Smt. Sowmithri Vishnu Vs. Union of
India & ANR [1985] INSC 139 (27 May 1985)
CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. ((CJ) CHANDRACHUD, Y.V.
((CJ) PATHAK, R.S.
SEN, AMARENDRA NATH (J)
CITATION: 1985 AIR 1618 1985 SCR Supl. (1)
741 1985 SCC Supl. 137 1985 SCALE (1)960
CITATOR INFO: R 1988 SC 835 (4)
ACT:
Indian Penal Code, s. 497-Constitutional
validity of.
HEADNOTE:
During the pendency of a divorce petition
against the petitioner/wife on the grounds of desertion and adultery, the
husband also filed a complaint against one Dharma Ebenezer u/s. 497 of the
Penal Code charging him with having committed adultery with the petitioner.
Thereafter the petitioner filed this writ petition for quashing the complaint
on the grounds (1) that s. 497 of the Penal Code is violative of Art. 14 of the
Constitution because, by making an irrational classification between men and
women, it unjustifiably denies to women the right which is given to men This
argument rests on the following three grounds- (i) Section 497 confers upon the
husband the right to prosecute the adulterer but, it does not confer any right
upon the wife to prosecute the woman with whom her husband has committed
adultery; (ii) Section 497 does not confer any right on the wife to prosecute
the husband who has committed adultery with another woman; and, (iii) Section
497 does not take in cases where the husband has sexual relations with an
unmarried women, with the result that husbands have, as it were, a free licence
under the law to have extramarital relationship with unmarried women; and (2)
That the right to life includes the right to reputation and therefore if the
outcome of a trial is likely to affect the reputation of a person adversely, he
or she ought to be entitled appear and to be heard in that trial and since s. 497
does not contain a provision that she must be impleaded as a necessary party to
the prosecution or that she would be entitled to be heard, the section is bad
as violating Art. 21 of the Constitution.
Dismissing the writ petition, ^
HELD: 1 (i) The law, as it is, does not
offend Art. 14 or 15 of the Constitution. The offence of adultery by its very
definition, can be committed by a man and not by a woman: The argument of the
petitioner really comes to this that the definition should be recast by extending
the ambit of the offence of adultery so that, both the man and the woman should
be punishable for the offence of adultery.
Where such an argument permissible, several
provisions of the penal law may have to be struck down on the ground that,
either in their definition or in their prescription of punishment, they do not
go far enough. Such arguments go to the policy of the law, not to its
constitutionality, unless while implementing the policy, any provision of the
Constitution is infringed. Therefore, it cannot be accepted that in defining
the offence of 742 adultery so as to restrict the class of offenders to men,
any constitutional provision is infringed. However, it is for the legislature
to consider whether Section 497 should be amended appropriately so as to take
note of the 'transformation' which the society has undergone. [745 E-F;
G-H; 746A] 1(ii) Section 497 does not
envisage the prosecution of the wife by the husband for 'adultery'. The offence
of adultery as defined in that section can only be committed by a man, not by a
woman. Indeed, the section provides expressly that the wife shall not be
punishable even as an abettor. No grievance can then be made that the section
does not allow the wife to prosecute the husband for adultery.
The contemplation of the law, evidently, is
that the wife, who is involved in an illicit relationship with another man, is
a victim and not the author of the crime. The offence of adultery, as defined
in s. 497 is considered by the Legislature as an offence against the sanctity
of the matrimonial home, an act which is committed by a man, as it generally
is. Therefore, those men who defile that sanctity are brought within the net of
the law.
[746 D-G] 1 (iii) Law does not confer freedom
upon husbands to be licentious by gallivanting with unmarried women. It only
makes a specific kind of extramarital relationship an offence, the relationship
between a man and a married woman, the man alone being the offender. An
unfaithful husband risks or, perhaps, invites a civil action by the wife for
separation. The legislature is entitled to deal with the evil where it is felt
and seen most: A man seducing the wife of another. [746H; 747A] (2) It is
correct to say that s.497 does not contain a provision for hearing the married
woman with whom the accused is alleged to have committed adultery. But, that
does not justify the proposition that she is not entitled to be heard at the
trial. There is no doubt that if the wife makes an application in the trial
court that she should be heard before a finding is recorded on the question of
adultery, the application would receive due consideration from the court. There
is nothing, either in the substantive or the adjectival criminal law, which
bars the court from affording a hearing to a party, which is likely to be
adversely affected directly and immediately, by the decision of the court. The
right of hearing is a concomitant of the principles of natural justice, though
not in all situations.
That right can be read into the law in
appropriate cases.
Therefore, the fact that a provision for
hearing the wife is not contained in s.497 cannot render that section
unconstitutional as violating Art. 21. [748 A-D;] Francies Coralie v. Union
Territory AIR 1981 SC 736 & Board of Trustees, Fort of Bombay v. Nadkarni,
AIR 1983 SC 109 referred to.
Yusuf Abdul Aziz v. The State of Bombay
[1954] SCR 930 followed.
(3) In the instant case. there was general
agreement that since the petitioner's husband has already obtained divorce
against her on the ground of desertion, no useful purpose will be served by
inquiring into the allegation whether she had adulterous relationship with
Dharma Ebenezer, against 743 whom the husband has lodged a complaint u/s. 497
of the Penal Code-Accordingly, the Court quashed that complaint and directed
that no further proceedings will be taken therein.
[74 C]
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 845
of 1980.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of
India) Mrs. Nalini Chidambaram and Miss Seita Vaidyalingam for the Petitioner.
B. Datta and R.N. Poddar for the Respondent
No. 1.
Miss Lily Thomas for the Respondent No. 2.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by.
CHANDRACHUD, C.J. By this petition under
Article 32 of the Constitution, the petitioner challenges the validity of
section 497 of the Penal Code which defines the offence of 'adultery' and
prescribes punishment for it. A few facts, interesting but unfortunate, leading
to this petition are these:
The petitioner filed a petition for divorce
against her husband on the ground of desertion. The trial court dismissed that
petition, holding that the petitioner herself had deserted the husband and not
the other way about.
Thereafter, the husband filed a petition for
divorce against the petitioner on two grounds: firstly, that she had deserted
him and secondly, that she was living in adultery with a person called Dharma
Ebenezer. The petitioner conceded in that petition that in view of the finding
recorded in the earlier proceeding that she had deserted her husband, a decree
for divorce may be passed against her on the ground of desertion. So far so
good. But, the petitioner contended further that the Court should not
adjudicate upon the question of adultery since it was unnecessary to do so.
That plea was opposed by the husband. He
contended that he was entitled to obtain a decree of divorce against the
petitioner not only on the ground of desertion but also on the ground of
adultery and that, there was no reason why he should be denied an opportunity
to show that the petitioner was living in adultery. The husband's contention
was accepted by the trial court but, in a revision application filed by the
petitioner, the High Court accepted her plea and held that since, the finding
recorded in the earlier petition was binding on the parties, a decree for
divorce had to be passed in favour of the 744 husband on the ground of
desertion and that, it was unnecessary to inquire into the question of
adultery. We are informed at the Bar that, pursuant to the High Court's view, a
decree for divorce has already been passed in favour of the husband on the
ground that the petitioner had deserted him.
While his petition for divorce was pending
against the petitioner, the husband filed a complaint against Dharma Ebenezer
under section 497 of the Penal Code charging him with having committed adultery
with the petitioner. This writ petition has been filed by the petitioner for
quashing that complaint on the ground that the very provision which creates the
offence of 'adultery', namely, section 497 of the Penal Code, is
unconstitutional.
Section 497 is one of the six sections is
Chapter XX of the Penal Code, which is entitled 'Of Offences Relating to
Marriage'. Section 497 reads thus:
"Whoever has sexual intercourse with a
person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of
another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual
intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of
adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case
the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor." By reason of section
198(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, no Court can take cognizance of
an offence punishable under Chapter XX of the Penal Code except upon a
complaint made by some person aggrieved by the offence. Sub- section (2) of
section 198 provides that, for the purposes of sub-section (1), "no person
other than the husband of the woman shall be deemed to be aggrieved by any
offence punishable under section 497 or section 498 of the Penal Code".
Section 498 prescribes punishment for enticing or taking away or detaining a
married woman with criminal intent.
Mrs. Nalini Chidambaram, who appears on
behalf of the petitioner, contends that Section 497 of the Penal Code is
violative of Article 14 of the Constitution because, by making an irrational
classification between man and women, it unjustifiably denies to women the
right which is given to men. This argument rests on the 745 following three
grounds: (1) Section 497 confers upon the husband the right to prosecute the
adulterer but, it does not confer any right upon the wife to prosecute the
woman with whom her husband has committed adultery; (2) Section 497 does not
confer any right on the wife to prosecute the husband who has committed
adultery with another woman; and, (3) Section 497 does not take in cases where
the husband has sexual relations with an unmarried woman, with the result that
husbands have, as it were, a free licence under the law to have extra-marital
relationship with unmarried women. The learned counsel complains that Section
497 is flagrant instance of 'gender discrimination', 'legislative despotism'
and 'male chauvinism'. It is urged that the section may, at first blush, appear
as if it is a beneficial legislation intended to serve the interests of women
but, on closer examination, it would be found that the provision contained in
the section is a kind of 'Romantic Paternalism', which stems from the
assumption that women, like chattels, are the property of men.
These contentions have a strong emotive
appeal but they have no valid legal basis to rest upon. Taking the first of
these three grounds, the offence of adultery, by its very definition, can be
committed by a man and not by a woman :
"Whoever has sexual intercourse with a
person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of
another man ... ... is guilty of the offence of adultery." The argument
really comes to this that the definition should be recast by extending the
ambit of the offence of adultery so that, both the man and the woman should be
punishable for the offence of adultery. Were such an argument permissible,
several provisions of the penal law my have to be struck down on the ground
that, either in their definition or in their prescription of punishment, they
do not go far enough.
For example, an argument could be advanced as
to why the offence of robbery should be punishable with imprisonment for ten
years under section 392 of the penal Code but the offence of adultery should be
punishable with a sentence of five years only : 'Breaking a matrimonial home is
not less serious a crime than breaking open a house'. Such arguments go to the
policy of the law, not to its constitutionality, unless, while implementing the
policy, any provision of the Constitution is infringed. We cannot accept that
in defining the offence of adultery so as to restrict the class of offenders to
men, any constitutional provision is infringed.
It is commonly accepted that it is the man
who is the seducer and not the woman. This position my have undergone some
change over the years but it is for the legislature 746 to consider whether
Section 497 should be amended appropriately so as to take note of the
'transformation' which the society has undergone. The Law Commission of India
in its 42nd Report, 1971, recommended the retention of Section 497 in its
present form with the modification that, even the wife, who has sexual
relations with a person other than her husband, should be made punishable for
adultery.
The suggested modification was not accepted
by the legislature. Mrs. Anna Chandi, who was in the minority, voted for the
deletion of Section 497 on the ground that "it is the right time to
consider the question whether the offence of adultery as envisaged in Section
497 is in tune with our present day notions of woman's status in
marriage".
The repot of the Law Commission show that
there can be two opinions on the desirability of retaining a provision like the
one contained in Section 497 on the statute book. But, we cannot strike down
that section on the ground that it is desirable to delete it.
In so far as the second of the three grounds
is concerned, section 497 does not envisage the prosecution of the wife by the
husband for 'adultery'. The offence of adultery as defined in that section can
only be committed by a man, not by a woman. Indeed, the section provides
expressly that the wife shall not be punishable even as an abettor. No
grievance can then be made that the section does not allow the wife to
prosecute the husband for adultery.
The contemplation of the law, evidently, is
that the wife, who is involved in an illicit relationship with another man, is
a victim and not the author of the crime. The offence of adultery, as defined
in section 497, is considered by the Legislature as an offence against the
sanctity of the matrimonial home, an act which is committed by a man, as it
generally is. Therefore, those men who defile that sanctity are brought within
the net of the law. In a sense, we revert to the same point : Who can prosecute
whom for which offence depends, firstly, on the definition of the offence and,
secondly, upon the restrictions placed by the law of procedure on the right to
prosecute.
The self-same answer holds good in the case
of the third ground also. Law does not confer freedom upon husbands to be
licentious by gallivanting with unmarried woman. It only makes a specific kind
of extra-marital relationship an offence, the relationship between a man and a
married woman, the man alone being the offender. An unfaithful husband risks
or, perhaps, invites a civil action by the wife for separation. The legislature
is entitled to deal 747 with the evil where it is felt and seen most : A man
seducing the wife of another. Mrs. Chidambaram says that women, both married
and unmarried, have changed their life style over the years and there are cases
where they have wrecked the peace and happiness of other matrimonial homes.
We hope this is not too right but, an
under-inclusive definition is not necessarily discriminatory. The alleged
transformation in feminine attitudes, for good or bad may justly engage the
attention of the law-makers when the reform of penal law is undertaken. They
may enlarge the definition of adultery to keep pace with the moving times.
But, until then, the law must remain as it
is. The law, it is, does not offend either Article 14 or Article 15 of the
Constitution. Incidentally, the demand of the petitioner that sexual
relationship of a husband with an unmarried women should also be comprehended
with in the definition of 'adultery' is a crusade by a woman against a woman.
If the paramour of a married woman can be guilty of adultery, why can an
unmarried girl who has sexual relations with a married man not be guilty of
adultery ? That is the grievance of the petitioner.
Mrs Chidambaram has challenged the validity
of section 497 on yet another ground, namely, that it violates Article 21 of the
Constitution. Relying upon the decisions of this Court in Francis Coralie v.
Union Territory and Board of Trustees, Fort of Bombay v. Nadkarni, counsel
argues that the right to life includes the right to reputation and, therefore,
if the outcome of a trial is likely to affect the reputation of a person
adversely, he or she ought to be entitled to appear and be heard in that trial.
A law which does not confer upon such a person the right of being heard is
violative of Article 21. This argument, for its better appreciation, may be put
in a concrete shape by taking a hypothetical example : The husband 'A' wants to
get rid of his wife 'B'. He colludes with his friend 'C' and prosecutes him for
committing adultery with 'B'. C's trial for adultery is mere pretence because,
he and A are ad idem that he should be convicted for committing adultery with
B. The argument of the counsel is that the real victim of such a prosecution is
the wife B because, it is her reputation which is most importantly involved and
assailed. Since section 497 does not contain a provision that she must be
impleaded as a necessary party to the prosecution or that she would be entitled
to be heard, the section is said to be bad.
748 Counsel is right that section 497 does
not contain a provision for hearing the married woman with whom the accused is
alleged to have committed adultery. But, that does not justify the proposition
that she is not entitled to be heard at the trial. We have no doubt that if the
wife makes an application in the trial Court that she should be heard before a
finding is recorded on the question of adultery, the application would receive
due consideration from the Court. There is nothing, either in the substantive
or the adjectival criminal law, which bars the court from affording a hearing
to a party, which is likely to be adversely affected, directly and immediately,
by the decision of the Court In fact, instances are not unknown in criminal law
where, though the prosecution is in the charge of the Public Prosecutor, the
private complainant is given permission to oversee the proceedings. One step
more, and the wife could be allowed a hearing before an adverse finding is
recorded that, as alleged by her husband, the accused had committed adultery
with her. The right of hearing is a concomitant of the principles of natural
justice, though not in all situations. That right can be read into the law in
appropriate cases. Therefore, the fact that a provision for hearing the wife is
not contained in section 497 cannot render that section unconstitutional as
violating Article 21.
Instead of embarking upon this discussion, we
could have as well dismissed the writ petition by relying upon the decision of
a Constitution Bench of this Court in Yusuf Abdul Aziz v. The State of Bombay,
which held that section 497 of the Penal Code does not offend Articles 14 and
15 of the Constitution. However, the petitioner's counsel had many more
arguments to advance and since, more than 30 years have gone by since the
decision in Yusuf Abdul Aziz was given, we thought that we might examine the
position afresh, particularly in the light of the alleged social transformation
in the behavioural pattern of women in matters of sex.
Though it is true that the erring spouses
have no remedy against each other within the confines of section 497 of the
Penal Code, that is to say, they cannot prosecute each other for adultery, each
one has a remedy against the other under the civil law, for divorce on the
ground of adultery. 'Adulter' under the civil law has a wider connotation than
under the Penal Code. If we were to accept the argument of the petitioner,
Section 497 will be obliterated 749 from the statute book and adulterous
relations will have a more free play than now. For then, it will be impossible
to convict anyone of adultery at all. It is better, from the point of view of
the interests of the society, that at least a limited class of adulterous
relationship is punishable by law. Stability of marriages is not an ideal to be
scorned.
There was general agreement before us that
since the petitioner's husband has already obtained divorce against her on the
ground of desertion, no useful purpose will be served by inquiring into the
allegation whether she had adulterous relationship with Dharma Ebenezer, against
whom the husband has lodged a complaint under section 497 of the Penal Code.
Accordingly, we quash that complaint and direct that no further proceedings
will be taken therein.
In the result, the writ petition is
dismissed. There will be no order as to costs.
M.L.A. Petition dismissed.
Back