Court held that since the rents
of the chawl from 1952 were col- lected by Jayantilal, Chandrakanta's husband
and after his death by her son Narendra (defendant No. 7), Chandrakanta was
liable to render accounts till the death of her husband and she along with
defendant No. 7 would be jointly liable for the period thereafter. The present
appeals are directed against this judgment.
238
5.
According to the case of the defendant no. 6, her husband, Jayantilal, used to
indulge in speculative business and he was, therefore, not considered a
dependable person.
To
ensure economic stability of Chandrakanta and her chil- dren, her
father-in-law, Bapalal decided to make a gift of the Naroda chawl to her. Both Bapalal
and Chandrakanta appeared before the Talati of Naroda on 5.3.1946 and made
statements. The original statement of Bapalal recorded by the Talati and signed
by Bapalal was produced and marked as Ext. 268 in the trial court and similarly
the statement of Chandrakanta as Ext. 269. Bapalal has stated in Ext. 268 that Chandrakanta
had loyally served him and, therefore, he was making the gift. A prayer was
made for substitution of her name in the revenue records. A similar prayer was
made by the lady in Ext. 269. The extract from the Record of Rights is Ext. 247
which mentions Bapalal as the occupant of the Naroda chawl. The entry was made
in May 1933. This entry appears to have been placed within brackets and a
second entry inserted mentioning Chandrakanta 'wife of Jayantilal Bapalal'. Mr.
B.K. Mehta, the learned counsel for the appel- lant has strongly relied upon
the revenue entry as proof of her title. Reference was made to the decision in Gangabai
and others v. Fakirgowda Somaypagowda Desai and others, A.I.R. 1930 Privy
Council 93; and Desai Navinkant Kesarlal v. Prabhat Kabhai, 9 Gujarat Law
Reporter 694. It was point- ed out by the learned counsel that in the Privy
Council case also the revenue records, which were under consideration, were
prepared under the Bombay Land Revenue Code, that is the same Code under which
Ext. 247 was prepared and it was observed in the judgment that the revenue
entry furnished presumptive evidence of title. The Gujarat case also indi- cated that a
presumption as to the rights in the concerned property arose in favour of the
person whose name was en- tered. We are not very much impressed by this part of
argu- ment of the learned counsel as it cannot be denied that title to Naroda chawl
could not have passed to the defendant no. 6 by virtue of the entry Ext. 247.
The value of the chawl even in 1946 was large and no registered instrument of
transfer was executed. Besides Ext. 247 describes Bapalal and thereafter Chandrakanta
as Kabjedar, that is, occupant.
In
these circumstances the presumption which can be raised in favour of Chandrakanta
from this entry is with respect to her possession and possession only.
7.
There is a serious dispute between the parties as to the actual physical
possession of the chawl during the period 1946 to 1952 and we will have to
consider the evi- dence on this aspect in some detail. In 1952 there was direct
confrontation between Chandrakanta and the defendant no. 1, Gulabchand. On
14.4.1952 a public notice was 239 published in a local daily named 'Sandesh'
vide Ext. 254 wherein Gulabchand informed and called upon the tenants in the chawl
to pay the rent to him within 3 days against receipts to be issued, failing
which legal steps would be taken against them. On the very next day 'Sandesh'
carried another public notice Ext. 255 issued by Chandrakanta as- serting her
title and exclusive possession and repudiating the claim of Gulabchand. The
tenants were warned that Gulab- chand or any other person on his behalf had no
right or authority to dispute her claim. On the same day, i.e., on 15.4.1952
another public notice was published in 'Sandesh' at the instance of Gulabchand
reiterating his claim and asserting that his father Bapalal (who was then
alive) was the owner. It appears that no further action was taken by any of the
parties. The evidence on the record shows that Bapalal had withdrawn himself
from wordly affairs and was staying in Vrindavan near Mathura. The evidence led
by Chandrakanta of her exclusive possession from 1952 through her husband and
son till the date of the suit was accepted as reliable by the High Court. Thus
there is concurrent finding of both the two courts below accepting her
exclusive possession from 1952 onwards. The learned counsel for the plaintiff
has, therefore, rightly not challenged before us this finding which we are
independently also satisfied is a correct one.
8. The
actual position of the chawl from 1946 to 1952 becomes crucial, as Chandrakanta
is bound to fail if she is not successful in proving her adverse possession for
this period. As has been stated earlier, the suit was filed in 1960 and her
possession since 1952 cannot be treated long enough for a prescriptive title to
accrue. The parties have, therefore, taken great pains to prove before us their
rival cases as to the possession of the chawl from 1946 to 1952.
9. The
defendant no. 1 was admittedly managing the properties belonging to the family.
Out of 115 rooms in Naroda chawl only 114 were let out to tenants and one room
was retained in which, according to the case of Chandrakan- ta, a caretaker
known as Gangia Pathan, engaged by Bapalal, was staying. After collecting the
rent from the tenants the Pathan used to hand over the money to the defendant
no. 1.
After
the gift, it was decided that the same arrangement would continue but the
defendant no. 1 would be managing the property on her behalf and after receipt
of the rent he would deliver the same to her. She claims that this arrange- ment
was acted upon. Admittedly the total rent collection from the chawl was not
large and after deducting the ex- penses including the maintenance and repair
costs and the salary of the Jamadar (caretaker) the money left was not a
considerable sum.
240
According to the evidence of Chandrakanta the Pathan left the service and his
whereabouts are not known and another Jamadar with the name of Maganji came in
his place. He looked after the chawl till 1950. Thereafter he was substituted
by Nathu Singh. Maganji's present whereabouts are also not known. In 1952 Gulabchand
made a claim to the chawl repudiating the ownership of Chandrakanta and he was,
there- fore, removed.
10.
The appellant has relied on a large number of rent receipts filed by her and
her learned counsel laid great stress on five of them which have been marked as
Exts. 240 to 243 and 250 issued in December 1947, January 1948, June 1948 April
1949 and July 1947 respectively. It is signifi- cant to note that the defendant
no. 1 was in charge of the collection of the rent upto 1952 according to the
case of all the parties. The parties contesting the claim of the appellant
contend that he was so doing on behalf of the entire family and not on behalf
of Chandrakanta as claimed by her. The defendant no. 1, however, did not choose
to enter the witness box nor did he produce any document which could have
supported his case. The counter-foil receipts were in his possession and
neither they were filed by the defendant no. 1 nor the plaintiff called for the
same.
Defendant
no. 6 was able to examine two of the tenants--Vajesingh (D.W. 1) and Nathaji
(D.W. 2). They filed a large number of receipts issued to them evidencing
payment of rent. The list of documents filed by them are printed on pages 394
to 395 of the paper book and have been marked as Exts. 237 and 239. 12 receipts
in the list Ext. 237 are for the period 1.6.1946 to 30.5.1949 and 7 of the list
Ext. 239 are from 1.1.1947 to 30.9.1949. They support the case of Chandrakanta
inasmuch as on the top of these receipts are printed the following words:
"
CHAWL OF BAI CHANDRAKANTA THE WIFE OF MODI JAYANTILAL BAPALAL" Out of them
the receipts Exts. 240 to 243 were admittedly issued when the defendant no. 1
was incharge of collection of rent and it is not denied that they were issued
at his instance during the crucial period. The other receipt Ext. 250 was
issued for the period 1.6.1947 to 1.7.1947 under the signature of the plaintiff
Vadilal and this also similarly carried the description of the chawl as
belonging to Chan- drakanta. No explanation is forthcoming on behalf of either
the defendant no. 1 or the plaintiff as to how they were issuing receipts of
the above description.
241
11.
From the evidence it appears that although defendant no. 1 was in-charge of the
management of the chawl during 1946 to 1952, the actual collection from the
individual tenants was made by the Jamadar (caretaker) who generally signed the
receipts and handed over the collected amount to the defendant no. 1. The
tenant Nathaji (D.W. 2) has said that Maganji Jamadar used to prepare the
receipts. It has been argued before us on behalf of the plaintiff that the
receipts were filed after the examination of the plaintiff was over and so he
could not explain the same, specially the one receipt issued under his
signature. It is significant to note that the cases of the plaintiff, the
defendant no. 1 and the other defendants excepting defendants 6 to 12 are common so far the Naroda chawl was concerned and
the turn of these defendants leading evidence at the trial of the suit came
later. The evidence of Chandrakanta was closed on 29.9.1964 and the witnesses
for the defendant no. 1 were examined on 20.10.1964. Besides, the plaintiff
could have re-examined himself if he had any explanation to offer. The
cross-examination of D.W. 2 on his behalf also indicates that no suggestion to the
witness by way of explanation was made. In his evidence plaintiff stated that
he was also collecting the rent from the different tenants in chawl at the
instance of defendant no. 1 and he used to hand over the collections to him. He
admitted the fact that there were counter-foils which ramained with the
defendant no. 1. The High Court while examining this aspect accepted and relied
on Ext. 250 signed by the plaintiff, but failed to appreci- ate the
significance of the description of the Naroda chawl on the receipt as the
property of the defendant no. 6.
Similar
is the position of the defendant no. 1 who did not come to the witness box at
all. Chandrakanta examined her- self as D.W. 3 and supported her case. Although
there are some minor discrepancies in her deposition, the same is consistent
with the documents and the circumstances in the case and appears to be
reliable.
12.
While reversing the finding of the trial court that Chandrakanta was in
exclusive possession of the chawl not only from 1952 onwards but even earlier
since 1946, the High Court was mainly impressed by three items of the evidence,
namely, i)certain account books claimed to be the books at the joint family,
ii) several Income Tax returns filed by the defendant no. 1, and iii) a document
of agreement, Ext. 167.
So far
the Income-Tax papers are concerned, they are of the period after 1952 and it
has already been stated earlier that the High Court has agreed with the trial
court that since 1952 the defendant no. 6 was in adverse possession of the chawl.
In view of this finding, with which we fully agree, the Income-Tax documents do
not 242 have any impact, except showing that the author of these returns was
falsely including income therein which did not accrue to the family. So far the
account books and the deed of agreement are concerned, it will be necessary or appreci-
ating their true nature and impact on this case, to consider some more facts.
13.
The account books were produced by the defendant no. 1 within a list of
documents, Ext. 123. The defendant no. 1, however, did not lead any evidence
with respect to the same when his turn at the trial came. As mentioned earlier,
he personally avoided the witness box, but examined some wit- nesses who did
not attempt either to prove the books or speak about their authenticity. The
books were admitted in evidence and marked as exhibits on the statement of the
plaintiff which he made in cross-examination. Some of the books were shown to
him and he admitted that they were in his hand writing, but immediately added;
"I
have written them as per the instructions of defendant No. 1 and as directed by
him. They are maintained from month to month." The income from the Naroda chawl
which was admittedly very small as compared to the vastness and the present
value of the property, was included in the account books. According to the case
of the respondent the books are authentic, and disclosed the true state of
affairs. There was considerable discussion at the bar before us as well as
before the High Court as is apparent from the judgment under appeal, relat- ing
to the law of evidence dealing with account books.
Reliance
was placed on Sec. 34 of the Indian Evidence Act which provides that entries in
books of account regularly kept in the course of business are relevant whenever
they refer to a matter into which the Court has to enquire. It has been
contended on behalf of the respondents that since the plaintiff stated that the
books were being maintained from month to month the requirement of law was
satisfied.
Mr.
Mehta, the learned counsel for the appellant argued that apart from the formal
proof of the execution of the docu- ment, the party relying thereon was under a
duty to lead evidence in support of the correctness of the entries in the books
which is completely lacking here. Besides, it was pointed out that the relevant
books are merely joint khata- bahis of Samvat 2005 to 2006 equivalent to 1948
to 1949 without the support of primary evidence of the cash books., ,The other
relevant documents which are admittedly in pos- session of the defendant no. 1
have not been produced, including the account books of other years during the
cru- cial 243 period, the Income-tax returns and assessment orders for the
period 1946 to 1952 and the counter-foil rent receipts.
14. It
is apparent from the evidence that nobody takes the responsibility of
supporting the correctness of the entries in the account books. When they were
produced in Court the plaintiff filed his objection as per his purshis, Ext.
172 (page 368 of the paper book). Many of the documents produced by the
defendant no. 1 were accepted, but the account books which were serial nos.
123-75 to 123-97 of the list Ext. 123 were in express terms not admitted. The
plain- tiff said that they might be exhibited, but subject to his objection.
The defendant no. 6 also filed her objection as per the purshis Ext. 275. The
plaintiff did not make any statement supporting the books in his examination in
chief and only in reply to the question of the cross-examining lawyer of the
defendant no. 1, he stated as mentioned earlier. It is significant to note that
by saying that he had written as per the instructions of the defendant no. 1 he
made it clear that he could not vouchsafe for their reli- ability. In spite of
this situation, the defendant no. 1 could not sommon courage to support them
either personally or through any witness. No reason has been suggested at all
on his behalf as to why he did not produce the other impor- tant documents in
his possession which would have supported the account books and the joint case
of the parties resist- ing the appellants' claim. In view of all these circum-
stances we have no hesitation in rejecting the account books as not reliable.
15. So
far Ext. 167 is concerned, the High Court has relied upon it as the Naroda chawl
has been treated by the document as belonging to the joint family. It was
executed on 24.10.1954 by the plaintiff and his three brothers but not by Jayantilal,
the husband of defendant no. 6, although he is also shown as a party thereto.
The brothers appear to have settled their dispute with respect to different
items of property and the disputed Naroda chawl is shown as the seventh item in
the list of properties. Although the four brothers personally signed the
document, so far Jayantilal's branch was concerned the signature of Narendra,
defendant no. 7, who was a minor then, was taken. Reliance has been placed on
the attestation of Bapalal, the father of the executants. Two days earlier,
i.e., on 22.10.1954, he had executed a release deed, Ext. 222 giving up his
right in the family properties for a sum of money named therein. He was already
staying in Vrindavan for sometime past and proposed to spend the rest of his
life there. The release deed, however, did not contain any list of properties
and the document, therefore, is not of any help to either side. SOl far the 244
agreement Ext. 167 is concerned, it has not been stated by anybody that Bapalal
went through its contents or that somebody read the same to him before he
attested it. There is no presumption that an attesting witness of a document
must be assumed to be aware of its contents. What is significant, however, is
that it was executed in 1954 when the defendant no. 6 was in adverse possession
to the exclusion of the defendant no. 1 and the other members of the family,
and Jayantilal did not join the document and his brothers chose to get the
signature of his minor son. This is consistent with their dishonest attempt to
include the income from the chawl in the Income-Tax returns of the period after
1952, when the defendant no. 6 undoubtedly was in exclusive possession. As has
been stated earlier, in 1952 there was a direct confrontation between them on
the one hand and the defendant no. 6 on the other, when public notices were
published in 'Sandesh'. If their case about their earlier possession had been
true they would have produced their Income-Tax returns and the assessment
orders of that period, i.e. 1946 to 1952. The family was possessed of vast
proper- ties and was paying Income-Tax. The entire circumstances lead to the
irresistible conclusion that after the defendant no. 1 was removed by the
defendant no. 6 from the management of the disputed Naroda chawl he and the
other members of the family started creating evidence in support of their false
claim. We do not in the circumstances place any reliance on this deed of
agreement.
16. So
far the oral evidence in the case is concerned, the plaintiff, Vadilal examined
himself as a witness, but was not supported by any other member of the family,
al- though his brothers, Gulabchand and Kantilal, defendants 1 and 2
respectively, were alive when the case was heard in the trial court. Even his
nephew, Rajnikant, defendant no.
5, son
of deceased Ramanlal did not prefer to come to the witness box. The husband of
the defendant no. 6, Jayantilal had died in 1956, i.e., about 3-4 years before
the institu- tion of the suit. Chandrakanta examined herself in support of her
case and was cross-examined at considerable length.
Her son,
Narendra defendant no. 7, who was minor in 1954 when Ext. 167 was executed, was
also examined as a witness.
After
the death of his father, Jayantilal in 1956, he start- ed collecting the rent
of the chawl, and as stated earlier both the courts have concurrently held in favour
of the exclusive possession of the defendant no. 6 from 1952 on- wards. The
plaintiff, however, claimed that the chawl was in the possession of the family
even later than 1952. We have been taken through his evidence and the evidence
of Chandra- kanta in extenso by the learned counsel for the parties, who made
long comments thereon during their arguments. Both the judg- 245 ments of the
trial court and the High Court have discussed the evidence at length and we do
not consider it necessary to once more deal with them in detail. We agree with
the reasons given by the trial court for accepting the case and the evidence of
the defendant no. 6 and rejecting the plain- tiff's oral evidence and the case
of the respondents. The plaintiff contradicted himself so seriously during his
examination that at one stage he had to expressly admit that several of the
statements made in his examination in chief were 'false' (see paragraph 25). It
was demonstrated by the further cross-examination that he had made many more incor-
rect statements. On the other hand, Chandrakanta's evidence is far superior.
Although she also made some inconsistent statements, but the discrepancies did
not relate to any matter of vital importance. Her evidence substantially is
reliable and is supported by important circumstances of
(i) the
mutation of her name in place of Bapalal on the basis of a statement of the
latter;
(ii)
the description of the chawl as belonging to her on the printed rent receipts
given to the tenants out of which some were issued by the defendant no. 1 and
the plaintiff, and
(iii) the
suppression of vital materials in possession of the defendant no. 1 which were
withheld from the Court. The conduct of the parties in not filing the suit
before 1960 is also consistent with the correctness of her case. When the
defendant no. 1 was effec- tively removed from the management of the property
by the defendant no. 6 in 1952, Bapalal was alive. The defendant no. 1 as also
the other members of the family contesting her claim kept quiet and did not
risk starting a litigation during his life time. Even in 1960 it was the
plaintiff and not the defendant no. 1 who instituted the present suit in which
he included the Naroda chawl in the schedule of properties to be partitioned.
The defendant no. 1 was manag- ing the affairs of the family, but did not take
any steps to dislodge the defendant no. 6 from the chawl. The impugned judgment
indicates that there were serious differences between the plaintiff and the
defendant no. 1 on other items of property and the main reason for the
plaintiff to file the suit does not appear to be his claim to the Naroda chawl.
We do not consider it necessary to reiterate the other reasons given in the
trial court judgment in support of the decision in favour of the appellant,
with which we agree. We, therefore, hold that the defendant no. 6 remained in
exclusive adverse possession of the disputed Naroda chawl right from 1946
onwards till the suit was filed in 1960.
17.
Mr. Dholakia, the learned counsel for the contesting respondents contended that
since the chawl has remained in actual possession of the tenants, Bapalal or
the family must be held to be in symbolic 246 possession in 1946 and for that
reason the defendant no. 6 also can not be treated to have come in actual
possession of the property, which could have permitted her to prescribe a title
in the chawl. The learned counsel further argued that since the defendant no. 1
and the plaintiff were actually collecting rent from the tenants they also must
be held to be in joint possession and, therefore, the defendant-no. 6 can not
succeed as she has not been able to prove their ouster. The other members of
the joint family will also be entitled to rely on this aspect so as to
successfully defend their right. Reliance was placed on the decision of the Patna
High Court in Hari Prasad Agarwalla and another v. Abdul Haq and others, A.I.R.
1951 Patna 160; in support of the argument
that for adverse possession actual physical possession is necessary and mere
constructive possession is not sufficient. We are afraid, it is not possible to
accept the argument.
18.
The subject matter of dispute in the present case is the title to the chawl as
the owner-landlord subject to the tenancy of the tenants in possession. Neither
the plaintiffs nor the defendants are claiming the actual physical posses- sion
of the chawl by eviction of the tenants. Any reference to the actual physical
possession of the tenant is, there- fore, wholly irrelevant for the purpose of
the present controversy. It has to be remembered that the title to the chawl as
owner, subject to the tenancy was an interest in immovable property so as to be
covered by Article 144 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1908, which specifically
mentioned," .... or any interest therein". These words were retained
in Article 65 of the new Limitation Act. It is true that it is the intention to
claim exclusive title which makes possession adverse and this animus possidendi
must be evidenced and effectuated by the manner of occupancy which again
depends upon the nature of the property. The manner of possession depends upon
the kind of possession which the particular property is susceptible. That
possession to the extent to which it is capable of demonstration must be
hostile and exclusive and will cover only to the extent of the owner's
possession. In the present case the parties have been fighting for the rent
from the chawl so long as it continues in possession of the tenants. Before the
gift of 1946 the defendant no. 1 was collecting the rent and he continued to do
so even thereafter till 1952. The appellant has, however, established her case
that the defendant no. 1 acted as her agent after 1946 and when he repudiated
this agency in 1952 he was effectively removed from the manage- ment of the chawl.
Since 1946 the tenants attorned to the defendant no. 6 and paid rent to her
under printed receipts announcing her ownership, but of course through her
agent the defendant no. 1. The actual physical possession of the tenants in 247
the circumstances would enable the appellant to establish her prescriptive
title. The decision in Uppalapati Veera Venkata Satyanarayanaraju and another
v. Josyula Hanumayamma and another, [1963] 3 SCR 910, indicates that if a
tenant makes an attornment in favour of a person who is not the true owner and
follows and paying the rent to him, such a person must be held to have
effective possession. The land- lord must be deemed to be in possession through
his tenant is also demonstrated by another illustration. If the tenant
trespasses over the neighbour's land treating it to be covered by his tenancy
and remains in possession for the requisite period so as to prescribe a title
thereto, his interest therein is limited to the interest of the tenant and his
landlord acquires the title of the owner. The con- duct of such a tenant has
been aptly described as stealing for the landlord (see I.L.R. 10 Calcutta 820 and (1949) 54 C.W.N. 879). The
fact that the tenants have been in actual physical possession of the chawl is,
in the circumstances, of no assistance- to the respondents. What is material is
that they paid the rent to the defendant no. 6.
19.
There is no merit in the further argument that the defendant no. 1 must be
treated to be in joint possession as he was actually collecting the rent from
the tenants. It is well settled that the possession of the agent is the posses-
sion of the principal and in view of the fiduciary relation- ship the defendant
no. 1 cannot be permitted to claim his own possession. This aspect was well emphasised
in David Lyeii v. John Lawson Kennedy, [1889] XIV H.L. (E) 437, where the agent
who was collecting the rent from the tenants on behalf of the owner and
depositing it in a separate ear- marked account continued to do so even after
the death of the owner. After more than 12 years of the owner's death his
heir's assignee brought the action against the agent for possession and the
agent defendant pleaded adverse posses- sion and limitation. The plaintiff
succeeded in the first court. But the action was dismissed by the Court of
Appeal.
The
House of Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal and remarked:
"For whom, and on whose behalf, were those rents received after Ann
Duncan's death? Not by the respondent for himself, or on his own behalf,
anymore than during her life time". Emphasing the fiduciary character of
the agent his possession was likened to that of trustee, a solicitor or an
agent receiving the rent under a power of attorney. Another English case of
Williams v. Pott, L.R. XII Equity Cases 149, arising out of the circumstances
similar to the present case was more interesting. The agent in that case was
the real owner of the estate but he collected the rents for a considerably long
period as the agent of his principal who was his mother. After the agent's
death his heir claimed the estate.
248
The mother (the principal) had also by then died after purporting by her will
to devise the disputed lands to the defendants upon certain trusts. The claim
of the plaintiff was dismissed on the plea of adverse possession. Lord Romil- ly,
M.R., in his judgment observed that since the possession of the agent was the
possession of the principal, the agent could not have made an entry as long as
he was in the posi- tion of the agent or his mother, and that he could not get
into possession without first resigning his position as her agent which he
could have done by saying: "The property is mine; I claim the rents, and I
shall apply the rents for my own purposes". The agent had thus lost his
title by reason of his own possession as agent of the principal. A similar
situation arose in Secretary of State for India v. Krishna- moni Gupta, 29 Indian Appeals 104,
a case between lessor and lessee. There the proprietors of the land in dispute,
Mozum- dars were in actual physical possession but after getting a settlement
from the Government in ignorance of their title.
The
Government contended that the possession of the Mozum- dars was, in
circumstances, the possession of the Government claiming the proprietory right
in the disputed land and that such possession was in exclusion and adverse to
the claim of the Mozumdars to be proprietors thereof. The plea succeeded.
It was
observed by the Judicial Committee.
"It
may at first sight seem singular that parties should be barred by lapse of time
during which they were in physical possession, and estopped from disputing the
title of the Government. But there is no doubt that the possession of the
tenant is in law the posses- sion of the landlord or superior proprietor, and
it can make no difference whether the tenant be one who might claim adversely
to his landlord or not. Indeed, in such a case it may be thought that the
adverse character of the possession is placed beyond controversy." We are,
therefore, of the view that the defendant No. 6 was in adverse possession from
the period 1946 to 1952 through her agent defendant No. 1 and thereafter
through her husband, Jayantilal and son, defendant No. 7 till 1960 when the
suit was filed, the total period being more than 12 years.
21.
For the reasons mentioned above, the decision of the High Court must be held to
be erroneous. Consequently the decrees for accounts against the defendants No.
6 and 7 must also go. Accordingly, the appeals are allowed, the decision of the
High Court, so far 249 the subject matter of the present appeals is concerned,
is set aside and that of the trial court restored. In view of the close
relationship of the parties and the other circum- stances, the parties are directed
to bear their own costs throughout.
N.V.K.
Appeals allowed.
Back