Konkan Trading Company Vs. Suresh
Govind Kamat Tarkar & Ors [1986] INSC 61 (4 April 1986)
VENKATARAMIAH, E.S. (J) VENKATARAMIAH, E.S.
(J) THAKKAR, M.P. (J)
CITATION: 1986 AIR 1009 1986 SCR (2) 182 1986
SCC (2) 424 1986 SCALE (1)462
ACT:
Civil Procedure Code, 1908, s.148 and Order
23 Rule 1(3) - Withdrawal of suit with liberty to file fresh suit Permission
granted on payment of 'costs' - Whether 'Costs' to be deposited 'after' or
'before' institution of fresh suit.
HEADNOTE:
A suit instituted by the appellant-firm
against the respondents was allowed to be withdrawn but on payment of costs of
Rs. 100 with liberty to file a fresh suit on the same cause of action under
sub-rule (3) of rule 1 of Order XXIII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. The
appellant- firm filed a fresh suit, which was opposed by the respondents
contendig that the suit was not maintainable because the appellant-firm had
failed to pay the costs of Rs. 100 'before' the filing of the suit. The
appellant offered to pay the costs but the respondents refused to accept the
same. Consequently, the appellant-firm, with permission, deposited the costs in
the Trial Court, which held that the suit was maintainable.
The High Court allowed the revision petition
filed by the respondents holding that the suit was void ab initio since the
costs had not been deposited before the institution of the suit.
Allowing the appeal of the appellant-firm to
this Court, ^
HELD: 1. The judgment of the High Court is
set aside and the order of the Trial Court is restored. [186 F]
2. While granting permission under sub-rule
(3) of Rule 1 of Order XXIII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, it is open
to a court to direct the plaintiff to pay the costs of the defendants. Even if
the order for costs in a given case is construed as directing payment of costs
as a condition precedent for filing a fresh suit, the defect, if any, may be
183 cured by depositing in Court or paying to the defendants concerned the
costs within a reasonable time to be fixed by the Court before the second suit
is filed. If the plaintiff fails to comply with the said direction, then it
will be open to the Court to reject the plaint, but if the amount of cost is
paid within the time fixed or extended by the Court, the suit shall be deemed
to have been instituted validly on the date on which it was presented. This
view is in consonance with justice and the spirit of section 148 of the Code of
Civil Procedure. [185 F-H; 186 A-B] Gollapudi Seshavya v. Nadendla Subbayaya
& Anr., A.I.R.
1924 Madras 877., Shidramappa Mutappa Biradar
v. Mallappa Ramachandrappa Biradar, A.I.R. 1931 Bombay 257, Rama Krishna
Timmappa Shetti v. Hanumant Patgavi, A.I.R. 1950 Bombay 113, Mast Ram Ramcharan
& Ors. v. Deputy Commissioner, Bahraich and Anr., A.I.R. 1968 Allahabad 321,
Binod Naik & Anr. v. Chandrasekhar Padhi & Ors., A.I.R. 1969 Orissa
134, Chikkahanuma v. Smt. Venkatamma & Ors., A.I.R. 1971 Mysore 167 and
M/s. Raja Traders v. Union of India & Anr., A.I.R. 1977 M.P. 55 cited.
3. In the instant case the costs of Rs. 100
had not been ordered to be deposited as a condition precedent before the
institution of the next suit. The plaintiff was only liable to pay a sum of Rs.
100 by way of costs. The word 'but' in the clause 'this application is granted
but on payment of Costs of Rs. 100....' in the order permitting the withdrawal
of the suit cannot be construed as imposing a condition precedent for the
filing of fresh suit. There is no warrant for taking a hypertechnical view
which results in denying to a person access to justice and deprives him of his
legal rights more so when it is possible to take a liberal view which promotes
the ends of justice. [186 C-F]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No.
1205 of 1986.
From the Judgment and Order dated 27.9.1985
of the Bombay High Court Panaji Bench in Civil Revision Application No. 87 of
1985.
Dr. Y.S. Chitale and K.R. Nambiar for the
Appellant. R.F. Nariman, R. Karanjawala, H.S. Anand and Mrs. M. Karanjawala for
the Respondents.
184 The Judgment of the Court was delivered
by VENKATARAMIAH, J. Has justice become the lip-aim of Courts instead of their
life aim? Instead of dispensing justice is justice being dispensed with? Is it
a fact that only the spelling of the word (justice) is remembered and the
content of the concept is forgotton? Were it not so, would a Court in its
professed anxiety to do justice, dismiss a suit as incompetent on the ground
that a sum of Rs. 100 ordered to be paid as costs whilst granting leave to
withdraw the earlier suit with liberty to file a fresh suit was deposited
'after' the institution of the fresh suit and not 'before' the institution
thereof? Appellant firm instituted a suit against the respondents. On the date
of the institution of the said suit the appellant-firm had not been registered
under section 69 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, and the suit was liable
to fail on this technical ground. The appellant firm, therefore, prayed for
permission to withdraw the said suit with liberty to file a fresh suit on the
same cause of action under sub-rule (3) of rule 1 of Order XXIII of the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908. That application was granted by the Court. The operative
part of the order dated September 4, 1984 passed on that application read as
under :- "Under such circumstances this application is granted but on
payment of costs of Rs. 100 by the plaintiffs to the defendants. Suit is
dismissed as withdrawn, with liberty to file a fresh suit." The present
suit, out of which this appeal by special leave arises, was filed subsequently
on October 5, 1984. The appellant filed an application in that suit for an
order of temporary injunction against the respondents. When that application
came up for hearing it was pointed out that the appellant had failed to pay the
costs of Rs. 100 'before' filing the suit and so the suit was not maintainable.
At that stage the appellant offered to pay the costs of Rs. 100 which it was
liable to pay under the order of the Court dated September 4, 1984. On the
respondents refusing to receive the costs an application was made before the
trial court for permission to deposit it in the Court by extending the time up
185 to that date. The appellant deposited the costs of Rs. 100 in the trial
court on that date. That application was allowed by the trial court on April
12, 1985 by extending the time till January 16, 1985 and holding that the suit
was maintainable. Aggrieved by the said just and fair order passed by the trial
court, the respondents filed a revision petition before the High Court of
Bombay, Panaji Bench (Goa) in Civil Revision Application No. 87 of 1985
questioning its correctness. The High Court exercising revisional jurisdiction,
after hearing both the parties allowed the petition holding that the suit was
void ab initio since the costs of Rs. 100 which had to be paid under the order
dated September 4, 1984 had not been deposited before its institution. This
appeal by special leave is directed against the said order of the High Court.
We have heard the learned counsel for the
parties.
Parties have cited before us a number of
decisions:
Gollapudi Seshayya v. Nadendla Subbayaya
& Anr., A.I.R. 1984 Madras 877, Shidramappa Mutappa Biradar v. Mallappa
Ramachandrappa Biradar, A.I.R. 1931 Bombay 257, Rama-Krishna Timmappa Shetti v.
Hanumant Patgavi, A.I.R. 1950 Bombay 113, Mast Ram Ram Charan & Ors. v.
Deputy Commissioner, Bahraich and Anr., A.I.R. 1968 Allahabad 321, Binod Naik
and Anr. v. Chandrasekhar Padhi & Ors., A.I.R. 1969 Orissa 134,
Chikkahanuma v. Smt. Venkatamma & Ors., A.I.R. 1971 Mysore 167 and M/s.
Raja Traders v. Union of India & Anr., A.I.R. 1977 M.P. 55. We have
carefully considered all the above decisions. Sub-rule (3) of rule 1 of Order
XXIII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 provides that where a Court is
satisfied that a suit must fail by reason of some formal defect or that there
are sufficient grounds for allowing the plaintiff to institute a fresh suit for
the subject-matter of a suit or part of a cliam, it may, on such terms as it
thinks fit, grant the plaintiff permission to withdraw such suit or such part
of the claim with liberty to institute a fresh suit in respect of the
subject-matter of such suit or such part of the claim. While granting such
permission, it is, therefore, open to a Court to direct the plaintiff to pay
the costs of the defendants. Even if the order for costs in a given case is
construed as directing payment of costs as a condition precedent for filing a
fresh suit, the defect, if any, may be cured by depositing in Court or paying
to the defendants concerned the costs within a reasonable time to be fixed by
the Court before which 186 the second suit is filed. If the plaintiff fails to
comply with the said direction, then it will be open to the Court to reject the
plaint, but if the amount of costs is paid within the time fixed or extended by
the Court the suit should be deemed to have been instituted validly on the date
of which it was presented. This view appears to be in consonance with justice
whatever may have been the views expressed on the subject by the various High
Courts so far.
It does not militate against any express
provision of law but on the other hand it advances the cause of justice. This
view is also in accord with the spirit behind section 148 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908. All contrary views expressed by the various High Courts,
therefore, stand overruled.
In the instant case, however, a reading of
the order passed on September 4, 1984 does not even suggest that the costs of
Rs. 100 had to be deposited as a condition precedent before the institution of
the next suit. It only means that the application for withdrawal of the suit
had been granted and the plaintiff was liable to pay a sum of Rs. 100 by way of
costs. The word 'but' in the clause 'this application is granted but on payment
of costs of Rs.
100......' in the order permitting the
withdrawal of the suit cannot in the circumstances be construed as imposing a
condition precedent for the filing of the fresh suit. There is no warrant for
taking a hypertechnical rigid view which results in denying to a person access
to justice and deprives him of his legal rights more so when it is possible to
take a liberal view which promotes the ends of justice.
The trial court in obeisance to this
principle repelled the unjust plea urged by the defendant. But alas, the High
Court, in exercise of revisional jurisdiction tripped into reversing the
justice oriented conclusion reached by the trial court.
We, therefore, allow this appeal, set aside
the judgment of the High Court and restore the order of the trial court. The
trial court will now proceed to dispose of the suit in accordance with law.
There will be no order as to costs.
A.P. J. Appeal allowed.
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