Smt. Mainia
Vs. Deputy Director of Consolidation & Ors [1989] INSC 225 (4 August 1989)
Verma,
Jagdish Saran (J) Verma, Jagdish Saran (J) Sharma, L.M. (J)
CITATION:
1989 AIR 1872 1989 SCR (3) 685 1989 SCC (4) 370 JT 1989 (3) 288 1989 SCALE
(2)147
ACT:
United
Provinces Tenancy Act, 1939.' Sections 35, 36 and 180-Character of widow's
possession after remarriage---Altered by operation of law--No further animus
required.
U.P. Zamindari
Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950:
Sections
171 & 172--Succession in case of woman holding interest inherited as a
widow.
HEAD NOTE:
One
Chain Sukh died issueless. His interest as the occupancy tenant of the land in
dispute therefore devolved upon his widow, Smt. Sukhia, in accordance with
section 35 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act, 1939. A couple of years after
the death of Chain Sukh, Sukhia remarried Gopal Singh in "Karwa" form
according to the caste custom, prior to the date of vesting, i.e., 1.7.1952,
under the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950. A son Chartder
Pal, respondent No. 4, was born to Sukhia. Sukhia continued to remain in
possession of this holding till her death in 1965.
The
appellant is the sister of deceased Chain Sukh. A dispute arose between the
appellant and Chander Pal during the consolidation proceedings under the U.P.
Consolidation of Land Holdings Act, each of them claiming interest to the
exclusion of the other. The Consolidation Officer held that Smt. Sukhia on her
remarriage lost her interest in the holding and by virtue of section 171 of the
Zamindari Abolition Act, Smt. Mainia being the sister of Chain Sukh inherited
the interest in the holding. The Settlement Officer, Consolidation, dismissed Chander
Pal's appeal. The Settlement Officer, however, held that a legal marriage of Smt.
Sukhia with Gopal Singh was not proved; that Smt. Sukhia cultivated the land
throughout as the widow of Chain Sukh, and that, after her death the appellant inherrited
it. In revision, the Deputy Director Consolidation held that Smt. Sukhia's
"Karva" with Gopal Singh not being proved to he a legal marriage, the
succession would he governed on the basis that she was Chain Sukh's widow at
the time of her death.
Chander
Pal filed a writ under Article 226, and the High Court 686 while allowing the
petition held that the consolidation authorities erred in deciding the matter
on the basis that Smt. Sukhia's marriage with Gopal Singh was not proved to he
legal. The High Court observed that in view of appellant Smt. Mainia's clear
admission that Smt. Sukhia was remarried to Gopal Singh in "Karwa"
form, and that they had been living together as husband and wife for several
years, no further proof of legality of the remarriage was necessary.
The
High Court further held that the effect of the provisions of the Tenancy Act
was that her interest in the holding after her remarriage was in her own right
and not as widow of Chain Sukh, and therefore, by virtue of section 180(2) of
the Tenancy Act she acquired an independent right which did not devolve upon
her death to Chain Sukh's sister, but to her son Chander Pal born to her after
her remarriage with Gopal Singh.
Before
this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellant that Smt. Sukhia's
interest in the holding continued till her death only as widow of Chain Sukh
since her initial interest in the holding was by devolution as widow of Chain Sukh
under section 35 of the Tenancy Act; that Smt. Sukhia's remarriage with Gopal
Singh was not proved; that since the possession of Smt. Sukhia was recorded
throughout as widow of Chain Sukh, there was no occasion for attracting the
provisions contained in section 180(2) of the Tenancy Act; and that on her
death in 1965 the succession was governed by section 172 read with section 171
of the Zamindari Abolition Act. In reply, it was contended that remarriage of Smt.
Sukhia prior to the date of vesting, i.e., 1.7. 1952, under the U.P. Zamindari
Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 being the admitted case of the appellant, Smt.
Mainia, herself, the appellant could not now he permitted to take contrary
stand; that the possession of Smt. Sukhia in the holding at the time .of her
death not being as a widow of Chain Sikh but in her own right, the succession
was governed not by section 172 but by section 174 of the Zamindari Abolition
Act under which Chartder Pal inherited Smt. Sukhia's interest in the holding as
her son.
Dismissing
the appeal, this Court,
HELD:
(1)
The case of the appellant before the Consolidation Officer was put up on the
basis of Smt. Sukhia being remarried to Gopal Singh and Chander Pal being the
son born to Smt. Sukhia after her remarriage could not claim to be a legal heir
of Smt. Sukhia's first husband Chain Sukh. The High Court was, therefore. right
in taking the view that the matter must he decided on that basis. [691F-G]
(2)
The mere fact of Smt. Sukhia's name being shown in the 687 family register as
widow of Chain Sukh till the time of her death in 1965 did not have the effect
of continuing Smt. Sukhia's status as widow of Chain Sukh even after she had
become the wife of Gopal Singh as a result of her remarriage. [691H-692A] BadriPrasad
v. Deputy Director Consolidation, A.I.R. 1978S.C. 1557, referred to.
(3)
Section 36 of the Tenancy Act, which clearly provides for succession to a
female tenant holding an interest inherited as a widow in the case of her
marriage thereafter, or, in other words, remarriage, was attracted in the
present case. [692F]
(4)
According to section 36, on the remarriage of Smt. Sukhia with Gopal Singh the
interest devolved in accordance with the order of succession laid down in
section 35 on the heirs of the last male descendant, that is, Chain Sukh but
appellant Smt. Mainia, married sister of Chain Sukh, not being one of the heirs
of Chain Sukh according to section 35 of the Tenancy Act, the interest did not
devolve on Smt. Mainia.
(5)
The continued possession of Smt. Sukhia after her remarriage attracted section
180 of the Tenancy Act. [693D]
(6)
Admittedly, no suit as contemplated by sub-section (2) of section 180 of the
Tenancy Act was brought at any time against Smt. Sukhia and the prescribed
period of limitation for such a suit expired prior to her death in 1965.
Sub-section
(2) of section 180 of the Tenancy Act was, therefore, clearly attracted and Smt.
Sukhia had become a hereditary tenant by virtue of that section with the
further consequences flowing therefrom. [694A-B]
(7)
The legal consequence flowing from sections 36 and 180 of the U.P. Tenancy Act
is enough to indicate that the character of widow's possession after her
remarriage altered by operation of law and any further animus is not required
to bring about the effect of the statutory provisions which ensue on expiry of
the limitation prescribed for a suit to evict her. [694G] Ram Jivan v. Smt. Phoola
(dead) by Lrs., [1976] 3 SCR 262; Jagarnath and others v. Deputy Director of
Consolidation Gorakhpur and others, [1976] AWC 654 and Chhiddoo Singh v. Deputy
Director of Consolidation & others., [1976] AWC 809, distinguished.
688
CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 955 of 1981.
From
the Judgment and Order dated 11.5.79 of the Allahabad High Court in W.P. No.
3048 of 1973.
P.N. Lekhi
and M.K. Garg for the Appellant.
K.M. Sinha,
Deepak Jaiswal and Pramod Swarup for the Respondents.
The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by VERMA, J. This appeal by special leave
under Article 136 of the Constitution of India is against the judgment of a
learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court in Writ Petition No. 3048 of
1973 decided on May 11,
1979.
The
subject-matter of the dispute is a holding comprising of Khata No. 141 in
village Khera, Laxmipur, Pargana Kashipur in District Naimtal of which one
Chain Sukh was initially the occupancy tenant. The said Chain Sukh died
issueless prior to the date of vesting, that is, 1.7.1952 under the U.P. Zamindari
Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (hereinafter referred to as "the Zamindari
Abolition Act") survived by his widow, Smt. Sukhia. The interest of Chain Sukh
as the occupancy tenant of the holding devolved upon his widow, Smt. Sukhia, in
accordance with section 35 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act, 1939
(hereinafter referred to as "the Tenancy Act") in the absence of any
male lineal descendant of Chain Sukh. The appellant, Smt. Mainia, is the sister
of deceased Chain Sukh. Even according to the appellant, Smt. Mainia, Chain Sukh's
widow, Smt. Sukhia, remarried Gopal Singh in "Karwa" form according
to the caste custom about two years after the death of Chain Sukh and a son, Chander
Pal, respondent No. 4, was born to Sukhia during her wedlock with Gopal Singh. Smt.
Sukhia continued to remain in possession of this holding till her death in
1965.
A
dispute arose between appellant, Smt. Mainia and respondent No. 4, Chander Pal,
during the consolidation proceedings under the U.P. Consolidation of Land
Holdings Act in respect of this holding, each of them claiming sole interest
therein to the exclusion of the other. Ultimately, the Consolidation Officer, Afzalgarh,
by his order dated 29.1.1972 (Annexure III) passed under section 9-A of the Act
689 dismissed Chander Pal's claim to the holding. The Consolidation Officer
held that Smt. Sukhia on her remarriage with Gopal Singh lost her interest in
the holding and by virtue of section 171 of the Zamindari Abolition Act,
appellant, Smt. Mainia, being the sister of Chain Sukh inherited the interest
in the holding. It was held that Chander Pal, not being the son of Smt. Sukhia
from Chain Sukh but the son born to Smt. Sukhia after her remarriage with Gopal
Singh, could not inherit as a heir of Chain Sukh. The Settlement Officer,
Consolidation, Nainital dismissed Chander .Pal's appeal under Section 11
against the order of the Consolidation Officer by order dated 14.2.1972
(Annexure IV). However, the Settlement Officer held that even though Smt. Sukhia
lived in the house of Gopal Singh for several years there is no positive
evidence of her remarriage with Gopal Singh and therefore a legal marriage of Smt.
Sukhia with Gopal Singh is not proved. It was held that Smt. Sukhia cultivated
the land throughout as the widow of Chain Sukh and therefore Chain Sukh's
sister Smt. Mainia inherited it after the death of Smt. Sukhia. A revision by Chander
Pal to the Deputy Director Consolidation, Moradabad, Camp Kashipur, under
Section 48 was also dismissed by order dated 15.11.1972 (Annexure V). It was
observed that Smt. Mainia in her reply dated 10.12.1970 had stated that Smt. Sukhia
did "Karwa" with Gopal Singh but Smt. Sukhia had been shown in the
family register as widow of Chain Sukh which shows that Smt. Sukhia was treated
as a widow of Chain Sukh till the time of her death. It was held that Smt. Sukhia's
"Karwa" with Gopal Singh not being proved to be a legal marriage, the
succession would be governed on the basis that she. was Chain Sukh's widow at
the time of her death.
A writ
petition under Article 226 of the Constitution was then filed by Chander Pal in
the High Court which has been allowed by the impugned judgment dated May 11,
1979.
The
High Court has quashed the orders passed by the Consolidation Authorities and
directed the Deputy Director (Consolidation) to decide the revision of Chander
Pal afresh on the basis of the decision given in the writ petition. The High
Court has held that the consolidation authorities erred in deciding the matter
on the basis that Smt. Sukhia's marriage with Gopal Singh was not proved to be
legal and, therefore, Smt. Sukhia's possession of the holding till the time of
her death was merely as widow of Chain Sukh. It was pointed out that in view of
appellant Smt. Mainia's clear admission that Smt. Sukhia was remarried to Gopal
Singh in "Karwa" form, according to caste custom, after Chain Sukh's
death and that they had been living together as husband and wife for several years
no further proof of legality of the remarriage was necessary. Reliance was
placed 690 by the High Court on a decision of the Supreme Court in Badri Prasad
v. Deputy Director Consolidation, A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 1557 for reaching its
conclusion and it was held that this strong presumption of validity of Smt. Sukhia's
remarriage with Gopal Singh was not rebutted by the entry in the family
register which continued to show Smt. Sukhia as the widow of Chain Sukh.
Consequently, it was held by the High Court that the finding of the
consolidation authorities that Smt. Sukhia's interest in the holding continued
to be as widow of Chain Sukh was a manifest error of law. The High Court then
proceeded to examine the legal consequences of Smt. Sukhia remarriage with Gopal
Singh prior to the date of vesting i.e., 1.7.1952 under the Zamindari Abolition
Act and her continuous possession over the holding after her remarriage. It was
held by the High Court that the effect of the provisions of the Tenancy Act was
that her interest in the holding after her remarriage was in her own right and
not as widow of Chain Sukh; and therefore, by virtue of section 180(2) of the
Tenancy Act she acquired an independent right which did not devolve upon her
death to Chain Sukh's sister, appellant Smt. Mainia, but to her son Chander Pal
born to her after her remarriage with Gopal Singh. It is on this basis that the
High Court has directed the Deputy Director, Consolidation, to decide
respondent No. 4, Chander Pal's revision afresh. Hence this appeal by special
leave.
Shri
P.N. Lekhi, learned counsel for the appellant, Smt. Mainia, has assailed the
decision of the High Court substantially on the ground that Smt. Sukhia's
interest in the holding continued till her death only as widow of Chain Sukh
since her initial interest in the holding was by revolution as widow of Chain Sukh
under section 35 of the Tenancy Act.
Learned
Counsel for the appellant also contended before us that Smt. Sukhia's
remarriage with Gopal Singh was not proved and, therefore, the consequences of
remarriage, if any, did not arise. He argued that Smt. Sukhia's name was
recorded throughout only as the widow of Chain Sukh which negatived the case of
her remarriage with Gopal Singh after the death of Chain Sukh. He argued that
since the possession of Smt. Sukhia till her death in 1965 was as widow of
Chain Sukh, there was no occasion for attracting the provisions contained in
section 180(2) of the Tenancy Act. It was urged that on the death of Smt. Sukhia
in 1965 the succession was governed by section 172 read with section 171 of the
Zamindari Abolition Act on account of which by virtue of clause (m) of section
171 appellant Smt. Mainia being the married sister of Chain Sukh inherited the
interest in the holding instead of respondent No. 4, Chander Pal by virtue of
section 174 of that Act.
691 In
reply, Shri K.M. Sinha, learned counsel for respondent No. 4 contended that
remarriage of Smt. Sukhia with Gopal Singh after the death of Chain Sukh prior
to the date of vesting i.e., 1.7. 1952 under the Zamindari Abolition Act being
the admitted case of appellant Smt. Mainia herself, the appellant cannot now be
permitted to take a contrary stand. It was urged that the conclusion of the
High Court is correct and that consequence is obvious from the provisions of
the Tenancy Act. On this basis, it was urged that the possession of Smt. Sukhia
in the holding at the time of her death not being as a widow of Chain Sukh but
in her own right the succession is governed not by section 172 but by section
174 of the Zamindari Abolition Act under which respondent No. 4, Chander Pal,
inherited Smt. Sukhia's interest in the holding as her son.
In our
opinion, the contention of learned counsel for the appellant cannot be accepted
and on the case set up by Smt. Mainia herself no fault can be found with the
reasoning or conclusion of the High Court.
It is
obvious even from the orders of the consolidation authorities that Smt. Sukhia's
remarriage in "Karwa" form according to the caste custom with Gopal
Singh a couple of years after the death of Chain Sukh was pleaded by Smt. Mainia
herself in her reply dated 10.12.1970 as mentioned in the order dated
15.11.1972 (Annexure V) by the Deputy Director (Consolidation) while deciding Chander
Pal's revision.
The
controversy between the parties before the consolidation authorities was at
best only about the validity of the remarriage and not its factum. Moreover,
the order of the Consolidation Officer dated 29.1. 1972 (Annexure III) also
indicates that before the Consolidation Officer appellant, Smt. Mainia, did not
dispute even the validity of Smt. Sukhia's remarriage with Gopal Singh and the
case of the appellant before the Consolidation Officer was put on the basis of Smt.
Sukhia being remarried to Gopal Singh and Chander Pal being the son born to Smt.
Sukhia after her remarriage so that Chander Pal could not claim to be a legal
heir of Smt. Sukhia's first husband Chain Sukh. The High Court was, therefore,
right in taking the view that the matter must be decided on the basis of Smt. Sukhia
being remarried to Gopal Singh a couple of years after the death of her first
husband Chain Sukh and the question of factum or validity of Smt. Sukhia's
remarriage with Gopal Singh did not really arise.
This
being so, the mere fact of Smt. Sukhia's name being shown in the family
register as widow of Chain Sukh till the time of her death in 1965 did not have
the effect of continuing Smt. Sukhia's status as widow of Chain Sukh even after
she 692 had become the wife of Gopal Singh as a result of her remarriage.
The
effect of the statutory provisions on the continued possession of Smt. Sukhia
in this altered status has, therefore, to be examined.
The
relevant provisions of the Tenancy Act may now be noticed. Admittedly,
succession to the interest of Chain Sukh on his death was governed by section
35 of the Tenancy Act according to which the interest of Chain Sukh in the
holding devolved upon Smt. Sukhia as his widow in the absence of any male
lineal descendant in the male line of descendant. Section 36 of the Tenancy Act
is as under:
"36(1)
When a female tenant, other than a tenant mentioned in section 34, who either
before or after the commencement of this Act has inherited an interest in a
holding as a widow, as a mother, as.a step-mother, as a father's mother, or, as
a daughter dies or abandons such holding, or surrenders such holding, or a part
of such holding or, in the case of a tenant inheriting as a widow or as a
daughter, marries such holding or such part of such holding shall,
notwithstanding anything in section 45, devolve in accordance with the order of
succession laid down in section 35 on the heir of the last male tenant, other
than a tenant who inherited as a father's father under the provisions of that
section .........
(emphasis
supplied)" The applicability of section 36 in the present case was
disputed by the learned counsel for the appellant. We are unable to agree.
Section 36 clearly provides for succession to a female tenant holding an
interest inherited as a widow in the case of her marriage thereafter, or, in other
words, remarriage. The learned counsel for the appellant contends that this is
not so. In our opinion, the argument overlooks the clear words "in the
case of a tenant inheriting as a widow .... marries" which show that the
situation where a female tenant who inherited as a widow marries, or, in other
words, remarries is specifically covered by section 36. The contrary
construction placed on section 36 by the learned counsel for the appellant
would render these words redundant. The word 'marries' instead of the word
'remarries' has been used for the obvious reason that it refers both to a widow
as well as a daughter.
We
have, therefore, no doubt that section 36 was attracted in the 693 present case
when Smt. Sukhia remarried Gopal Singh after the death of Chain Sukh. Section
36 also overrides section 45 since it clearly says, "notwithstanding
anything in section 45" which provides generally for extinguishment of the
interest of a tenant in the manner specified therein.
The
argument of the learned counsel for the appellant that clause (a) of section 45
deals with the situation of death of a tenant and, therefore, attracted, in the
present case, on the death of Smt. Sukhia in 1965 is untenable in view of the
express provision made in section 36.
The
result is that according to section 36 on the remarriage of Sukhia with Gopal
Singh the interest devolved in accordance with the order of succession laid
down in section 35 on the heir of the last male descendant, that is, Chain Sukh
but appellant Smt. Mainia, married sister of Chain Sukh, not being one of the
heirs of Chain Sukh according to section 35 of the Tenancy Act, the interest
did not devolve on Smt. Mainia.
The
continued possession of Smt. Sukhia thereafter attracted section 180 of the
Tenancy Act, the relevant portion of which is as under:
180(1)
A person taking or retaining possession of a plot of land without the consent
of the person entitled to admit him to occupy such plot and otherwise than in
accordance with the provisions of the law for the time being in force, shall be
liable to ejectment under the section on the suit of the person so entitled,
and also to pay damages which may extend to four times the annual rental value
calculated in accordance with the sanctioned rates applicable to hereditary
tenants:
XXX XXX
XXX (2) If no suit is brought under this section, or if a decree obtained under
this section is not executed, the person in possession shall become a
hereditary tenant of such plot, or if such person is a co-sharer, he shall
become a khudkashtholder, on the expiry of the period of limitation prescribed
for such suit or for the execution of such decree, as the case may be:
XXX XXX
XXX." 694 Admittedly, no suit as contemplated by sub-section (2) of
section 180 of the Tenancy Act was brought at any time against Smt. Sukhia and
the prescribed period of limitation for such a suit expired prior to her death
in 1965. Subsection (2) of section 180 was, therefore, clearly attracted and Smt.
Sukhia had become a hereditary tenant by virtue of section 180(2) of the
Tenancy Act with the further consequences flowing therefrom. The case of the
appellant is based on the applicability of section 172 of the Zamindari
Abolition Act which governs succession 'in the case of a woman holding an
interest inherited as a widow etcon the ground that Smt. Sukhia's interest upto
the time of her death was only as the widow of Chain Sukh. It is by virtue of
section 172 that the claim is made by the appellant. Smt.
Mainia
as the married sister of Chain Sukh under clause (m) of section 171. We have
already indicated that the foundation of Smt. Mainia's claim is non-existent.
If such a situation, the appellant's claim was rightly negatived by the High
Court.
The
learned counsel for the appellant referred to the decision of this Court in Ram
Jivan v. Smt. Phoola (dead) by Lrs. & Ors., [1976] 3 SCR 262. In view of
the above conclusion, obviously that decision has no application. The learned
counsel also referred to two Single Bench decisions of the Allahabad High
Court, namely, Jaganath and others v. Deputy Director of Consolidation Gorakhpur
and others, [1976] AWC 654 and Chhiddoo Singh v. Deputy Director of
Consolidation & others, [1976] AWC 809. The first decision did not involve
this point. The learned single Judge in the other decision under provisions of
the Agra Tenancy Act took the view that when a widow initially enters into
possession as a limited owner, the character of her subsequent possession after
remarriage cannot change in the absence of evidence of a change in her animus.
It was held that in such a case it is for the widow to show that later she had
asserted her absolute right and was possessing adversely as an absolute owner
in order to prescribe for absolute ownership. It is sufficient for us to say
that the legal consequence flowing from sections 36 and 180 of the U.P. Tenancy
Act is enough to indicate that the character of widow's possession after her
remarriage altered by operation of law and any further animus is not required
to bring about the effect of the statutory provisions which ensue on expiry of
the limitation prescribed for a suit to evict her. That decision does not
indicate consideration of the effect of a provision like section 180(2) of the
Tenancy Act, assuming there was such a provision in the Agra Tenancy Act and
also that section 24 of the Agra Tenancy Act was similar to section 36 of the
U.P. Tenancy Act. These decisions are clearly distinguishable. However, if the
other decision 695 under the Agra Tenancy Act is read as taking a contrary
view, we are unable to subscribe to that view.
In the
result, the appeal fails and is dismissed. However, in the circumstances of the
case, we make no order as to costs.
R.S.S.
Appeal dismissed.
Back