State of
Tamil Nadu Vs. Anandam Viswanathan [1989]
INSC 26 (24 January
1989)
Mukharji,
Sabyasachi (J) Mukharji, Sabyasachi (J) Rangnathan, S.
CITATION:
1989 AIR 962 1989 SCR (1) 301 1989 SCC (1) 613 JT 1989 (1) 181 1989 SCALE
(1)176
ACT:
Tamil Nadu
General Sales Tax Act, 1959: Assessee entered into contract with Universities
and educational institutions for printing question papers liability to sales
tax--Nature of contract----Contract for work and contract for labour and
work--Difference between--Ascertainment of intention of parties and nature of
contract--Need for:
HEAD NOTE:
The
respondent had entered into contracts with Universi- ties and other educational
institutions for printing of question papers for them. In the demand notes
prepared the respondent gave the charges for printing, blocks, packing
handling, delivery, postal and also value of paper and value of packing
materials separately in the relevant assessment years. On re-examination the
Assessing Officer noticed that printing charges and block making charges
escaped assessment and brought them to tax.
In
respect of subsequent assessment also claims for exemption towards printing
charges and block making charges were disallowed. The appeals preferred by the
Respondents were dismissed by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, who reached
a finding that the contracts were only for supply of printed question paper as
a finished product and that there was no scope to disintegrate cost of paper
with separate charges for printing and block making though the bills were made
out in a different way..
The
respondent preferred appeals to Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal. The Tribunal held
that the respondent was assessa- ble only on the sale value of paper and that
printing and block making charges were not to be included in the assess- ment.
Against
the Tribunal's Orders, the appellant preferred tax cases before the High Court.
The High Court dismissed the cases and held that the contract between the assessee
and the Universities is of highly confidential nature and that the printing of
question papers could be entrusted only to those in whom the institutions got
the highest confi- dence, and that the price paid for such confidentiality and
trust is not 302 the price for the sale of goods.
The
present appeals by Special Leave are against the High Court's Orders.
In
this appeal, it was argued on behalf of the appellant that printing charges and
block making charges are includi- ble in the assessable turnover of the
Respondent. On behalf of the Respondent it was argued that the contract entered
into between her and the educational institutions was a contract of work and labour
and in the performance of the contract, indicentally she had to sell paper to
them and hence except to the extent of the cost of paper she was not liable to
pay sales tax in respect of the other amounts receive by her.
Dismissing
the appeals,
HELD:
1.1 Contract for work in the execution of which goods are used may take one of
three forms. The contract may be for work to be done for remuneration and for
supply of material used in the execution of works in which the use of materials
is accessory or incidental to the execution of the work; or it may be a
contract for work and use or supply of materials, though not accessory to the
execution of the contract, is voluntary or gratuitous. In the last class there
is no sale because though property passed it did not pass for a price. Whether
a contract is of the first or the second class must depend upon the
circumstances; if it is of the first, it is a composite contract for work and
sale of goods; where it is of the second category, it is a contract for
execution of work not involving sale of goods. [307H; 308A-B]
1.2 In
each case the nature of the contract and the transaction must be found out. And
this is possible only when the intention of the parties is found out. The fact
that in the execution of a contract for work some materials are used and the
property/goods so used, passes to the other party, the contractor undertaking
to do the work will not necessarily be deemed, on that account, to sell the materi-
als. Whether or not and which part of the job work relates to that depends on
the nature of the transaction. [316G-H]
1.3
Normally, it may be that the goods prepared by the assessee which could not be
exhibited for sale, would not be decisive of the matter and could in certain
circumstances be sales liable to sales tax, but in all circumstances it depends
upon the nature of the sale and the nature of the transaction involved.
Printing of question papers at the 303 behest of University or educational
institutions is rather a delicate and confidential type of work and the price
paid for supplying such printed question papers or printed mat- ters entails
primarily the confidence, and secondly the skill and to a very small measure
the material. If that is the position, it cannot be categorised as entailing
sale of goods but it is rather a contract for works done. [309G-H; 310A]
Government of A.P. v. Guntur Tobaccos Ltd., XVISTC 240 relied on.
Hindustan
Aeronautics Ltd. v. State of Kerala, [1984]
ISCC 706 and P.T. Varghese v. State of Kerala, 37 STC 1171 approved.
Saraswati
Printing Press v. CST, Eastern Division Nag- put, X STC 286 and State of A.P. v. Sri Krishna Power Press, Vizianagaram, XI STC
498.
P.M. Venkatachalam
Pillai v. State of Madras, XXIII STC 72; State of Orissa v. Ramnath Panda, XXVII STC 98;
S.R.P. Works and Ruby Press v. State of A.P., XXX STC 195 and STO, Special
Circle 11, Palghat v. I. V. Somasundaram, 33 STC 68.
A.S. Hameed
Bharath Press v. State of Tamil Nadu, 54 STC 379; CST v. Uma Art Press, 56 STC
300; Chandra Bhan Gosain v. State of Orissa, XIV STC 766; CST v. M/s Sabarmati Reti
Udvog Sanakari Mandali Ltd., 38 STC 203 and Marcel (Furri- ers) Ltd. v. Tapper,
[1953] 1 WLR 49 referred to.
2.1
The primary difference between a contract for work or service and a contract
for sale is that in the former there is in the person performing or rendering
service no property in the thing produced as a whole, notwithstanding that a part
or even the whole of the material used by him may have been his property. Where
the finished product supplied to a particular customer is not a commercial com-
modity in the sense that it cannot be sold in the market to any other person,
the transaction is only a works contract. [316E]
2.2
When the questions are set on a piece of paper and sent for printing, the
University remains the owner until it divulges these to the intending
candidates or the students.
But
that is a matter which is relevant in the method of communication of the
question to the candidates appearing in the examination. The means employees
for such communication entail use of mind, confidence, trust for the material,
304 paper and the technical skill of printing. It is a combina- tion of these
various factors that results in printing the question papers and the payment
made in the process entails a composite payment for all these. Question papers
as such, after being printed are neither available commercially nor available
to any community--commercial or otherwise save under specific circumstances for
the candidates appearing at a particular time in an examination. [308D-E; 309C]
Court Press Job Branch, Salem v. State of Tamil Nadu, 54 STC 382 and CST v.
M.P.V. Ratna Fine Arts Printing Press, 56 STC 77 approved.
State
of Madras v. Gannan Dunkerlay & Co. (Madras) Ltd., IX STC 353; Patnaik
& Co. v. State of Orissa, XVI STC 364 and T.V. Sundaram lyengar & Sons
v. State of Madras, 35 STC 24 referred to.
3. The
contract in the present case is one, having regard to the nature of the job to
be done and the confi- dence reposed, for work to be done for remuneration and
supply for paper was just incidental. Hence, the entire price for the printed
question papers would have been enti- tled to be excluded from the taxable
turnover, but since the demand notes prepared by the assessee showed the costs
of paper separately, it appears that it has treated the supply of paper
separately. Except the materials supplied on the basis of such contract, the
contract will continue to be a contract for work and labour and no liability to
sales tax would arise in respect thereof. [317A-C]
CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2346-47 of 1978 Etc.
From
the Judgment and Orders dated 5.8.1976 of the Madras High Court in T.C. Nos.
436 and 437 of 1971.
R.
Mohan and R.A. Perumal for the Appellant.
T.A. Ramachandran
and Mrs. Janaki Ramachandran for the Respondents.
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by SABYASACHI MUKARJI, J. Special leave
granted in Special Leave Petitions (C) Nos. 10539, 4704 and 92 1 of 1979.
305
These appeals by leave under Article 136 of the Consti- tution, are from the
orders of the High Court of Madras, involving a common question though for
different assessment years. It would be appropriate to deal with Civil Appeal
Nos. 2346-47/78, and the facts in other appeals are essen- tially the same.
The assessee
in these cases had entered into contracts with the Universities and other
educational institutions in the country for printing question papers for the
said educa- tional institutions. The assessee in the demand notes pre- pared,
gave the charges for printing blocks, packing charges, handling charges,
delivery charges, postage, value of paper and value of packing materials separately
in the relevant assessment years. The question involved is, whether the taxable
turnover should also include the printing and block-making charges or not. It
appears from the judgment of the High Court that for the assessment year
1966-67, the printing charges amounted to Rs.99,675.00 and block-making charges
amounted to Rs.2,923.95, totaling Rs.1,02,598.95.
Similarly,
so far as the assessment year 1968-69 is con- cerned, the printing charges
amounted to Rs. 1,33,137 and blockmaking charges amounted to Rs. 5,361.75
totaling Rs. 1,38,498.75.
The
controversy involved in these appeals was, whether these two amounts were
includable in the assessable turnover of the respondent in the respective years
in question. The case of the assessee was that the contract entered into
between her and the respective educational institutions was a contract of work
and labour and in the performance of that contract, incidentally she had to
sell paper to them and, hence, except to the extent of the cost of paper, in
respect of the other amounts received by her she was not liable to pay
sales-tax. On the other hand, the Government's stand was that the contract was
for the sale of printed materials by the respondent to the respective
educational institutions and, therefore, the entire amount will have to be
taken into account as turnover liable to tax. In other words, would printing
question papers and incidentally supplying the papers upon which such questions
were printed, entail the entire cost to be liable to sales-tax. As was put
before us, the question is, can one sell printed question papers and charge for
the same? The High Court mentioned that till 1963 the assessee was herself
doing the printing and the Tribunal held that during that period only the cost
of paper was includable in the taxable turnover. With effect from 3.11.1963 the
printing was done by a firm of which the assessee's sons and daugh- ters were
partners. The contract, however, continued 306 to be entered into between the assessee
and the respective educational institutions. According to the Govt., as appears
from the judgment of the High Court, this made a difference and, as such, the
order of the Tribunal in the previous years could not govern the assessment for
the respective years referred to above.
The
Tribunal, however, held against the revenue holding that only the value of
paper was liable to be included in the taxable turnover of the assessee. The
correctness of that decision was challenged before the High Court by two
Revision Cases under section 38 of the Tamil Nadu General Sales Tax Act, 1959
(hereinafter called 'the Act'). The High Court on an analysis of the facts and
the several decisions came to the conclusion that printing of question papers
involved confidentiality of the materials to be printed, and held that apart
from the paper nothing else could be includ- ed in the total taxable turnover
of the assessee. The High Court came to the conclusion that the contract
entered into between the assessee and the University and other education- al
institutions was a composite contract i.e., a contract for work and labour, as
well as a contract for sale of the paper. It was contended on behalf of the
revenue that in case of sale of all printed materials, the sales-tax was liable
on the entire work. In that view of the matter if the liability for sale of
printed material would include the entire price then there was no authority,
according to the revenue, to treat the question papers differently. It is,
however, clear as the High Court noted, that the printing of question papers of
educational institutions was an extremely and highly confidential matter. This
is the first aspect of the matter which must be borne in mind. It was emphasised
that such printing could not be entrusted to any press of one's choice, and the
Universities and other educational institutions were only obliged to enter into
such contracts with those in whom they have got the highest confidence so that
the printer would not divulge the questions to be printed by him/her and will preserve
the confidential nature of the transaction. Therefore, in printing question
papers entrusted by educational institutions to the printer the value included
the price of the confidentiality and the confidence reposed in the printer. It
has to be borne in mind that the price paid for such confidentiality and trust
is not the price for the sale of goods. In case of printing of other materials
just like letter-heads, bills, account books or even printing works like a
novel, story, poem or drama (subject to copyrights), the technical excellence
and the professional efficiency of the printer, among other things, might enter
into calculation for entrusting the job to a particular printer and the
performance thereof. Howev- er, the position is different in case of printing
of confi- dential matters like question 307 papers of the Universities or other
educational institu- tions. The value paid for such printing job includes to a
large extent the price of not only the technical and profes- sional work but
also the value, if it could be measured in terms of money, of the confidence
and faith reposed that the printing materials should not be disclosed to anyone
save to be returned back to the University or the educational insti- tutions to
be dealt with in accordance with its obligations.
The
High Court noticed these points and came to the conclusion that in view of
these peculiar features which will be present in the printing of matters which
are confi- dential in nature and will not be present in other case the contracts
pre-dominantly being contracts for work with confidence and faith, should be
treated mainly as contracts for labour and not contracts for sale of any goods
such as printed materials. It may be that in the execution of the contracts and
for the purpose of completing the work, the parties might enter into the
contracts for sale of the paper and in this context, it was a composite
contract which can be split up into contract for sale of paper and contract for
work and labour.
Relying
on a decision of this Court in Govt. of Andhra Pradesh v. Guntur Tobaccos Ltd.,
XVI STC 240, the High Court was of the view that the cost of paper shown
separately in the contract would be liable to tax and except for that cost of
paper and the material supplied in other respect, the contract was a contract
for work and labour and there could not be any liability for sales-tax.
According to the High Court, this would cover the printing charges. Blocks, it
was found, were destroyed after the question papers had been printed. Hence,
there was no question of sale of blocks or passing of the property. The High
Court so held.
Following
the aforesaid position in other matters which are the subject-matters of other
appeals where the _High Court held accordingly, it dismissed the revision applica-
tion of the revenue. Aggrieved thereby, the appellant has come up to this Court
by leave.
Our
attention was drawn by both Mr. Mohan, learned counsel for the appellant and
Mr. Ramchandran, counsel for the respondent to the decision of this Court in
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh v. Guntur Tabacco Ltd., (supra), where this Court laid
down that a contract for work in the execution of which goods are used may take
one of three forms. The con- tract may be for work to be done for remuneration
and for supply of materials used in the execution of the works for a price; it
308 may be a contract for work in which the use of materials is accesssory or
incidental to the execution of the work; or it may be a contract for work and
use or supply of materials, though not accessory to the execution of the
contract, is voluntary or gratuitous. In the last class there is no sale
because though property passed it did not pass for a price.
Whether
a contract is of the first or the second class must depend upon the circumstances;
if it is of the first, it is a composite contract for work and sale of goods;
where it is of the second category, it is a contract for execution of work not
involving sale of goods.
In our
opinion, the aforesaid tests lay down correct criteria for determining the
question. Mr. Mohan, appearing for the revenue, pressed before us that the said
principle requires clarification. He emphasised that Press has no ownership
over the materials or papers upon which the ques- tions were printed. Who then,
Mr. Mohan posed, was the owner, author or the paper setter of the University or
the educational institution or the printing Press? In our opin- ion, when the
questions are set on a piece of paper and sent for printing the University
remains the owner until it divulges these to the intending candidates or the
students.
But
that is a matter which is relevant in the method of communication of the
questions to the candidates appearing in the examination. The means employed
for such communica- tion entail use of mind, confidence, trust for the
material, paper and the technical skill of printing. It is a combina- tion of
these various factors that results in printing the question papers and the
payment made in the process entails a composite payment for all these and can
only be dissected and determined in the way laid down by the principle enunci- ated
in the aforesaid decision.
Our
attention was, however, drawn by Mr. Mohan to a decision of the Bombay High
Court in Saraswati Printing Press v. Commissioner of Sales Tax, Eastern
Division, Nag- pur, X STC 286. There the petitioner Press itself purchased the
stationery and did printing work upon it according to the orders of individual
customers and supplied the printed stationery to the customers. It was held that
there the petitioner had produced a commercial commodity which was capable of
being sold or supplied and when the petitioner sold the printed stationery to
its customers, it sold goods to the customers upon which sales tax was leviable.
In those circumstances, it was held that the transactions done by the said
petitioner Press were not in the nature of works con- tracts but were sales of
goods and therefore recourse to rule 5(3) of the rules could not be made. It
was further held that as the petitioner did not immediately dispose of the
stationery purchased by 309 it in favour of its constituents, but kept it in
the Press and did printing work upon it and then supplied the finished product
to its constituents, the provisions of clause (iv) of Explanation I of clause
(m) of section 2 were not at- tracted.
The
High Court relied on the decision of the Allahabad High Court reiterating the
principle that it is necessary to determine the substance of the contract, and
as the sub- stance of the contract is that skill and labour that had been
exercised for the production of the article and sale of material is only
ancillary to that. In our opinion, the principle upon which the High Court relied,
is not applica- ble in case of transactions of printing of question papers.
Question
papers as such, after being printed are neither available commercially nor
available to any community--commercial or otherwise, save under specific
circumstances for the candidates appearing at a particular time in an
examination. Mr Mohan also drew our attention to the decision of Andhra Pradesh
High Court in State of Andhra Pradesh v. Sri Krishna Power Press, Vizianagaram,
XI STC 498. There, the court reiterated that a transaction which results in the
transfer of property in finished goods to another person cannot be described as
a works contract. It was further held that where the assessee Press itself pur-
chased stationery and did printing work upon it according to the orders of
individual customers and supplied the printed stationery to the customers at an
agreed price the transac- tion was sales liable to sales tax and not works
contract.
The
fact that the goods prepared by the assessee could not be exhibited for sale to
the general public is not decisive of the issue. According to the High Court
the only test is whether the contract is for the sale of finished product.
Mr.
Mohan relying on the aforesaid observations submitted that the goods prepared
by the assessee could not be sold to other customers, the person who placed
order could be com- pelled to accept it or claim damages from the printers. He
submitted that even in a case where goods are prepared according to the
specific requisition to suit the require- ments of individual customer, yet
printing materials sup- plied thereto have been held to be sale of goods and he
drew our attention to the several decisions referred to by the High Court of
Andhra Pradesh in aid of his propositions.
Normally,
it may be that the goods prepared by the assessee which could not be exhibited
for sale, would not be decisive of the matter and could in certain
circumstances be sales liable to sales tax, but in all circumstances it depends
upon the nature of the sale and the nature of the transac- tion involved.
Printing of question papers at the behest of University or educational
institutions is rather a delicate and confidential type of work and the price
paid for supply- ing such printed question 310 papers or printed matters
entails primarily the confidence, and secondly the skill and to a very small
measure the material. If that is the position then, in our opinion, it cannot
be categorised entailing sale of goods but it is rather a contract for works
done.
Mr.
Mohan also relied on the decision of the Madras High Court in P.M. Venkatachalam
Pillai v. The State of Madras, XXIII STC 72, where it was held that when a
transaction is claimed to be a works contract, a decision on the question
depends on the particular facts. The primary point to bear in mind in such
cases is what is the intention of the par- ties viewing the transaction as a
whole; do they intend an apportionment or view the transaction on compartmental
basis as that which represents labour and that which represents sale of the
materials. Different tests may be applied in answering such a question as the
stage of passing of proper- ty, risk and the like. But all these tests converge
towards finding out what is the intention of the parties. There, the question
was whether the assessee's turnover consisted of the aggregate of labour
charges and the cost of materials in printing work or of outright sales of
finished commodity.
The assessee
relied on certain bills which showed the cost of materials and labour charges
but he did not produce order books or other documents. The Tribunal found that
the sepa- rate entries were only a make-believe apportionment for the purpose
of sales tax and that what was sold was only a finished product. In those
findings the Tribunal justified on the materials to uphold the liability for
sales-tax. As emphasised by the Division Bench of the Madras High Court, the
entire transaction should be viewed and the intention of the parties found out.
Our
attention was drawn by Mr. Mohan to the decision of the Orissa High Court in
the case of State of Orisssa v. Ramnath Panda, XXVlI STC 98.
There the High Court held that in the case of an assessee, a printer supplying
printed materials, where the customers supply paper and the assessee does
nothing except printing on it, the contract is one of labour and there is no
sale. Where the customer enters into an agreement that he would separately pay
for the paper and the assessee would merely print on it, then also there is no
sale. Where the customer does not enter into any separate agreement but merely
asks the assessee to supply the printed materials, the contract is indivisible
and the supply of printed materials is a sale liable to sales tax. In such a
case charging separately for the paper and printing in the bill issued to the
customer does not alter the essential character of the agreement, which is for
the purchase of printed materials.
311
Our attention was also drawn to another decision of Andhra Pradesh High Court
in S.R.P. Works and Ruby Press v. State of Andhra Pradesh, XXX STC 195. There, the petitioner was running a printing
press, supplying cinema tickets printed on paper of different colours to the
customers. The customers obtained samples from the petitioner and then placed
orders giving specifications. The petitioner while making out bills, gave
break-up figures, showing the cost of paper and the cost of printing separately
and the total cost. The assessing authority assessed the petitioner only on the
value of the paper for printing the tickets and granted exemption in respect of
printing charges on the ground that they represented the cost of labour. The
Deputy Commissioner revised the order and held that the transac- tions involved
were sales of finished goods, viz., the tickets, and not merely of paper. The
Tribunal agreed with the finding of the Deputy Commissioner and confirmed the
order. On a revision it was held by the High Court on a consideration of some
of the orders placed by the customers, that the orders were specifically for
printing and supply of tickets. The fact that break-up figures were given in the
bills was not decisive or conclusive in determining the question whether there
were two contracts--one for supply of paper and the other for printing.
We
agree that the transaction under its true perspective must be viewed and the
intention of the parties must be found out.
Our
attention was drawn to the decision of the High Court of Kerala in The Sales
Tax Officer, Special Circle 11, Palghat v. 1. V. Somasundaran, 33 STC 68. In
that case by printing something on paper, as in .the cases of printing letter
heads, invitation cards, wedding invitations, judg- ments of courts, or ration
cards, the printed matter does not become "paper products" within the
meaning of that expression in item 42 of Schedule I to the Kerala General Sales
Tax Act, 1963. The High Court found that in such a case a further question
arises as to whether it was sale of goods which could be taxed at all points.
In order to spell out a contract of sale there must be an agreement which may
be express or inferred from the circumstances. There can be an agreement for
work and labour or there can be one for sale of goods. If essentially the
agreement is one for work and labour, complete exemption from taxation should
be allowed. If, on the other hand, it is a contract for sale, the whole turnover
should be taxed.
A
contract for printing of judgment of courts is essen- tially a contract for
work and labour and there is no justi- fication for bifurcating that contract
into two different contracts, one for cost of labour and 312 the other for sale
of paper. Imposition of sales tax on the turnover relating to printing of
judgments of courts is, therefore, unwarranted. In the case of contracts
relating to the printing of ration cards, it is in the nature of job- works and
it is essentially a contract for the sale of finished articles.
In
P.T. Varghese v. State of Kerala, 37 STC 171, the assessee who was conducting a
press and printing bill books, vouchers, receipt books, letter heads, question
papers and notices as ordered by his clients contended that he only executed a
works contract for which he used his own paper, that the sale of paper used for
printing could not be taxed under the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963, as he
was not the first seller of paper in the State, and that the remu- neration
received by him from his clients for the work and labour could not also be
taxed under the Act. It was held that the question really was whether the
contract was for the sale of paper as well as for work and labour or whether it
was a contract for printed materials as such or whether it was a contract for
work and labour. If it was a contract for sale of paper and for work it would
be a composite contract where it might be possible to separate the sale from
the work. If, on the other hand, it was a contract for printed materials, what was
sold was not paper, but printed materials. If the contract was for work and labour,
in which the use of materials was merely accessory or incidental, it would be a
works contract which would not involve any sale and the charges received would
not be assessable to tax under the Sales Tax Act; and that the assessee's
contract with the customers was not a contract for sale of paper in which labour
was also involved making it a composite trans- action which was capable of bifurcation
into a contract for sale of materials and a contract for work and labour. What
was sold was something other than paper. It could not be said that printed
materials such as bills books, vouchers and the like were mere paper or
products of paper. Hence, the supply of bills books, vouchers etc. was liable
to be taxed under the Act as finished products. It was further held that the
question papers, however, were the subject- matter of a contract for work and labour
and the charges realised by the assessee for printing them were not liable to
tax. The High Court at page 176 of the report observed:
"Only
in respect of those goods to which title has passed as a result of contract,
can it be said that the goods have been sold. Where a person buys a "Picasso"
or a "Ravi Varma", he does not intend to buy or pay for the canvas or
the paint, although canvas and paint are involved in the production of 313 the
painting, and title to such materials is transferred to him. But such transfer
of title to the materials is not pursuant to any agree- ment for the sale of
the materials as such. It would never have been in his mind to pay separately
for the materials and for the labour. What the buyer buys is a finished product
which is a work of art. On the other hand, when a person gets his manuscript
print- ed as an article or a book of verses, the printer does no more than a
mechanical or technical job. The printer does not create the article or the
poem, but merely renders his services to print which is in the nature of a
job-work. The manuscript as such is the result of the skill, industry and
scholarship of the author. In such a case, there is no sale of the article or
book by the printer; nor would it be possible in such a case to spell out an
agreement for the sale of materials such as paper or ink, which may have been
incidentally used in the production of the printed work.
While
the painter sells a finished product which is a work of art, quite distinct and
different from the materials used in its pro- duction, the printer merely does
a job-work involving no sale; one is the work of an artist who is endowed with
the finer qualities of imagination and taste and the other that of an artisan
who is trained as a mechanic or technician- A printer of judgments, for exam- ple,
does not produce and sell them; his work is purely that of a technician. This
court has therefore held that printing of judgments is only a works contract.
The work of a printer in certain cases may involve more than print- ing; he may
be a producer of finished articles such as bill books, vouchers and the like.
When
such articles are printed and sold to the customers, what is sold is not paper
or paper products but printed materials which are finished products. Such
contracts cannot be considered as contracts for the sale of paper coupled with
an agreement to render service.
The
sale of paper had never been the subject- matter of the agreement between the
parties.
Like
in the case of painting which is a fin- ished product being a work of art, the
bill books and voucher are new products being printed materials; and the sale
of such goods does not involve a composite contract which can be bifurcated
into an agreement for the sale of goods-be they canvas and paint or paper and
ink--and an agreement for work." 314 In our opinion, the High Court
tightly applied the test in that case. Further, our attention was drawn by Mr.
Mohan to a decision of the Madras High Court in A.S. Hameed Bha- rath Press v.
State of Tamil Nadu, 54 STC 379. There, the Tribunal found that the contracts
between the assessee and his customers were indivisible contracts under which
the assessee undertook to deliver printed material in accordance with the
customer's instructions and therefore considered the receipts in the assessee's
business as representing turnover in sales of goods taxable under the Tamil Nadu
General Sales Tax Act, 1959, and that the order form was a make-believe and did
not reflect the real nature of the transactions between the assessee and his
customers. It was held that given the finding by the Tribunal, the printed
conditions in the order form were not to be accepted at face value and that the
transactions between the assessee and the customers involved only the supply of
printed material at a price. The High Court held that the decision of the
Tribunal that the entire receipts in the assessee's business must be held to be
sales turnover liable to tax under the Act must be upheld.
As
mentioned hereinbefore, the High Court was dealing entirely with sample printed
materials of order forms of bill books. The Allahabad High Court had to
consider this question in Commissioner of Sales Tax v. Uma Art Press, 56 STC
300. The decision in that case rested on the facts of that case and in the
nature of the contentions urged before us in this case, it would not be
relevant to discuss the said decision in greater details.
In
Chandra Bhan Gosain v. The State of Orissa & Ors., XIV STC 766 at 769, it
was reiterated that in case of a composite contract how to determine whether there
was sale of goods or there was works to be done depended upon the facts of each
case, and the intention of the parties, what was the essence of the contract
has to be found out. This court had to consider in C.S.T., Gujarat v. M/s. Sabarmati
Reti Udyog Sahakari Mandali Ltd., 38 STC 203, whether the contract was a works
contract or contract for sale. There the assessee had entered into a contract
with the Public Works Department of the Govt. of Gujarat for the manufacture
and supply of kiln-burnt bricks to that department. The contract was found to
be in a tender "for supply of materi- als" containing a memorandum of
the conditions. The nature of the work was described as "manufacturing and
supplying kiln-burnt bricks for construction". In the tender the assessee
stated the condition and analysing the decision in the light of Chandra Bhan Gosain's
case, this Court held that the contract was one for sale and not a works
contract.
315
Mr. Mohan further drew our attention to the observations of the English
decision in Marcel (Furriers) Ltd. v. Tapper, [1953] 1 WLR 49. There, the
defendant, on behalf of his wife, ordered from the plaintiffs, a firm of
furriers, a mutation mink coat. The defendant's wife selected skins of the colour
she desired and specified the style of the coat she required, directing that it
should be made with the skins running horizontally. Her instructions were
carried out, but the coat was eventually rejected by her. The plain- tiffs
brought an action against the defendant claiming Pound 950 for work done and
materials supplied in the making of the coat. By his defence the defendant
pleaded that the contract was one for the sale of goods of the value of Pound
10 or over and was unenforceable pursuant to section 4 of the Sale of Goods Act,
1893 of England by reason of the fact that there was no note or memorandum in
writing of the contract signed by the party to be charged or his agent. It was
held that although a high degree of skill and craftsman- ship might be required
in making of the coat, the contract was no more than one for the making of an
article for the special use of the customer by someone whose business it was to
make it. The nature of the transaction, therefore, was that it was one for the
making and supply of a particular article at a price and not one for work and labour
done and materials supplied, and there being no memorandum in writing to
satisfy the requirements of section 4 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1893, the
contract was unenforceable. Hence, the principle following from the decision is
that the nature of transaction has to be found out, whether it is making and
supply of particular article or printing material.
Mr. Ramchandran,
however, submitted before us that in view of the principles laid down by this
Court in The State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley & Co. (Madras) Ltd., IX
STC 353 and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. v. State of Karnataka, 55 STC 314, the
High Court was right. He submitted that the contract in essence was for supply
of question papers which are not commercial commodities. The blank papers
ceased to be the property of the dealer, the moment questions were printed on
these. These are the exclusive properties of the University or other
educational institutions, and were to be kept secret until the University chose
to divulge these at the time of the examinations. The dealer cannot deal with
the printed question papers. Upon printing he lost his capacity to contract,
ceased to be the sole owner, and could not sell to anybody he chose. He had to
hand-over the entire question papers to the University. It was a special kind
of job entrusted for confidence reposed and for the delicate matter of the job
to be performed. The work in connection therewith was predominantly 316 in the
transaction. The material and the skill in doing so, both are incidental. In
that view of the matter he submitted that the High Court was right, and indeed
a contract for sale pre-supposes the capacity in the dealer to contract with
regard to the finished item. For this, reliance was placed on the observations
of this Court in The State of Madras's case (supra), and also on Hindustan
Aeronautics Ltd's case (supra) at pages 320, 323 & 327. The thing pro- duced
must have individual existence as the sole property of the party who produced
it, which can be passed on for a price, in order to be a sale. Reliance was
placed on the observations in Patnaik & Co. v. The State of Orissa, XVI STC
364 and T.V. Sundram lyengar & Sons v. The State of Madras, 35 STC 24.. The
test is whether work and labour are bestowed on anything that can properly
become the subject of sale.
The
court has to find out the primary object of the transaction and intention of
the parties. In this connec- tion, it is necessary to rely on the observations
of this Court in Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd's case (supra) at pages 327,333-334
of the report.
The
primary difference between a contract for work or service and a contract for
sale is that in the former there is in the person performing or rendering
service no property in the thing produced as a whole, notwithstanding that a
part or even the whole of the material used by him may have been his property.
Where the finished product supplied to a particular customer is not a
commercial commodity in the sense that it cannot be sold in the market to any
other person, the transaction is only a works contract. See the observation in
The Court Press Job Branch, Salem v. The State of Tamil Nadu, 54 STC 383 and
Commissioner of Sales Tax, M.P. v. Ratna Fine Arts Printing Press, 56 STC 77.
In our
opinion, in each case the nature of the contract and the transaction must be
found out. And this is possible only when the intention of the parties is found
out. The fact that in the execution of a contract for work some materials are
used and the property/goods so used, passes to the other party, the contractor
undertaking to do the work will not necessarily be deemed, on that account, to
sell the materials. Whether or not and which part of the job work relates to
that depends as mentioned hereinbefore, on the nature of the transaction. A
contract for work in the execu- tion of which goods are used may take any one
of the three forms as mentioned by this Court in The Government of Andhra
Pradesh v. Guntur Tobaccos (supra).
317 In
our opinion, the contract in this case is one, having regard to the nature of
the job to be done and the confi- dence reposed, for work to be done for
remuneration and supply of paper was just incidental. Hence, the entire price
for the printed question papers would have been entitled to be excluded from
the taxable turnover, but since in the instant case the deemed notes prepared
by the assessee showed the costs of paper separately, it appears that it has
treated the supply of paper separately. Except the materials supplied on the
basis of such contract, the contract will continue to be a contract for work
and labour and no liabil- ity to sales-tax would arise in respect thereof. The
High Court was, therefore, fight in the view it took in Civil Appeals Nos.
2346-2347/78.
The
facts in the other appeals are identical.
All
these appeals are dismissed accordingly but without, in the facts and
circumstances of the case, any order as to costs.
G.N.
Appeals dismissed.
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