Miss Lena Khan Vs. Union of India & Ors [1987] INSC 89; 1987 Air 1515; 1987 Scr (2) 727; 1987 Scc (2) 402; Jt 1987 (2) 19; 1987 Scale (1) 642 (30 March 1987)

KHALID, V. (J) KHALID, V. (J) OZA, G.L. (J)

CITATION: 1987 AIR 1515 1987 SCR (2) 727 1987 SCC (2) 402 JT 1987 (2) 19 1987 SCALE (1)642

CITATOR INFO :

R 1987 SC1527 (30)

ACT:

Constitution of India, 1950--Articles 14 and 15--Retirement-Different age fixed for employees of Indian origin and foreign origin Whether permissible.

Constitution of India--Article 12--Air India--Whether falls within the definition of "State"--An instrumentality or agency of State having operations outside India--For complying with the Municipal Law abroad--Whether could disregard Article 14 of the Indian Constitution.

Constitution of India--Article 14 Air Hostesses and Deputy Chief Air Hostess--Having regard to the nature of duties performed by them--Whether belong to the same class.

U.K. Sex Discrimination Act, 1975, s. 6(4)---To have the same age of retirement for the Air Hostesses recruited in U.K. as is provided for an Air Hostess recruited of Indian origin--Whether violative of the Act.

HEADNOTE:

The petitioner, who was employed as Deputy Chief Air Hostess in Air India, flied this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution, alleging that while the employees of Indian origin have to retire at 35 years with extension till 45, those of foreign origin can go beyond 45 years, which is discriminatory and violative of Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution. Accordingly, prayer was made to quash the letter sent to her retiring her on 28.2.1987, to declare Regulation 46(1)(c) of the Service Regulations ultra vires, to direct reconsideration of the decision in Air India v. Nargesh Meerza, [1982] 1 SCR 438 and to declare that the petitioner will retire only on her attaining the age of 58 years.

In the. counter-affidavit it was alleged that Air-India has not fixed any higher retirement age for Air-Hostesses who are recruited outside India, that Air India has appointed a few Air Hostesses abroad who belong to different nationalities and speak different European languages with a view to deal with passengers conversant only with 728 these languages, that Air India has been encouraging its Indian Air Hostesses to learn European languages and in view of this 'position Air India is in the process of phasing out Air Hostesses of foreign origin, that service conditions and terms of appointment of the Air Hostesses appointed abroad are different than the service conditions of Air Hostesses appointed in India and that no Air Hostess of foreign origin is promoted to the post of Deputy Chief Air Hostess, Additional Chief Air Hostess or Chief Air Hostess. These promotional avenues are available only to the Air Hostesses appointed in India.

Dismissing the Petition,

HELD: (Per Khalid, J)

1. Identical questions were raised and considered at length by this Court in Air India v. Nargesh Meerza (supra) and that decision is binding. [730A-B]

2. Air India's policy now is to phase out Air Hostesses recruited outside India and restore uniformity in their retirement age. [731B-C]

3. The petitioner is an Air Hostess and does not belong to a separate class. The duties and functions of Deputy Chief Air Hostess includes operation service as a regular line Air Hostess and she will be required to perform the same functions as that of other Air Hostesses. [731F]

4. Air Hostesses who are recruited outside India are not entitled to the benefits of promotion to which India Air Hostesses are entitled. This should satisfy the petitioner in the instant case. [731E] Per Oza, J.)

1. Air India being a Corporation is for all purposes State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India and it cannot follow a foreign Corporation in treating Indians differently and discriminate against them.

[732B-C] Air India etc. etc. v. Nargesh Meerza & Others etc.

etc., [1982] 1 SCR 438, referred to.

2. Air India in order to avoid committing an offence abroad cannot disregard Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. An Indian citizen in such a situation should prefer to walk off from a State where he may 729 have to flout Indian Constitution to save himself from committing of an offence. Air India should abide by the requirements of Article 14 rather than anything else.

[732F-G]

3. It has been conceded that in view of s. 6(4) of the United Kingdom Sex Discrimination Act, 1975 it will not be a contravention of that law to have the same age of retirement for an Air Hostess recruited in U.K. as is provided for an Air Hostess recruited of Indian origin. [733B-C]

4. In view of the policy of Air India that henceforth Air Hostesses recruited anywhere will be treated in the same manner as Air Hostesses recruited from India no interference is called for. [733C-D]

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 231 of 1987.

(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India).

Soli J. Sorabjee, P.H. Parekh, Rajender Mahapatra and Ms. Ayesha Misra for the Petitioner.

K.K. Venugopal, D.R. Dhanuka, Mr. Kapil Sibal, Lalit Bhasin, Vineet Kumar and Ms. Nina Gupta for the Respondents.

The following Judgments of the Court were delivered by KHALID, J. In this writ petition, filed by an Air India employee, who at the relevant time was Deputy Chief Air Hostess, notice was taken for the respondents when the matter came up for admission. We directed the respondents to file their Counter Affidavit. Accordingly Counter Affidavit has been filed. The Petitioner has filed her Rejoinder Affidavit also. Heard the learned counsel on both sides at some length.

Under the existing rules, namely Regulation 46(1)(c) of the Service Regulation the petitioner was to retire on 28-2-1987 and in fact she retired on that date. The prayer in the writ petition is to quash the letter sent to her retiring her on 28-2-1987, to declare Regulation 46(1)(c) ultra vires, to direct reconsideration of the decision in Air India v. Nargesh Meerza, [1982] 1 SCR 438 and to declare that the petitioner will retire only on her attaining the age of 58 years.

Identical questions were raised before this Court in a few writ 730 petitions earlier by some other employees of Air India and they were considered at length by a bench of three Judges in Air India v. Nargesh Meerza and were considered in favour of Air India. We are bound by this decision. The learned counsel for the petitioner submits that this decision needs reconsideration and made a fervent appeal to us to refer the matter for that purpose. We do not feel persuaded to accept this request.

The main thrust of the submissions by the petitioner's counsel is based on Article 14 and Article 15 of the Constitution of India, in that Air India discriminates between the Air Hostesses and the officers like the petitioner of Indian origin and of foreign origin who are employees of Air India.

The contention is that while the employees of India origin have to retire at 35 years with extension till 45, those of foreign origin can go beyond 45 years. This contention also was considered by this Court in the decision referred above.

The case that Air Hostess recruited outside India can be in the employment of Air India beyond 45 years is met in the Counter Affidavit in the following paragraph:

" ....... Therefore, I submit that so far as Air India is concerned, it has not fixed any higher retirement age for Air Hostesses who are recruited outside India. In U.K. there are only six Air Hostesses and they are also being phased out. The Senior most Air Hostess in U.K. in terms of age is 41 years old. It is further pertinent to note that there are only six Air Hostesses presently employed in U.K.

These Air Hostesses belong to different nationalities and speak different European languages with a view to dealing with passengers conversant only with these languages. I say that Air India has been encouraging its Indian Air Hostesses to learn European languages. In view of this position Air India is in the process of phasing out the European Air Hostesses employed in U.K. It is also pertinent to note that Air India has appointed a few Air Hostesses in Japan. These Air Hostesses were also appointed for the same reason i.e. their knowledge of the Japanese language.

The Air Hostesses employed in Japan would also retire upon reaching the normal age of retirement applicable to Indian Air Hostesses. I say that the service conditions and terms of appointment of the Air Hostesses appointed abroad are different than the service conditions 731 of Air Hostesses appointed in India. It is of utmost importance to note that no Air Hostess appointed is promoted to the post of Deputy Chief Air Hostess, Additional Chief Air Hostess or Chief Air Hostess. These promotional avenues are available only to the Air Hostesses appointed in India From the above extract we find that Air India's policy now is to phase out Air Hostesses recruited outside India and restore uniformity in their retirement age. In U.K., there are only six Air Hostesses, the senior-most among whom is only aged 41. The provisions of Sex Discrimination Act, 1975 applicable to United Kingdom was brought to our notice.

Part II deals with discrimination in the employment field.

Section 6(1)(b) and Section 6(2) make discrimination against a woman in the terms of service, promotion opportunities and termination unlawful. But Section 6(4) protects provisions which relate to death and retirement from the vice of the above sections. We refer this only to reassure ourselves that it would be possible for Air India to phase out U.K.

incumbents when they attain the age of 45. Air Hostesses employed in Japan would also retire upon reaching the normal age of retirement applicable to Indian Air Hostesses. It is useful to note that Air Hostesses who are recruited outside India are not entitled to the benefits of promotion to which Indian Air Hostesses are entitled. We are of the view that this should satisfy the petitioner.

The case that the petitioner is not an Air Hostess, but belongs to a separate class can also not be accepted. This case did not find favour with this Court in the above decision either. The duties and functions of Deputy Chief Air Hostess includes operation service as a regular line Air Hostess and she will be required to perform the same functions as that of other Air Hostesses. The writ petition thus is devoid of any merit and hence is dismissed.

OZA, J. Having gone through the judgment dictated by my learned brother Khalid J. although I agree with the conclusions arrived at by him but will like to add my own reasons for the conclusions.

When this petition came up before us the main ground which moved us to issue notice was that the Air-India employ Indian as well as girls coming from different nationalities as air-hostesses and in respect of the age of retirement there are different rules for airhostesses recruited from different countries. It was alleged that whereas an Indian recruited as air-hostess will normally retire at the 732 age of 35 years which could be extended upto 45, a British girl recruited as air-hostess retires at the age of 55 years and this, according to the petitioner, was discrimination on the basis of colour.

In return the stand taken by the Air-India is that "As a matter of fact the Air Hostess recruited by British Airways in India retire at the age of 36 years in India whereas their counterparts in U.K. retire at the age of 55 years." It is unfortunate that the second respondent a Corporation which is for all purposes State within the meaning of the term as provided in Article 12 of Constitution of India should follow the British Airways in treating Indians differentially and discriminate against them. Reliance was also placed in return on the decision of this Court in Air India etc. etc. v. Nergesh Meerza & Ors. etc. etc., [1982] 1 SCR 438. In return a passage has been quoted which appears at page 472 of the judgment. It is true that this is what has been observed in this judgment by a Bench of three Judges of this Court. It is observed:

" ..... There is no complaint by the petitioners that between the separate class of AHs inter se there has been any discrimination regarding any matter. In fact, the only point raised on this aspect was that AHs employed by A.I. in U.K. have different conditions of service from AHs serving A.I. in countries other than U.K. Doubtless this distinction is there but this is really a fortuitous circumstances because A.I. was forced to comply with the local laws of U.K. in order to increase the age of retirement of AHs posted in England. Surely we cannot expect A.I. to commit an offence by violating the laws of U.K ........ " It appears as it was also contended that they are bound by the decision of this Court. It is no doubt true that this is the decision which is binding but even in a situation as has been indicated in this judgment that Air India in order to avoid committing an offence in accordance with the law of United Kingdom is choosing to disregard Article 14 of the Constitution. But I have no hesitation that an Indian citizen in such a situation would prefer to walk off from a State where he may have to flout our Constitution to save himself from commission of an offence. All the more the same is expected of respondent No. 2, a corporation controlled by the Government of India. It is expected that this corporation would abide by the requirement of Art. 14 rather than anything else. If need be, it has to walk out of a country where it may become impossible to act in accordance with the ideals of our Constitution or where it may become necessary to disregard the provisions of our 733 Constitution and it is not something new as we have been keeping away from countries which follow apartheid policies.

But I am happy that Shri Venugopal, senior advocate appearing for respondent No. 2 frankly stated that his colleague learned counsel Shri Lalit Bhasin got the United Kingdom Sex Discrimination Act, 1975 further examined and now it is clear that in view of Section 6 sub-clause 4 of that Act it will not be a contravention of that law to have the same age of retirement for an air-hostess recruited in U.K. as is provided for an airhostess recruited of Indian origin. It appears that this was the law (United Kingdom Sex Discrimination Act, 1975) which was perhaps in the minds of the Judges in Air-India's case.

In view of this learned counsel frankly stated that henceforth air-hostesses recruited anywhere will be treated in the same manner as air-hostesses recruited from India and it is only on this frank admission made by learned counsel for respondent No. 2 that we see no reason to entertain the petition. In this view of the matter I agree with the conclusions reached by my learned brother, Khalid, J.

A.P.J. Petition dismissed.

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