The Commissioner of Income Tax, Delhi
Vs. Bansi Dhar & Sons [1985] INSC 254 (19 December 1985)
MUKHARJI, SABYASACHI (J) MUKHARJI, SABYASACHI
(J) TULZAPURKAR, V.D.
CITATION: 1985 SCALE (2)1416
ACT:
Indian Income Tax Act 1922: Section 66 and
Income Tax Act 1961: Section 256 - High Court - Jurisdiction of - To grant stay
or pass interim orders in pending references.
Interpretation of statutes : Words of statute
- Judicial construction of words by superior court - How far useful in
construing identical words in another enactment.
HEADNOTE:
The Assessee was a Hindu Undivided Family.
The father of the Karta of the HUF died in an air crash. On his death a sum of
over Rs. 2 lakhs was received by the Karta from the Insurance Company on
account of the insurance policy covering the life of his father. The income
derived from the said amount was treated as his personal income and assessed in
his personal assessment, and it continued to be assessed in the personal
assessment of the Karta even after formation of the HUF on his marriage and the
birth of a son. This position continued till the assessment year 1959-60.
For the first time in the assessment year
1960-61 the Income Tax Officer treated the income from the insurance amount as
that of the HUF and assessed the income in the hands of the HUF. Being
aggrieved the assessee appealed and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner set
aside the assessment holding that the income was the personal income of the
Karta and not of the HUF.
The Revenue preferred an appeal to the Income
Tax Appellate Tribunal. A similar appeal was also preferred to the Tribunal by
the Revenue for assessment year 1962-63.
Both the appeals were disposed of by a common
order, whereby it was held that the income in question was that of the HUF and
was liable to be assessed as such.
The Tribunal referred to the High Court at
the instance of the assessee-HUF the question, "whether the amount
received from 851 the Insurance Company on account of the accident Insurance
Policy covering the risk of his father was correctly treated as ancestral
property." The assessee also filed applications for injunction and stay
under section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure invoking the inherent
jurisdiction of the High Court.
In the applications for stay it was contended
that for the subsequent years 1963-64 & 1964-65 similar appeals had been
filed by the Revenue, before the Tribunal and were pending, that for the
assessment years 1965-66 to 1969-70 the orders of the Appellate Assistant
Commissioner were against the assessee and the assessee-HUF had preferred
appeals to the Tribunal which were also pending, that in the said appeals
preferred by the assessee HUF, on application by the assessee the Tribunal had
granted stay of recovery of the tax demanded, on the condition that the
assessee should furnish adequate security, that since the matter relating to
the two assessment years (1960-61 and 1962-63) were before the High Court under
section 66(1) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922/section 256(1) of the Income
Tax Act, 1961 similar order of stay should be granted by the High Court because
prejudice would be caused to the assessee if in spite of full tax being paid by
the karta in his personal assessment, the HUF is asked to pay tax over again in
respect of the same income.
The Revenue opposed the aforesaid
applications for stay, contending in its counter-affidavit that under the
provisions of the Income Tax Acts of 1922 and 1961 the High Court exercised
only an advisory or consultative jurisdiction, and consequently had no
jurisdiction or power to grant stay of the recovery of tax as prayed for in the
application, and that grant of stay by the High Court and this court had in
fact been prohibited by the two Acts of 1922 and 1961.
The High Court rejected the preliminary objections
raised by the Revenue and granted stay of realisation of taxes. It found that
there should be stay on terms and granted stay on condition that the assessee
should furnish adequate security for the said amount to the satisfaction of the
concerned Income Tax Officer.
In the appeals to this Court: on the question
of jurisdiction of the High Court and Supreme Court to grant stay or pass
interim orders in pending references under section 66 of the Indian Income Tax
Act, 1922 and section 256 of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Allowing the Appeals to this Court, 852 ^
HELD : 1. The High Court in answering a
question under section 66 of 1922 Act or section 256 of 1961 Act does not
exercise original, appellate or revisional jurisdiction but only advisory jurisdiction.
[866 C; 870 C]
2. Rendering advice on the question of law
referred to the courts has nothing to do with the recovery of tax or granting
stay in respect of the same. [870 G]
3. It cannot be said that the High Court has
inherent power or incidental power in the matter of a reference pending before
it to grant stay of realisation or to grant an injunction. That must remain
within the jurisdiction of the appellate authority and pendency of a reference
does not detract from that jurisdiction of the Appellate Authority.
The High Court was, therefore in error in the
instant case in exercising its jurisdiction by passing an order for stay of
realisation under section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 in a pending
reference. The High Court could have exercised its power if the Appellate
Authority had not properly exercised its jurisdiction, not in reference
jurisdiction but by virtue of its jurisdiction under Art.
226 or Article 227 of the Constitution of
India in appropriate cases. But that was not so in the instant case.[870 H -
871 B] Sridhar v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax, 153 at 543, at 547; Dwarka Prasad
Baja v. Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal-I, 126 I.T.R. 219. approved.
Polisetti Narayana Rao v. Commissioner of
Income Tax, Hyderabad, 29 I.T.R. 222, over-ruled.
4. In answering questions or disposing of
references either under section 66 of 1922 Act or section 256 of 1961 Act, the
High Courts do not exercise any jurisdiction conferred upon them by the Code of
Civil Procedure or the Characters or by the Acts establishing the respective
High Courts. In respect of certain matters jurisdictions exercised by the High
Court must be kept separate from the concept of inherent powers or incidental
powers in exercising jurisdiction under section 66 of 1922 Act or section 256
of 1961 Act. Section 66 of Income-tax Act of 1961 is a special jurisdiction of
a limited nature conferred not by the Code of Civil Procedure or by the
Charters or by the special Acts constituting such High Courts but by the special
provisions of Income-Tax Act 1922 or 1961 for the limited purpose of obtaining
High Court's opinion on questions of law. In giving 853 that opinion properly
if any question of incidental or ancillary power arises such as giving an
opportunity or restoring a reference dismissed without hearing or giving some
additional time to file paper book, such powers inhered to the jurisdiction
conferred upon it. But such incidental powers can not be so construed as to
confer the power of stay of recovery of taxes pending a reference which lie in
the domain of an appellate authority. The concept of granting stay in a
reference ex debito justitiae therefore, does not arise. That concept might
arise in case of the Appellate Authority exercising its power to grant stay
where there is no express provision. Ex debito justitiae is to do justice
between the parties. [870 C-F] Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. v. Chief Revenue
Authority of Bombay, 1923 Privy Council - 50 Indian Appeals 212;
Commissioner v. Bombay Trust Corporation,
1936 A.I.R. Privy Council - 63 Indian Appeals 408; Hukum Chand Boid v.
Kamalanand Singh, [1906] I.L.R> 33, Cal.
927; Commissioner of Income Tax Bombay v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., 42
I.T.R. 589; C.P. Sarathy Mudaliar v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Andhra
Pradesh, 62 I.T.R. 576; Jatashankar Dayram v. Commissioner of Income Tax, 101
I.T.R. 343, referred.
Income Tax Officer, Cannaore v. M.K. Mohammed
Kumhi, 71 I.T.R. 815, explained.
5. In an appropriate case, if the assessee
feels that a stay of recovery pending disposal of the reference is necessary or
is in the interest of justice, then the assessee is entitled to apply before
the Appellate Authority to grant a stay until disposal of reference by the High
Court or until such time as the Appellate Authority thought fit. But in case
the Appellate Authority acted without jurisdiction or in excess jurisdiction or
in improper exercise of the jurisdiction, then the decision of such Appellate
Authority can be corrected by the High Court by issuing appropriate writs under
Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. [869 H - 870 B]
6. Prior to 1918, there was no provision for
reference to the High Court at all in respect of any decision by the revenue
authorities. In Act VII of 1918, section 51 contained this provision under
which the Chief Revenue Authority was empowered to refer a case to the High
Court when any questions arose regarding the interpretation of any of the
provisions of the Act or of any rule made thereunder.
The said authority could do so 854 (i) either
suo motu (ii) on reference from a subordinate authority or (iii) on the
application of the assessee. This is no part of the Civil or appellate or
revisional jurisdiction of the High Court. [858 G-H]
7. Section 66 of the Act of 1922 provides
that within certain time either at the instance of the assessee or at the
instance of the Revenue, the Tribunal might refer a question of law for the
opinion of the High Court. It also empowered the assessee to make an
application to the High Court in case the Tribunal refused to refer the
question after drawing up a statement of case. Section 66A provides for
reference to be heard by Benches of High Courts and appeals in certain cases to
this Court. Under Section 256 of 1961 Act, the provision of reference to the
High Court is the same as under section 66 of 1922 Act. [859 B, F, 860 C]
8. Once certain words in an Act of Parliament
had received a judicial construction in one of the superior courts, and the
legislature repeated these without any alteration in a subsequent statute, the
legislature must be taken to have used them according to the meaning which a
court of competent jurisdiction had given to them. This rule of interpretation
affords only a valuable presumption as to the meaning of the language employed
in a statute. Where a judicial interpretation is well settled and well
recognised the rule ought doubtless, to receive effect, but must be a question
of circumstances whether Parliament was to be presumed to have tacitly given
statutory authority to a single judgment of a competent court so as to render
that judgment, however, obviously wrong unexaminable by the Highest Court. [868
E-G] Barras v. Aberdeen Steam Trawling and Fishing Co. Ltd., 1933 A.E.R. - 1933
A.C. 402, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 1668 (NT) of 1978.
From the Judgment and Order dated 15.7.1977
of the Delhi High Court in I.T.R. Nos. 82 & 83 of 1973.
WITH
Civil Appeal Nos. 77 & 78 (NT) of 1974 From the judgment and Order dated
30.7.1973 of the Patna High Court in Tax Appeals Cases Nos. 16 & 17 of
1972.
855 S.C. Manchanda, and Miss A. Subhashini
for the Appellant in C.A. No. 1668 of 1978.
S.T. Desai, Harish Salve, Mrs. A.K. Verma,
Miss Lira Goswami and J.B. Dadachandji for the Respondent in C.A. No. 1668 of
1978.
B.B. Ahuja and Miss A. Subhashini for the
Appellant in C.A. No. 77 & 78 of 1974.
Nemo for the Respondents in C.A. No. 77 &
78 of 1974.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J. The main question involved in these appeals, is the
question of jurisdiction of the High Court, to grant stay or pass interim
orders in pending references under section 66 of the Indian Income-Tax Act,
1922 (hereinafter called the Act of 1922) and section 256 of the Income Tax
Act, 1961 (hereinafter called the 'Act of 1961'). These appeals are by special
leave from the judgments of the High Courts. The main judgment is the judgment
of the Delhi High Court in the case of L. Bansi Dhar and Sons v. Commissioner
of Income-Tax, New Delhi (C.A.
No. 1668/78). The question arose in
applications filed by the assessee under section 151 of CPC in two Income-tax
References Nos. 82 and 83 of 1973 relating to the assessment years 1960-61 and
1962-63 respectively praying that the High Court might be pleased to grant an
order of injuction for restraining the Commissioner of Income-tax (I), Central
Revenue Building, and/or his subordinate officers including the Income-tax
Officer, Company Circle (III), from enforcing and/or realising the demand
raised in the aforesaid assessment years 1960-61 and 1962-63, and from taking
any steps for the recovery thereof till the disposal of the references pending
in the High Court.
The assessee is a Hindu undivided family. The
Karta of the HUF is Lala Bansi Dhar. His father, Lala Murlidhar, died in the
year 1949 in an air crash. On the death of the father, a sum of Rs.2,49,874 was
received by Lala Bansi Dhar from the insurance company on account of an
accident insurance policy covering the risk of the life of the deceased. The
income derived from the said amount was treated as the income of Lala Bansi
Dhar and was assessed in his personal assessment. Lala Bansi Dhar was married
on 3rd February, 1953, and a son, Tilak Kumar, was born on 3rd 856 February,
1956. The income from the insurance amount continued to be assessed in the
personal assessment of Lala Bansi Dhar even after formation of the HUF on his
marriage and the birth of a son, and continued to be so assessed till the
assessment year 1959-60.
In the assessment year 1960-61 for the first
time, the Income-tax Officer treated the income from the insurance amount as
that on the HUF and assessed the income in the hands of the HUF. On appeal by
the assessee, HUF, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner set aside the
assessment holding that the income was the personal income of Lala Bansi Dhar
and not of the HUF. Against that order, the revenue preferred an appeal to the
Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. A similar appeal was also preferred to the
Tribunal by the revenue for the assessment year 1962-63.
Both the appeals were disposed of by the
Tribunal by a common order on 23rd November, 1970 whereby it was held that the
income in question was that of the HUF and the liable to be assessed as such.
Then at the instance of asseasee-HUF, the Tribunal referred to the High Court
the following question under section 256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, as
arising out of the said common order namely :
"Whether, on the facts and in the
circumstances of the case, the amount of Rs.2,49,874 received by L. Bansi Dhar
from the insurance company on account of the accident insurance policy covering
the risk to the life of his father, L. Murlidhar, is correctly treated as
ancestral property of the H.U.F. of which L. Bansi Dhar is the karta?" Two
references were registered as Income-tax References Nos. 82 and 83 of 1973, and
it was in the said references, that the applications for injunction and stay
had been filed by the assesee-HUF under section 151 of the Code of Civil
Procedure invoking the inherent jurisdiction of the High Court.
It was stated in the application for stay
that for the subsequent assessment years 1963-64 and 1964-65, similar appeals
had been filed by the revenue before the Tribunal and the same were pending,
that for the assessment years 1965-66 to 1969-70, however the orders of the
Appellate Assistant Commissioner were against the assessee, and the
assessee-HUF had preferred appeals to the Tribunal which were also pending,
that in the said appeals preferred by the assessee-HUF on application by the
assessee, the Tribunal had granted stay of the recovery of the tax demanded on
857 the condition that the assessee should furnish adequate security to the
satisfaction of the Income-tax Officer, that since the matter relating to the
two assessment years (1960- 61 and 1962-63) was before the High Court in
references under section 66(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922/section
256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, similar order of stay should be granted by
the High Court and prejudice would be caused to the assessee if in spite of
full tax being paid by its karta in his personal assessment, the HUF is asked
to pay tax over again in respect of the same income. A counter-affidavit was
filed in which a preliminary objection was raised that under the provisions of
the Income-tax Act, the High Court exercised only an advisory or consultative
jurisdiction and consequently had no jurisdiction or power to grant stay of the
recovery of tax as prayed for in the application, and that, in fact, the grant
of stay by the High Court and this Court had been prohibited by the two Acts of
1922 and 1961. On merits, however, it was admitted that tax had been paid by
Lala Bansi Dhar in his personal capacity on the basis of the same income which
had been returned by him in his individual income-tax return, yet, it was
admitted that as a result of the impugned order of the Appellate Tribunal, the
income from the insurance amount was assessable in the hands of the HUF and the
HUF was obliged to pay the tax unless and until the question of law referred to
the High Court was answered in favour of the assesee and that the assessee
would not be prejudiced if no stay was granted and the tax was realised, as it
would get a refund of the tax paid in case the references were answered in its
favour.
The question for determination which fell for
consideration before the High Court and which requires to be considered in
these appeals by this Court, is, whether the court, in a reference to it either
under section 66(1) of the Act of 1922, or under section 256(1) of the Act of
1961, has jurisdiction or power to pass any order granting stay of recovery of
the taxes pending the disposal of the references.
The High Court on consideration of certain
matters, rejected the preliminary objection and granted stay of the realisation
of taxes. The High Court found that, in the facts and circumstances of the
case, there should be stay on terms and the High Court granted that stay on
condition that the assessee should furnish adequate security for the said
amount to the satisfaction of the concerned Income-tax Officer within six weeks
from the date of the order of the High Court. The other two matters being Civil
Appeals Nos. 77 and 78 of 1974 arise out of 858 the decision of the Patna High
Court where stay was granted by the Patna High Court in respect of realisation
of tax pending disposal of the income-tax references.
The revenue has come up to this Court
challenging the validity of the decision of the High Courts that pending
references in income-tax matters to the Courts either under section 66 of the
Act of the 1922 or under section 256 of the Act of 1961, the High Courts or the
Supreme Court, as the case may be, have inherent powers or jurisdiction to pass
any order granting stay or granting injunction staying the realisation of the
amount pending disposal of the references. Incidentally, it may be pointed out
that at the bar at the time of hearing of the appeals, it was stated by counsel
on behalf of the assessee that in the decision of the Delhi High Court,
ultimately the reference has been answered in favour of the assessee. So far as
the assessee in that matter is concerned the question has become academic.
The High Court of Delhi in its judgment had
discussed all the relevant authorities. The references were pending under
section 66(1) of the Act of 1922 for the first two years, in respect of similar
appeals for the assessment years 1965-66 and 1969-70 the references were
pending under section 256(1) of the Act of 1961. The scheme of section 66(1) of
the Act of 1922 as well as section 256(1) of the Act of 1961 are well-known.
The High Court noted and as is the case that
the Act of 1922 did not and the Act of 1961 does not contain any express
provision empowering the High Court or the Supreme Court to grant stay of
recovery of tax including pending disposal of the reference before it or pass
any order in that respect of the same. Therefore, the assessee sought to invoke
the inherent jurisdiction or the ancillary powers of the courts.
Prior to 1918, there was no provision for
reference to the High Court at all in respect of any decision by the revenue
authorities. In Act VII of 1918, section 51 contained this provision under
which the Chief revenue authority was empowered to refer a case to the High
Court when any question arose regarding the interpretation of any of the
provisions of the Act or of any rule made thereunder.
The said authority could do so (i) either suo
motu or (ii) on reference from a subordinate authority or (iii) on the application
of the assessee. This is no part of the civil or appellate authority or
revisional jurisdiction of the High Court.
859 Section 66 of the Act of 1922 contains
similar provisions like section 149 of the English Income-Tax Act, 1918.
Section 66 of the Act of 1922 provides that within certain time either at the
instance of the assessee or at the instance of the revenue, the Tribunal might
refer a question of law for the opinion of the High Court. It also empowered
the assessee to make an application to the High Court in case the Tribunal
refused to refer the question after drawing up a statement of case. It is
well-settled that the fact found by the Tribunal were to be accepted by the
High Court and in case the High Court found that the facts found by the
Tribunal were not sufficient, the High Court might under sub-section (4) of
section 66 require the Tribunal to make such additions thereto or alteration
therein as the High Court might direct in that behalf. The High Court upon
hearing of any such case should decide the question of law raised thereby and
deliver its judgment thereon containing the grounds on which such decision is
founded and shall send a copy of such judgment under the seal of the Court and
the signature of the Registrar to the Appellate Tribunal. Sub-section (7) of
section 66 provides that notwithstanding that a reference is made under the
section to the High Court, "income tax shall be payable in accordance with
the assessment made in the case". It is provided that if the amount of an
assessment is reduced as a result of such reference, the amount over-paid shall
be refunded with such interest as the Commissioner may allow unless the High
Court, on intimation given by the Commissioner within thirty days of the
receipt of the result of such reference that he intends to ask for leave to
appeal to the Supreme Court, or to an authority authorising the Commissioner to
postpone payment of such refund until the disposal of the appeal to the Supreme
Court.
Section 66A provides for reference to be
heard by Benches of High Courts and appeals in certain cases to this Court.
The provisions of Code of Civil Procedure
relating to appeals to the Supreme Court as far as might apply in case of
appeals under the section in the like manner as in the case of appeals by the
High Court provided that nothing in sub-section (3) shall be deemed to have
effect on sub- section (5) or sub-section (7) of section 66. Sub-section (4) of
section 66A provides that where the judgment of the High Court is varied or reversed
in appeal under the section, effect shall be given to the order of the Supreme
Court in the manner provided in sub-section (5) and (7) of section 66 in the
case of a judgment of the High Court.
860 After the High Court and in cases of
appeals to the Supreme Court, the courts answer the question in any manner or
give certain opinion. The appellate tribunals would dispose of the appeals in
accordance with the opinions expressed or answers given by the High Courts or
the Supreme Court. Therefore under the scheme, the appeal is kept pending
before the Tribunal and the appellate jurisdiction is retained by the Tribunal,
but the High Court exercises an advisory or consultative jurisdiction.
Under section 256 of 1961 Act, the provision
of reference to the High Court is the same as under section 66 of 1922 Act. The
slight differences between section 256 of 1961 Act and section 66(1) and (2) of
1922 Act have been noted in Kanga & Palkivala's Income Tax - 7th Edn. - Vol
I, p.1146. For the present purpose it is not necessary to set these out in
detail. There is provision for reference to the Supreme Court under section 257
of 1961 Act. By sections 261 and 262, there are provisions for appeal to
Supreme Court and hearing before Supreme Court from the decision of the
references in the High Courts. Section 265 enjoins that notwithstanding that a
reference has been made to the High Court or the Supreme Court or an appeal has
been preferred to the Supreme Court, tax shall be payable in accordance with
the assessment made in the case. The scheme of 1961 Act so far as the scheme of
reference to the High Court on a question of law is concerned is the same as
that of 1922 Act. When a question of law arises, the Tribunal can and in
certain circumstances must seek at the instance of the assessee or in its own
motion or at the instance of the revenue the opinion of the High Court on such
a questions.
The jurisdiction exercised by the High Courts
is purely advisory, it is neither of a Civil Court exercising original, nor of
any appellate or revisional jurisdiction.
Therefore, the powers and jurisdiction of the
High Courts and in certain cases of the Supreme Court, are those which are
expressed and conferred upon them and also those which inher in the exercise of
that jurisdiction or are ancillary or those which sub-serve the exercise of
that function and jurisdiction of giving advice. The appeal is kept pending
before the Appellate Tribunal.
In Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. v. Chief
Revenue Authority of Bombay, 1923 Privy Council = 50 Indian Appeals 212, the
Judicial Committee had to consider the question whether the function of the
High Court under these provisions was advisory or not. The Judicial Committee
decided that such advice was not judgment within the meaning of clause 39 of
the Letter Patent of the High 861 Court of Bombay. The use of the expression
'determination' was not decisive as to whether the decision was merely advisory
or not. The decision or order made by the court under section 51 was merely
advisory. This view was re- affirmed in Commissioner v. Bombay Trust
Corporation, 1936 A.I.R. Privy council 269 = 63 Indian Appeals 408. It is for
this reason that section 66A of the 1922 Act expressly provided for an appeal
from a decision of the High Court under section 66 of the said Act. The High
Court noted that neither 1922 Act nor 1961 Act did contain any express
provision empowering the High Court or the Supreme Court to grant stay or
recovery of tax pending disposal of the reference before it. The High Court in
the decision under appeal held that it had inherent jurisdiction under section
66 of 1922 Act or under section 256 of 1961 Act to grant stay pending disposal
of the reference. The High Court referred to the several decisions some of
which will have to be noticed here. Thereafter on consideration of the relevant
facts, the High Court granted the stay in the instant case as noted before.
Reliance was placed by the High Court on the
decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Polisetti Narayana Rao v.
Commissioner of Income-tax, Hyderebad, 29 I.T.R. 222. The Andhra Pradesh High
Court referred to the decision in the case of Hukum Chand Boid v. Kamalanand
Singh, (1906) I.L.R.
33, Cal. 927, and referred to the
observations of Woodroffe, J., where he posed the question as to whether the
power vested in the High Court under section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure
was wide enough to apply to a case like the present. It was noted that the
decision was approved and followed by the Madras High Court in several cases as
was noted at page 226 of 29 I.T.R. It was further pointed out that article 227
was wide enough to include such power. The judgment of that Court was delivered
by Bhimasankaram J.
Subba Rao, C.J. of the Andhra Pradesh High
Court was a party to that decision. It may, however, be pointed out that in the
facts and circumstances the Court found that the assessee was not entitled to
any relief pending the disposal of the reference. As pointed out before that
reliance had been placed by the Andhra Pradesh High Court on the decision in
Hukum Chand Boid's case (supra). It is necessary, therefore, to discuss that
decision. The said case was concerned with the nature of the jurisdiction and
the ambit of powers under section 583 and 546 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1882
as it stood at the relevant time. The division bench of the Calcutta High Court
consisting of Woodroffe and Mookherjee JJ. held that under the principle
indicated by section 583 of the Code of Civil Procedure a decree for reversal
862 necessarily carried with it the right to restitution of all that had taken
under the erroneous decree and the Appellate Court having seisin of the appeal,
had as ancillary to its duty to grant restitution, an inherent power in the
exercise of which it could, notwithstanding that the decree appealed against
had been executed, call upon the respondent to furnish security for the due
performance of any decree which might be made on the appeal. After discussing
the facts the court held that the Code of Civil Procedure bound the courts so
far as it went. The Code, was not exhaustive and did not affect the previously
existing powers unless it took these away; in matters with which it did not
deal, the court could exercise an inherent jurisdiction to do that justice
between the parties which was warranted under the circumstances and which the
necessities of the case required. There was difference of opinion between
Woodroffe J. and Mookerjee J.
on the scope of applicability of section 546
of the Code of Civil Procedure. Justice Woodroffe at page 931 of the report
observed:- "The Court has, therefore, in many cases, where the
circumstances require it, acted upon the assumption of the possession of an
inherent power to act ex debito justitiae and to do that real and substantial justice
for the administration, for which it alone exists." Similarly Justice
Mookerjee observed at page 941 of the report as follows:- "It may be added
that the exercise by Courts, of what are called their "inherent
powers" or "incidental powers" is familiar in other systems of
law, and such exercise is justified on the ground that it is necessary to make
its ordinary exercise of jurisdiction effectual, because, "when
jurisdiction has once attached, it continues necessarily and all the powers
requisite to give it full and complete effect can be exercised, until the end
of law shall be attained" (See Works on Courts and their Jurisdiction
section 27 and Wells on Jurisdiction of Courts, Chapter XVII)".
These observations, however, will have to be
understood in the context in which the same were made. If there was
jurisdiction to do certain matter then all powers to make that jurisdiction
effective must be implied to the authority unless expressly prohibited. But in
references under 1922 Act as well as 863 1961 Act the courts merely exercise an
advisory or consultative jurisdiction while the appeals are kept pending before
the tribunal, therefore, nothing should be implied as distracting from the
jurisdiction of the tribunals. Power to grant stay is incidental and ancillary
to the appellate jurisdiction. What was true of the appellate jurisdiction
could not be predicated of the referential jurisdiction. - See the observations
of the majority judgment of the Delhi High Court in Narula Trading Agency v.
Commissioner of Sales Tax [1981] 47 S.T.C. p.45, though made in the context of
different statutory provisions.
This decision of Andhra Pradesh High Court
was noticed by this Court in Income-tax Officer, Cannanore v. M.K.
Mohammed Kunhi 71 I.T.R. 815. That decision
requires a little closer examination. This Court in that decision was dealing
with section 254 of the Act of 1961 which conferred on the Appellate Tribunal
powers of the widest amplitude in dealing with appeals before it. This Court
held that power granted by implication the power of doing all such acts, or
employing such means, as were essentially necessary to its execution. The
statutory power under section 254 carried with it the duty in proper cases to
make such orders for staying recovery proceedings pending an appeal before the
Tribunal, as would prevent the appeal, if successful, from being rendered
nugatory. Section 254 carried with it the appellate powers of the Appellate
Tribunal. This Court while interpreting that power referred to the Sutherland's
Statutory Construction of third edition, articles 5401 and 5402., in Domat's
Civil Law (Cushing's edition), Volume 1, at page 88, Maxwell on Interpretation
of Statutes, eleventh edition, and case to the conclusion that where the power
was given to an authority, incidental powers to discharge that authority were
implied in the grant of that power. This Court noted that the Income-tax
Appellate Tribunal was not a court but exercised judicial powers. The Court
noted that there were certain decisions in which difficulties were felt that
the Appellate Tribunal did not possess the power to stay recovery during the
pendency of an appeal. Reference was made to a decision of the Andhra Pradesh
High Court in the case of Vetcha Sreeramamurthy v. The Income-tax Officer, Vizianagaram
and Another 30 I.T.R. 252, where Viswanatha Sastri, J. observed that there was
no confinement of an express power of granting a stay of realisation of the
tax, nor was there any power allowing the tax to be paid in instalments. The
learned judge observed that neither the Appellate Assistant Commissioner nor
the Appellate Tribunal was given the power to stay the collection of tax.
Therefore, according to the learned judge,
864 whether the law should not be made more liberal so as to enable an assessee
who has preferred an appeal, to obtain from the appellate forum, a stay of
collection of tax, either in whole or in part, on furnishing suitable security,
was a matter for the legislature to consider. Referring to the decision in
Pollisetti Narayana Rao v. Commissioner of Income-tax (supra), this Court made
an observation to the effect that "the same High Court held that stay
could be granted by it pending reference of a case by the Appellate Tribunal to
the High Court. This power the High Court had under section 151 of the Civil
Procedure Code and under article 227 of the Constitution". This passage in
our opinion cannot be taken as approving the observations of the Andhra Pradesh
High Court in Pollisetti Narayana Rao's case (supra). This Court was dealing
with the power of the appellate authority i.e. the Appellate Tribunal.
Therefore, that would be an entirely different question. The appellate
authority must have the incidental power or inherent power- inherent for the
disposal of an appeal to grant a stay or not to grant a stay.
The High Court, in our opinion, as was
contended by the revenue in answering a question under section 66 of 1922 Act
or section 256 of 1961 Act does not exercise original, appellate or revisional
jurisdiction but only advisory Jurisdiction. See the observations of the
judicial committee in Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. v. Chief Revenue
Authority, Bombay, (supra). It is only consultative, neither original nor
appellate.
In New Jehangir Vakil Mills Ltd. v.
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay North Kutch and Saurashtra 37 I.T.R. 11,
this Court held that the High Court cannot direct the Tribunal to find new
facts or raise a new question of law or embark a new line of enquiry.
In Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v.
Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. 42 I.T.R. 589, a bench of five judges of this
Court was of the view that reference jurisdiction or special jurisdiction is
different from appellate or supervisory jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of the
High Court in a reference under section 66 of 1922 Act was special one,
different from its ordinary jurisdiction as a civil court.
The High Court hearing a reference under that
section did not exercise any appellate or revisional or supervisory
jurisdiction over the Tribunal. It acted purely in an advisory capacity on a
reference which properly came before it under section 66(1) and (2) of 1922
Act. This Court noted that the High Court gives the Tribunal advice, 865 but
ultimately it is for the Tribunal to give effect to that advice. This Court
further observed that it was of the essence of such a Jurisdiction that the
court shall decide only questions which were referred to it and not any other
questions. This Court was, however of the view that the power of the court to
issue a direction to the Tribunal under section 66(2) of the Act of 1922 was in
the nature of a mandamus and it was well settled that no mandamus would be
issued unless the applicant had made a distinct demand on the appropriate
authorities for the very reliefs which he sought to enforce by mandamus and
that had been refused.
This question was again considered by this
Court in Petlad Turkey Red Dye Works Co. Ltd. Commissioner of Income- Tax
Bombay North 48 I.T.R. 92. This Court observed at page 98 of the report that
the jurisdiction of the High Court was confined to giving an opinion. It was
purely advisory and the High Court had no jurisdiction to direct the Tribunal
to take fresh evidence.
In C.P. Sarathy Mudaliar v. Commissioner of
Income-Tax, Andhra Pradesh 62 I.T.R. 576, this Court noted that the High Court
cannot set aside the order of the Tribunal and the High Court does not sit in
appeal over the judgement of the Tribunal. If the High Court found that the
material facts were not stated in the statement of case, or the Tribunal had
not stated its conclusion on material facts, the High Court might call upon the
Tribunal to submit a supplementary statement of case under section 66(4) of
1922 Act. It may be mentioned that it would be incidental to answering the
question.
In the case of Commissioner of Income-tax,
Bombay City I v. Greaves Cotton and Co. Ltd. 68 I.T.R. 200, this Court noted
that it was well settled that the High Court was not a court of appeal under
reference under section 66 of 1922 Act or under section 256 of 1961 Act and it
was not open to the High Court in such a reference to embark upon a
re-appraisal of the evidence and the facts found by the Tribunal must be
accepted by the High Court.
A full bench of the Kerala High Court in the
case of K.
Ahamad v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Kerala
96 I.T.R. 29, held that the High Court had power to delete under section 256 of
1961 Act an erroneous sentence in the judgment. The full bench held that the
courts were constituted for the purpose of doing justice and should have power
that is inherent to the discharge of the function and that these must have
power akin to correct accidental slips. The full bench therein acted on the
principle that no act of the court should ever injure a party.
866 A learned single judge of the Bombay High
Court in the case of Jatashankar Dayaram v. Commissioner of Income-Tax 101
I.T.R. 343, held that application for a reference under section 256(2) of 1961
Act in forma pauperis can be permitted. This would be incidental or ancillary
to the discharge of the function of giving advice conferred under section 66 of
1922 Act.
This Court in the case of Jaipur Mineral
Development Syndicate v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, New Delhi 106 I.T.R. 653
at 656, held that reference which was dismissed for paper books not being filed
in time could be restored.
It is common ground that jurisdiction
conferred upon the High Court under the Income-Tax Act is neither original nor
appellate. The jurisdiction which it exercised in dealing with the income-tax
reference was advisory and is a special jurisdiction.
It was contended on behalf of the assessee
that the High Court was a court when it exercised its special jurisdiction and
it was well settled that the High Court while hearing a reference under a
taxing statute had inherent power to make all such orders as it would be
necessary to do justice where the circumstances of the case so required and for
this reliance was placed on the observations of this Court in the case of
Jaipur Mineral Development Syndicate v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, New Delhi
(supra). But as has been noticed before the power that was exercised was for
properly giving advice.
The Allahabad High Court in Sridhar v.
Commissioner of Wealth-Tax, 153 I.T.R. 543 at 547, observed that only power that
High Court could exercise under section 27 of the Wealth-Tax Act, 1957 was
similar to section 66 of 1922 Act i.e. to give opinion about the questions
referred to it in an advisory capacity by answering the questions in favour of
the assessee or the revenue, as the case might be. Even while hearing a
reference under a taxing statute, the High Court has certain inherent powers.
But the extent and scope of the inherent power which can be exercised by an
appellate or revisional court cannot be the extent and scope of the inherent
power of the High Court while exercising an advisory jurisdiction such as is
conferred by section 27 of the Act. The inherent power which the High Court can
exercise while hearing a reference under section 27 must be confined to the
procedure about the hearing of a reference and to passing such orders as are
ancillary or incidental to the advice which the 867 High Court proposes to give
while answering the questions.
While hearing a reference under section 27,
the Allahabad High Court further held that the High Court did not have the
further inherent power to pass interim orders restraining the orders of AAC or
by the Tribunal being given effect to.
It was further held that what the High Court
could not do at the time of passing the final order, it could certainly not do
as an interim measure in the purported exercise of its inherent power.
It is true that the High Courts sometimes act
on the assumption that it possessed inherent power to act ex debito justitiae
and to do real and substantial justice for which alone these existed where the
circumstances of the case so required, the power related to matters of
procedure and not substantive rights of the parties. See in this connection
Manohar Lal Chopra v. Rai Bahadur Rao Raja Seth Hiralal, [1962] 1 Supp. S.C.R.
450, where this Court a page 463 of the report referred to section 151 of the
Code of Civil Procedure and observed that the section itself said that nothing
in the Code should be deemed to limit or otherwise affect the inherent power of
the court to make orders necessary for the ends of justice. This 'inherent
power' as was observed by this Court "had not been conferred on the court.
It was a power inherent in the Court by virtue of its duty to do justice
between the parties before it".
Further the Code itself recognised the
existence of the inherent power of the Code, there was no question of implying
any powers outside the limits of the Code. See also Padam sen and Anr. v. The
State of Uttar Pradesh, [1961] 1 S.C.R. 884 at 887.
The special jurisdiction of the High Court
under section 256 does not deprive it of judicial character or its inherent
power, it was submitted. This in our opinion does not solve the question
because the High Court in answering reference indubitably acts in judicial
capacity and must be implied to have powers which are necessary to discharge
the obligations in exercising its jurisdiction of giving advice conferred by
the special provisions of the statute. It was further submitted that the extent
and scope of that inherent power could not be confined to a straight jacket. It
took within its ambit the power to grant stay of proceedings before the court
as it deemed necessary to do for the ends of justice. The High Court could
exercise such power to grant stay, it was submitted where the legislature had
not denied or excluded the same in unmistakable terms. But this was not clear
because of the language. It was stated that pendency of a 868 reference would
not stay the realisation, indicates that reference has nothing to do with the
stay of realisation.
The realisation of non-realisation of tax is
part of the appellate jurisdiction of the Tribunal. It was, however, submitted
that the inherent power of the High Court and also of the Supreme Court had not
been excluded by the general provision in section 265 of 1961 Act which stated
that notwithstanding that a reference has been made to the High Court or the
Supreme Court or an appeal has been preferred to the Supreme Court, tax shall
be payable in accordance with the assessment made. This section, it was
submitted, did not impose any embargo on the inherent power. It was submitted
that section 265 of 1961 Act, as regards reference made to the High Court, is
in pari materia with section 66(7) which also related to reference to the High
Court.
Section 66(7) was interpreted by the Andhra
Pradesh High Court in Pollisetti Narayana Rao v. Commissioner of Income- tax
(supra). It was submitted that legislature by adopting the identical language
in 1961 Act must be regarded as having accepted it in section 265 of 1961 Act.
It was submitted that while in re-enacting similar provisions of section 66(7),
in section 265 the legislature must be regarded as intending the same meaning
to the pari material expression in the 1961 Act. For this reliance was placed
on the observations of House of Lords in the Case of Barras v.
Aberdeen Steam Trawling and Fishing Co., Ltd.
1933 A.E.R. = 1933 A.C. 402, where it was held that once certain words in an
Act of Parliament had received a judicial construction in one of the superior
courts, and the legislature repeated these without any alteration in a
subsequent statute, the legislature must be taken to have used them according
to the meaning which a court of competent jurisdiction had given to them. Lord
Macmillan however observed that this rule of interpretation afforded only a
valuable presumption as to the meaning of the language employed in a statute.
Where a judicial interpretation is well settled and well recognised the rule
ought, doubtless, to receive effect, but must be a question of circumstances
whether Parliament was to be presumed to have tacitly given statutory authority
to a single judgment of a competent court so as to render that judgment,
however, obviously wrong, unexaminable by the highest court.
Therefore, in this case only solitary
decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court which was not in all subsequent cases
followed and which in a way was contrary to several decisions of the other High
Courts as well as this Court cannot be said to have received parliamentary
acceptance.
The attention of the Andhra Pradesh High
Court was not drawn to the decision of this Court in Seth 869 Premchand
Satramdas v. State of Bihar 19 I.T.R. 108, where dealing with the nature of the
Jurisdiction of the Courts in reference matters under Sales Tax Act this Court
observed that the High Court acquired Jurisdiction to deal with the case by
virtue of an express provision of the Bihar Sales Tax Act. Jurisdiction was
only consultative neither original nor appellate.
The Calcutta High Court in the case of Dwarka
Prasad Baja v. Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal-I 126 I.T.R.
219, observed that in exercising its
Jurisdiction under section 256 of the Income-Tax Act, 1961, the High Court did
not act as a court of appeal, as the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal does under
section 254 of the Act. The High Court, in disposing of the reference, could
only answer the questions actually referred and could not raise any question by
itself. The findings of fact by the Tribunal were final so far as the High
Court was concerned and only on limited grounds such findings of fact could be
challenged. After the judgment of the High Court is delivered, the Tribunal has
to pass necessary orders to dispose of the case in conformity with the judgment
under section 260 of the Act. The High Court exercised a very limited
jurisdiction. It did not dispose of the entire matter but its decision was
confined only to the questions of law as arise from the order of the Tribunal.
Therefore, it could not be said that the High Court exercised its general
jurisdiction under article 227 of the Constitution in dealing with a reference.
If the High Court could in such case exercise its powers under equity
jurisdiction and grant a temporary injunction or a stay it would have to
ascertain and to go into facts for which the Income-Tax Act, 1961 did not make
any provision. Moreover, issuance of orders permitting collection or recovery
of tax or staying such collection or recovery if made under exercise of
inherent power would result in extension of the jurisdiction of the High Court
under section 256 of the Act of 1961. The Calcutta High Court, further, was of
the view that a court could not vest itself with such additional jurisdiction
by invoking its inherent powers. Hence, the Court, in seisin of a reference
under the I.T. Act could not issue an order of temporary injunction, according
to the Calcutta High Court, or stay of proceedings which was an injunction in
an indirect manner in respect of recovery of taxes.
In an appropriate case, if the assessee feels
that a stay of recovery pending disposal of the reference is necessary or is in
the interest of justice, then the assessee is entitled to apply before the
appellate authority to grant a stay until disposal 870 of reference by the High
Court or until such time as the appellate authority thought fit. But in case
the appellate authority acted without jurisdiction or in excess jurisdiction or
in improper exercise of the jurisdiction, then decision of such appellate
authority can be corrected by the High Courts by issuing appropriate writs
under article 226 and 227 of the Constitution.
It has to be borne in mind that in answering
questions or disposing of references either under section 66 of 1922 Act or
section 256 of 1961 Act, the High Courts do not exercise any jurisdiction
conferred upon them by the Code of Civil Procedure or the Charters or by the
Acts establishing respective High Courts. In respect of certain matters
jurisdictions exercised by the High Court, must be kept separate from the
concept of inherent powers or incidental powers in exercising jurisdiction
under section 66 of 1922 Act or 256 of 1961 Act. Section 66 of Income-Tax Act
of 1922 or section 256 of Income-Tax Act of 1961 is a special jurisdiction of a
limited nature conferred not by the Code of Civil Procedure or by the Charters
or by the special Acts constituting such High Courts but by the special provisions
of Income-Tax Act 1922 or 1961 for limited purpose of obtaining High Court's
opinion on questions of law. In giving that opinion properly if any question of
incidental or ancillary power arises such as giving an opportunity or restoring
a reference dismissed without hearing or giving some additional time to file
paper book, such powers inhered to the Jurisdiction conferred upon it. But such
incidental powers can not be so construed as to confer the power of stay of
recovery of taxes pending a reference which lie in the domain of an appellate
authority. Therefore, the concept of granting stay in a reference ex debito
justitiae does not arise. That concept might arise in case of the appellate
authority exercising its power to grant stay where there is not express
provision. Ex debito justitiae is to do justice between the parties.
Rendering advice on the question of law
referred to the courts has nothing to do with the recovery of tax or granting
stay in respect of the same.
Therefore, in our opinion it cannot be said
that the High Court had inherent power or incidental power in the matter of a
reference pending before it to grant stay of realisation or to grant
injunction. That must remain within the jurisdiction of the appellate authority
and pendency of a reference does not detract 871 from that jurisdiction of the
appellate authority. In our opinion, therefore, the High Court was in error in
exercising its jurisdiction by passing an order for stay of realisation under
section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure in a pending reference. The High
Court could have exercised its power if the appellate authority had not
properly exercised its jurisdiction, not in reference jurisdiction but by
virtue of its jurisdiction under article 226 or article 227 in appropriate
cases. But that was not the case here.
In that view of the matter, we are in
respectful agreement with the views expressed by the Allahabad High Court in
Sridhar v. Commissioner of Wealth-tax (supra) and the views of the Calcutta
High Court in Dwarka Prasad Baja v. Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal-I
(supra) and we are unable to sustain the views expressed by Andhra Pradesh High
Court in Polisetti Narayana Rao v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Hyderabad
(supra). The appeals are accordingly allowed. The judgment and order of the
High Court are set aside. But in the facts and circumstances of the case,
parties are directed to pay and bear their own costs.
N.V.K. Appeals allowed.
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