State of
Andhra Pradesh & Ors Vs. G. Sreenivasa Rao
& Ors [1989] INSC 87 (13 March 1989)
Kuldip
Singh (J) Kuldip Singh (J) Singh, K.N. (J)
CITATION:
1989 SCR (1)1000 1989 SCC (2) 290 JT 1989 (1) 615 1989 SCALE (1)627
ACT:
Andhra
Pradesh Fundamental Rules--Rule 22(a)(1)--Higher Salary--Grant of--To a Junior
Person--Whether Violative of "Equal Pay for Equal
Work"--Principle--Articles 14, 16 and 39(d)--"Equal Pay For Equal
Work"--Doctrine--Applicability of--Reasonable Classification based in
intelligible criteria having nexus to object sought to be achieved--Permissibili-
ty--of.
HEAD NOTE:
The
common question that arose for decision by this Court in these groups of
matters is whether payment of less salary to a senior than his junior in the
same cadre having the same scale of pay is violative of the principle of
"equal pay for equal work" enshrined in Article 39(d) read with
Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The said question in each group of
matters arises thus:
The
first batch in this bunch of appeals (CAs 317-30/87 etc.) relate to the case of
Assistant Section Officers of Andhra Pradesh High Court. It may be pointed out
that copy- ists and Assistants are the two feeder-channels to the post of
assistant Section Officers. Prior to 1974 the Copyists were in the pay scale of
Rs.70-130 and were entitled to additional payment at Rs.7.5P every 100 words
they copy in excess of 42,000 words. Consequent upon pay revision, they were
given the pay scale of Rs.250-430 w.e.f. 1.1.1974 with- out entitlement of remuneration
in addition to pay. The Copyists represented that while revising their grade,
tile additional emoluments, which they were getting prior to revision of pay,
has not been taken into consideration. On recommendation of the High Court, the
State Government agreed to fix the pay of the Copyists in the revised grade by
adding to their basic pay Rs.83.34P, that being the average remuneration that
each Copyist was earning prior to 1.1.74 and the Dearness Allowance admissible
thereon.
The
pre-revised scale of pay of Assistants was Rs.90-192 which was revised to
Rs.250-430 from 1.1.1974. Even though the Scale of Pay of Copyists and
Assistants was the same, Copyists started drawing more salary on account of
addition of Rs.83.34P aforesaid. Consequently on promotion to the Post of
Assistant Section Officer, the salaries of those 1001 promoted from the cadre
of Copyists were fixed higher than those who were promoted from the cadre of
Assistants. One Janakirama Rao, a Copyist was promoted to the cadre of Assistant
Section Officer in 1984. On the basis of his last pay drawn as Copyist, his pay
as Assistant Section Officer was fixed higher than those who were promoted to
the said post from the cadre of Assistants during the period 1982-84, under
F.R. 22(a)(i) of Andhra Pradesh Fundamental Rules. The Seniors filed writ
petitions in the High Court contending that the grant of higher pay to juniors
in the same cadre is violative of the principle "Equal pay for equal
work". The High Court allowed the Writ Petitions and directed that the
Assistant Section Officers seniors to Janakirama Rao be paid the same salary as
he was drawing. Division Bench held that grant of higher pay packet to junior
person than his seniors under any circumstances is discriminatory. Hence these appeals
by the State of Andhra
Pradesh.
Another
batch of appeals is filed by Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam. One B.V.
Krishnamurthy and 62 others working as Upper Division Clerks in the Devasthanam
had filed writ petition in the High Court praying that the Devasthanam be
directed to pay salary to them at par with one D. Gopaliah, U.D.C. who was
junior to them. Particulars of D. Gopaliah and one of the petitioners may only
be stated. Gopaliah joined as Lower Division Clerk in 1967 and was given Selec-
tion Grade in 1974. Family Planning incentive of Rs. 11 was added to his salary
in 1977. He was promoted as U.D.C. in 1979 but was reverted in 1981. He was
given further increase in pay as L.D.C. on completion of 15 years service, as
provided in the Rules and in June 1987, he was drawing basic pay of Rs.811. He
was again promoted as U.D.C. on 1.7.1983 and in that cadre, on the basis of his
pay in the lower grade, his salary as per Rules was fixed at Rs.861. On the
other hand Krishnamurthi who joined as Lower Division Clerk in 1970, and
promoted as U.D.C. on 3.11.1981, his salary was fixed at Rs.615. On 1st July 1983 Krishnamurthy was drawing Rs.635.
In these circumstances Gopaliah though junior to Krishnamurthy started drawing
more salary. Following his earlier decision, the learned Single Judge allowed
the Writ Petitions filed by Krishnamurthy and others similarly placed. Their
Writ Appeals were dismissed. Hence these appeals by Devasthanam.
The
third group of appeals by the State of Andhra Pra- desh (CAs 299/88 & 300-301/88) are directed against the
order of the Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunal. The Writ Petitioners
therein were Assistants working in differ- ent departments of the State. They
were all absorbed in the Pay & Accounts Office, Hyderabad w.e.f. 12th July 1002 1978. One Swaminathan was also absorbed as Assistant in the
said office w.e.f. 4th
September 1978. In
view of his length of service and grant of Selection grade, he had been drawing
higher salary in his parent Department. Accordingly on his joining Pay &
Accounts Office, his salary, as per Rules, was protected and he was fixed at
higher basic pay than the Writ Petitioners.
The Seniors
raised contention before the Tribunal on the basis of "Equal pay for equal
Work". The Tribunal allowed the Writ Petitions, holding that for whatever
reason a junior is paid higher pay packet than his senior, the prin- ciple of
"Equal pay for equal work" is violated and the senior is entitled to
the same pay.
In
other cases, also, the same question junior drawing more salary than senior and
the seniors claiming parity of pay is involved.
Before
this Court it was contended by the appellants employers that so long as there
is rational basis for giving higher pay to junior in the same cadre, the
seniors can have no grievance. The last pay drawn in the lower cadre has to be
the basis for fixation of salaries under the Fundamental Rules and following
that basis, the salaries have been rightly fixed.
According
to some appellants if all the consideration, factors and incidents of service
are identical then only the principle of "Equal pay for equal work"
is attracted. If there is justification under the Rules or otherwise for giving
a higher pay to the junior then the principle in the abstract sense is not attracted.
Allowing
the appeals, this Court,
HELD:
Doctrine of "Equal pay for equal work" cannot be put in a straight
jacket. Although the doctrine finds its place in the Directive Principles, this
Court, in various judgments, has authoritatively pronounced that right to
"equal pay for equal work" is an accompaniment of the equal- ity
Clause enshrined in Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution of lndia. [1008H;
1009A] Reasonable classification, based on intelligible criteria having nexus
with the object sought to be achieved, is permissible. [1009B] "Equal pay
for equal work" does not mean that all the members of the cadre must
receive the same pay packet irrespective of their 1003 seniority, source of
recruitment, educational qualifications and various other incidents of service.
When a single run- ning pay-scale is provided for a post in a cadre, the
Constitutional mandate of equal pay for equal work is satis- fied. Ordinarily
grant of higher pay to a junior would ex- facie be arbitrary but if there are
justifiable grounds in doing so, the seniors cannot invoke the equality
doctrine.
[1009B-C]
The differentia on grounds such as, when persons recruited from different
services are given pay protection, when promoters from lower cadre or a
transferee from another cadre is given any pay protection, when a senior is
stepped at efficiency bar, when advance increments are given for
experience/passing a test/acquiring higher qualifications or as incentive for
efficiency, would be based on intelligible criteria which has rational nexus
with the object sought to be achieved, and which does not violate the mandate
of equal pay for equal work. The orders appealed against were there- fore
reversed. [1009D-E]
CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 3073 16 of 1988 Etc. Etc.
From
the Judgment and Order dated 8.6.1987 and 9.6. 1987 of the Andhra Pradesh High
Court in W.P. Nos. 1370/87, 15090/85.34 18/ 86. 911/87, 3186/87, 3435/87,
3748/87, 4356/87, 5006/87'and 5379 of 1987.
P.A. Choudhary,
Shanti Bhushan, Badrinath, T.V.S.N. Chari, Mrs. Sunita Rao and A. Subba Rao for
the Appellants. A.S. Nambiar, T.S. Krishnamoorty, C. Sitaramayya, R.N. Keshwani,
B. Kanta Rao, Ms. K. Sarda Devi, G.N. Rao and 13. Parthasarthi, for the
Respondents.
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by KULDIP SINGH, J. The question for
decision in these appeals is whether payment of less salary to a senior than
his junior in the same cadre having the same pay scale is violative of the
Principle of "equal pay for equal work" enshrined in Article 39(d)
read with Articles 14 and 16 of Constitution of India.
Though
the respondents belong to different departments and service but since, the
question of law is same we are disposing these appeals by a common order.
Necessary facts relating to each batch of 1004 appeals for appreciating the
controversy are as under:
Civil
Appeal Nos. 317-30/87, 2998/87, 294-298/88, 307 to 315/88, 305/ 88 & 3
16/88.
The
first batch in this bunch of appeals is concerning the employees of the High
Court of Andhra Pradesh. The main judgment under appeal relates to the cadre of
Assistant Section Officers working in the High Court. Copyists and Assistants
are the two feeder cadres to the post of Assist- ant Section Officer. Prior to
1974 copyists were in the pay scale of Rs.70~130 and were entitled to
additional payment at Re.7.5p. per every 100 words they copy in excess of
42,000 words. As a result of pay revision they were given the pay scale of
Rs.250-430 w.e.f. 1.1.1974 without entitle- ment of remuneration in addition to
pay. The copyists repre- sented that in the revised pay scale, the additional emolu-
ments which were being earned by them had not been taken into account. On the
recommendation of the High Court the State Government agreed to fix the pay of
the copyists in the revised pay scale by adding into their basic pay the
average remuneration of Rs.83.34 and the Dearness Allowance admissible thereon.
The amount of Rs.83.34 was taken as average remuneration which each of the
copyist was earning prior to 1.1. 1974 in addition to the pay. The pre-revised
pay scale of Assistants was Rs.90-192 which was revised to Rs.250-430 from 1st
of January, 1974. Although the revised pay scale of copyists and assistants was
identical but because of addition of Rs.83-34 in the pay fixation, the copyists
started drawing more salary than the assistants.
Promotion
to the cadre of Assistant Section Officers in the pay scale of Rs.340-640 is
from the two cadres of copyists and assistants. One Janikirama Rao, a copyist,
was promoted to the said post in the year 1984. On the basis of his last pay
drawn as copyist his basic pay fixed as Assistant Sec- tion Officer, was higher
than those who were promoted to the said post from the cadre of assistants
during the period 1982-84. The pay-fixation was done under Fundamental Rule
22(a)(i) of Andhra Pradesh Fundamental Rules (hereinafter called 'Fundamental
Rules'.) Though junior Shri Janikirama Rao was thus drawing more salary than
his seniors in the same cadre. Those seniors filed Writ Petition 2 135/83 in
the High Court of Andhra Pradesh praying that the grant of higher salary to a
junior person is violative of the Princi- ple of "equal pay for equal
work". The learned Single Judge allowed the writ petition and directed
that the Assistant Section Officers senior to Shri Janikirama Rao be paid the
same salary as he was drawing. Writ Appeal filed by the State of Andhra Pradesh against the judgment was dismissed
by the Division Bench holding that grant of 1005 higher pay-packet to a junior
person that the senior under any circumstances is discriminatory. Connected
writ peti- tions were allowed by the High Court being covered by the judgments
in Writ Petition 2 135/83 and writ appeal. No counter was filed by State of
Andhra Pradesh in these writ petitions and on the basis of the averment in the
petitions that juniors were getting higher salary than the seniors, the writ
petitions were allowed. Civil appeals are directed against the orders of the
High Court.
Civil
Appeal Nos. 1071-73/87, 1149-1150/86.
In
this batch of civil appeals Tirumala Tirupathi Devas- thanam is the appellant
and these appeals are directed against the High Court order. B.V. Krishnamurthy
and 62 others working as Upper Division Clerks in the Devasthanam filed Writ
Petition No. 12337 of 1984 before the High Court of Andhra Pradesh praying that
the Devasthanam be directed to pay salary to them at par with one D. Gopaliah,
Upper Division Clerk who was junior to them. Service particulars of Gopaliah
and one of the petitioners Krishnamurthy only need mention. Gopaliah joined as
Lower Division Clerk in 1967 and was given Selection Grade in 1974. Family
Planning Incentive Increment of Rs. 11 was added to his pay in 1977.
He was
promoted as Upper Division Clerk in 1979 but was reverted in 1981 as he could not
pass the accounts test. He was given further increase in pay as a result of
Government Order which provided higher pay to those Lower Division Clerks who
completed 15 years service as such. In June, 1983 Gopaliah was drawing Rs.811
as his basic pay in the cadre of Lower Division Clerks. He was again promoted
as Upper Divi- sion Clerk in pay scale 575-950 on 1.7. 1983 and in that cadre
his basic pay was fixed at Rs.861. On the other hand, Krishnamurthy joined as
Lower Division Clerk in 1970. He was promoted as Upper Division Clerk on 3rd of
November, 1981 and Rs.615 was fixed as his basic pay in that cadre. On 1st of
July, 1983 Krishnamurthy was drawing Rs.635 as his basic pay. It is under these
circumstances that Gopaliah though junior to Krishnamurthy started drawing
higher pay as Upper Division Clerk. The writ petition was allowed by the
learned Single Judge by one line order following his decision in another writ
petition concerning the employees of the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity
Board. Neither the facts nor the distinctive features of the present case were
noticed. Writ Appeal No. 504 of 1985 was dismissed in limine by the Divi- sion
Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. In three con- nected petitions payparity
was sought with the same junior Gopaliah. In the fourth petition one Gangiah
was the named junior for claiming pay-hike. All these 1006 petitions were
allowed following the earlier decision. Hence these appeals.
Civil
Appeal Nos. 299/88 and 300 to 30 1/88.
These
appeals are directed against the judgment of the Andhra Pradesh Administrative
Tribunal in Petition No. 1531 of 1985 and connected petitions. The petitioners
before the Tribunal were junior assistants working in different depart- ments.
They were promoted as senior assistants on various dates between 1976 and 1978.
They opted to be absorbed as auditors in the Pay and Accounts Office,
Hyderabad, where they were finally absorbed with effect from 12th of July,
1978. One Swaminathan who was recruited as typist, was promoted as senior assistant
on 11th of January 1978. He also opted to work as auditor in the Pay and
Accounts Of- fice, Hyderabad. He was finally absorbed in the said depart- ment
with effect from 4th of September, 1978. The writ petitioners and Swaminathan
came to the Pay and Accounts Office, Hyderabad from different departments.
Since Swamina- than was absorbed as auditor in the pay and accounts depart- ment
later in time than the petitioners, he ranked junior to them. But in view of
his length of service and grant of selection grade, he had been drawing higher
pay in his parent department. On his joining the Pay and Accounts Office his
pay was fixed on a higher basic pay as compared to the petitioners as the last
pay drawn by him had to be protected under the Fundamental Rules. Thus though
he was junior to the petitioners, he started drawing higher pay than them. The
seniors raised contention before the Tribunal that on the basis of "equal
pay for equal work" they were entitled to the same pay as given to their junior.
The Tribunal allowed the petitions holding that for whatever reasons a junior
is paid higher pay-packet than his senior the principle of "equal pay for
equal work" is violated and the senior is entitled to the same pay.
Following its judg- ment the Tribunal allowed two connected petitions. Hence
these appeals by the State of Andhra Pradesh.
Civil
Appeal No. 3 17 of 1988.
This
appeal also relates to Pay and Accounts Office. In this case the petitioners
before the Tribunal were Lower Division Clerks senior to one P. Arunachala
Prasad who was initially a typist but was promoted as Lower Division Clerk
subsequent to the petitioners. Since he was drawing more pay as typist, on his
promotion to the post of Lower Division Clerk his pay fixed was higher than the
petitioners. The claim 1007 of the petitioners for same pay as paid to Arunachala
Prasad was allowed.
Civil
Appeal Nos. 200 to 203 of 1988.
These
appeals relate to Animal Husbandry Department of the Andhra Pradesh Government.
Some live stock assistants filed a petition before the Andhra Pradesh
Administrative Tribunal claiming higher pay which was being drawn by their
respective juniors in the same cadre. In the reply filed on behalf of State
before the Tribunal it was explained that junior live stock assistants were
senior in the lower cadre but could not be promoted earlier due to their
failure to undergo the prescribed training and they had earned selec- tion
grade on the basis of length of service. On promotion their basic pay was fixed
under Fundamental Rules which came to be higher than their seniors. Without
considering the reasons for the disparity in pay the Tribunal allowed the
petitions holding that the senior must be paid the same salary as his junior,
in the cadre, was drawing.
Civil
Appeal Nos. 2453, 2454 and 2476 to 2479 of 1988.
These
appeals concern the office of Registrar Co-opera- tive Societies Andhra
Pradesh. Respondents inspectors filed a petition before the Andhra Pradesh
Administrative Tribunal saying that one Jagmohan was junior to them but was
drawing higher salary. The Tribunal allowed the petition in the following
words:
"It
may be true that in certain circumstances within the framework of the rule, Shri
Jagmo- han came to receive higher pay than his sen- iors ....... what will be
done in such a case is to bring the pay of the senior on par with the junior.
It is how the 'principle of equity' in pay is to be met." Five connected
petitions were also allowed by the Tribunal.
Mr. Shanti
Bhushan appearing for the appellants in the first batch has argued that so long
as there is rational basis for giving higher pay to a junior in the same cadre,
the seniors can have no grievance. According to him copyists and assistants
being two feeder cadres to the post of As- sistant Section Officer, the last
pay drawn in the lower cadre has to be the basis under the Fundamental Rule for
fixation of pay in the cadre of Assistant Section Officers.
Since
the copyists were draw- 1008 ing higher pay than the assistants, they were
rightly fixed at a higher pay than the assistants who were promoted earli- er.
He says pay earned by the copyists before joining as Assistant Section Officer
is a legitimate incident of serv- ice which entitles them higher pay than their
seniors.
Mr.
P.A. Choudhary appearing for some of the appellants contended that if all the
considerations, factors and inci- dents of service are identical then only the
principle of 'equal pay for equal work' is attracted. But if there is a
justification under the Rules or otherwise for giving a higher pay to the
junior then the principle in the abstract sense is not attracted.
Mr.
T.S. Krishnamoorthy, Mr. A.S. Nambiar and Mr. Kanta Rao appearing for the
respondents supported the judgments under appeals and contended that grant of
higher pay to a junior in the same cadre, doing same work and shouldering same
responsibilities, is per se discriminatory and viola- tive of the principle of
equal pay for equal work. Our attention was invited to Rule 27 of the
Fundamental Rules which permits the competent authority to grant pre-mature
increment to a Government servant on a time-scale of pay.
They
further contended that juniors getting higher pay than a senior in the same
cadre is an anomaly causing heart-burn which can be removed by directing the
authorities to fix the seniors at par with the juniors by exercising power
under Rule 27 of the Fundamental Rules.
The
factual basis in all these appeals is identical. The facts clearly show that in
every case the pay-fixation of the junior was done under the Fundamental Rules
and there were justifiable reasons for fixing the junior at a higher pay than
his seniors in the cadre. It was not disputed that the said pay fixation was in
confirmity with the Fundamental Rules. Neither before us nor before the courts
below the validity of Fundamental Rules was challenged by any of the parties.
Without considering the scope of these Rules and without adverting to the
reasons for fixing the juniors at a higher pay, the High Court and the Tribunal
have in an omnibus manner come to the conclusion that whenever and for whatever
reasons a junior is given higher pay the doctrine of 'equal pay for equal work'
is violated and the seniors are entitled to the same pay.
We do
not agree with the High Court/Tribunal. Doctrine of 'equal pay for equal work'
cannot be put in a straight- jacket. Although the doctrine finds its place in
the Direc- tive Principles but this Court, in 1009 various judgments, has
authoritatively pronounced that fight to 'equal pay for equal work' is an
accompaniment of equali- ty clause enshrined in Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitu-
tion of India. Nevertheless the abstract doctrine of 'equal pay for equal work'
cannot be read in Article 14. Reasonable classification, based on intelligible
criteria having nexus with the object sought to be achieved, is permissible.
"Equal
pay for equal work" does not mean that all the members of a cadre must
receive the same pay-packet irre- spective of their seniority, source of
recruitment, educa- tional qualifications and various other incidents of serv-
ice. When a single running pay-scale is provided in a cadre the constitutional
mandate of equal pay for equal work is satisfied. Ordinarily grant of higher
pay to a junior would ex-facie be arbitrary but if there are justifiable
grounds in doing so the seniors cannot invoke the equality doctrine.
To
illustrate, when Payfixation is done under valid statuto- ry rules/executive
instructions, when persons recruited from different sources are given pay
protection, when promotee from lower cadre or a transferee from another cadre
is given pay protection, when a senior is stopped at Efficiency Bar, when
advance increments are given for experience/passing a test/ acquiring higher
qualifications or as incentive for efficiency; are some of the eventualities
when a junior may be drawing higher pay than his seniors without violating the
mandate of equal pay for equal work. The differentia on these grounds would be
based on intelligible criteria which has rational nexus with the object sought to
be achieved. We do not therefore find any good ground to sustain the judg- ments
of the High Court/Tribunal.
In
Federation of All India Customs & Central Excise Stenographers (Recognised)
and others v. The Union of India and others, JT 1988 2 S.C. 5 19, Sabyasachi Mukharji,
J.
considered
earlier judgments of this Court on the point and observed:
"Equal
pay for equal work is a fundamental right. But equal pay must depend upon the
nature of the work done, it cannot be judged by the mere volume of work, there
may be qualitative difference as regards reliability and responsibility.
Functions may be the same but the responsibilities make a difference.
One
cannot deny that often the difference is a matter of degree and that there is
an element of value judgment by those who are charged with the administration
in fixing the scales of pay and other conditions of service. So long as such
value judgment is made bona 1010 fide, reasonably on an intelligible criteria
which has a rationale nexus with the object of differentiation such
differentiation will not amount to discrimination. It is important to emphasise
that equal pay for equal work is a concomitant of Article 14 of the
Constitution.
But it
follows naturally that equal pay for unequal work will be a negation of that
right." In State of U.P. & Ors. v. Shri J.P. Chaurasia & Ors., JT
1988 4 S.C. 53 the question for consideration was as to whether it is
permissible to have two pay scales in the same cadre for persons having same
duties and having same respon- sibilites. Jagannatha Shetty, J. speaking for
this Court observed:
"It
is against this background that the prin- ciple of 'equal pay for equal work'
has to be construed in the first place. Second, this principle has no
mechanical application in every case of similar work. It has to be read into
Art. 14 of the Constitution. Article 14 permits reasonable classification
rounded on different basis. It is now well established that the classification
can be based on some qualities or characteristics of persons grouped together
and not in others who are left out. Those qualities or characteristics must, of
course, have a reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved. In
service matters, merit or experience could be the proper basis for
classification to promote efficiency in administration. He or she learns also
by experience as much as by other means.
It
cannot be denied that the quality of work performed by persons of longer
experience is superior than the work of newcomers. Even in Randhir Singh's case,
this principle has been recognised. O. Chinnappa Reddy, J. observed that the
classification of officers into two grades with different scales of pay based
either on academic qualifications or experi- ence on length of service is
sustainable.
Apart
from that, higher pay scale to avoid stagnation or resultant frustration for
lack of promotional avenues is very common in career service. There is
selection grade for District Judges. There is senior time scale in Indian
Administrative Service. There is super time scale in other like services. The enti-
tlement to these higher pay scales depends upon seniority-cum-merit or
merit-cum-seniori- ty. The differentiation so made in the same cadre will not
amount to discrimination. The classif- 1011 cation based on experience is a
reasonable classification. It has a rationale nexus with the object thereof. To
hold otherwise, it would be detrimental to the interest of the service
itself." The argument based on Rule 27 was never raised before the High
Court/Tribunal. There is neither any material on the record nor any
justification before us to direct the appellant authorities to act under Rule
27 of the Fundamen- tal Rules. The respondents may if so advised approach the
appropriate authorities for any such relief.
The appeals
are accepted. Judgments of the Andhra Pra- desh High Court and the Andhra
Pradesh Tribunal are set aside and the writ petitions/petitions/applications of
the respondents before the High Court/Tribunal are dismissed.
There
will be no order as to costs.
The
respondents are white-collared salaried persons and it may be too harsh for
them to refund the salary already paid to them. Therefore, in the interest of
justice, we direct that the additional salary paid to them as a result of High
Court/Tribunal judgments upto 31-3-1989 shall not be recovered from them.
Y.L.
Appeals al- lowed.
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