Satya Narain Singh Vs. The High Court of
Judicature at Allahabad & Ors [1984] INSC 216 (27 November 1984)
REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J) REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA
(J) SEN, A.P. (J) VENKATARAMIAH, E.S. (J)
CITATION: 1985 AIR 308 1985 SCR (2) 112 1985
SCC (1) 225 1984 SCALE (2)790
ACT:
Constitution of India - article 233
Appointment of District Judges-Interpretation of - Persons already in service
cannot be appointed District Judges by direct recruitment. Clause(2) of Art.233
is applicable only to persons not already in the Service of the Union o r of
the State - Service here means judicial service Requirement of seven years
practice at bar necessary only in case of persons not already in service
HEADNOTE:
In response to an advertisement by the High
Court of Allahabad, the petitioners, who were members of the Uttar Pradesh
Judicial Service, applied to be appointed by direct recruitment to the Uttar
Pradesh Higher Judicial Service.
The petitioners claimed that they had
acquired 7 years h of practice at the bar even before their appointment to that
Service. The High Court held that members of the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service
were not eligible to be appointed by direct recruitment to Uttar Pradesh Higher
Judicial Service. Before this Court the petitioners submitted that a
construction of Art. 233 of the Constitution which would render a member of the
Subordinate Judicial Service ineligible for appointment to the Higher Judicial
Service by direct recruitment because of the additional experience gained by
him as a Judicial officer would be both 11 unjust and paradoxical.
Affirming the decision of the High Court and
dismissing the petitions,
HELD: Two points straightway project
themselves when the two clauses of Art. 233 of the Constitution are read:
'The first clause deals with 'appointments of
persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State
while the second clause is confined in its application to persons not already
in the service of the Union or of the 113 State'. 'Service of the Union or of
the State' has been interpreted by A this Court to mean judicial service. While
the first clause makes consultation by the Governor of the State with the High
Court necessary, the second clause requires that the High Court must recommend
a person for appointment as a District Judge. It is only in respect of the
persons covered by the second clause that there is a requirement that person
shall be eligible for appointment as District Judge if he has been an advocate
or a pleader for not less than 7 years. In other words, in the case of
candidates who are not members of a Judicial Service they must have been
advocates or pleaders for not less than 7 years and they have to be recommended
by the High Court before they may be appointed as District Judges, while in the
case of candidates who are members of a Judicial Service the 7 years rule has
no application but there has to be consultation with the High Court. A clear
distinction is made between the two sources of recruitment and the dichotomy is
maintained. The two streams are separate until they come together by
appointment. [116 D-G] Ramcshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab, [196112 SCR 874 and
Chander Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh, [1967] I SCR 77, referred to.
original Jurisdiction: Writ Petition Nos.
16087 of 1984, 728 of 1981 and 15926 of 1984.
Under Article 32 of the Constitution of
India.
L. N. Sinha, Mrs. Shyamla Pappu, Arvind
Kumar, R. D. Upadhya and C.K Ratnaparkhi for the Petitioner in W.P. Nos.
15926/84 & 16087/84.
K.K. Venugopal, Arvind Kumar and Mrs. Laxmi
Arvind the Petitioner in WP. No. 728 of 1981. F Gopal Subramaniam and Mrs.
Shobha Dikshit for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
CHINNAPPA REDDY, J. The petitioners in the several writ petitions now before us
as well as the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 548 of 1982 and the petitioners
in Writ Petition Nos. 6346- H 114 6351 of 1980 which we dismissed on 11th
October, 1984 were members of the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service in 1980 when
all of them, in response to an advertisement by the High Court of Allahabad,
applied to be appointed by direct recruitment to the Uttar Pradesh Higher
Judicial Service.
They claimed that each of them had completed
7 years of practice at the bar even before their appointment to the Uttar Pradesh
Judicial Service and were, therefore, eligible to be appointed by direct
recruitment to the Higher Judicial Service. As there was a question about the
eligibility of members of the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service to appointment by
direct recruitment to the Higher Judicial Service, some of them filed writ
petitions in the Allahabad High Court the said petitions were dismissed and it
was held that members of the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service were not eligible
to be appointed by direct recruitment to the Uttar Pradesh Higher Judicial
Service.
Civil Appeal No. 548 of 1982 was filed in
this Court after obtaining special leave under Art. 136 of the Constitution. By
virtue of the inter in order passed by this Court, members of the Uttar Pradesh
Judicial Service, who desired to appear at the examination and selection were
allowed to so appear, but the result of the selection was made subject to the
outcome of the civil appeal and the writ petitions in this Court. The civil
appeal and some of the writ petitions were dismissed by us on October 11, 1984.
The remaining writ petitions are now before us. Shri Lal Narain Sinha and Shri
K.K. Venu gopal, Learned Counsel who appeared for the petitioners, tried to
persuade us to re-open the issue, which had been concluded by our decision on
October 11, 1984. Having heard them, we are not satisfied that there is any
reason for re-opening the issue. When we dismissed the civil appeal and the
writ petitions on the former occasion, we were content to merely affirm the
judgment of the High Court of Allahabad without giving our own reasons. In view
of the arguments advanced, we consider that it may be better for us to indicate
briefly our reasons.
The submission of Shri Lal Narain Sinha and
Shri K.K. Venu gopal was that there was no constitutional inhibition against
members of any Subordinate Judicial Service seeking to be appointed as District
Judges by direct recruitment provided they had completed 7 years' practice at
the bar. The submission of the learned counsel was that members of the
Subordinate Judiciary, who had 115 put in 7 years' practice at the bar before
joining the Subordinate A Judicial Service and who had gained experience as
Judicial officers by joining the Subordinate Judicial Service ought to be
considered better fitted for appointment as District Judges because of the
additional experience gained by them rather than be penalised for that reason.
The learned counsel submitted that a construction of Art. 233 of the
Constitution which would render a member of the Subordinate Judicial Service
ineligible for appointment to the Higher Judicial Service because of the
additional gained by him as a Judicial officer would be both unjust and
paradoxical. It was also suggested that it would be extremely anomalous if a
member of the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service who, on the present construction
of Art. 233 is ineligible for appointment as a District Judge by direct
recruitment, is nevertheless eligible to be appointed as a judge of the High
Court by reason of Art. 217(2) (aa.) on the other hand Sri Gopala Subramanium,
learned counsel for the respondent urged that there was a clear demarcation in
the Constitution between two sources of recruitment namely:
(1). those who were in the service of a State
or Union and (2). those who were not in such service. He contended that the
second clause of Art. 233 ! was attracted only to the second source and in
respect of candidates from that source the further qualification of 7 years as
an advocate or a pleader was made obligatory for eligibility. According to Mr.
Gopala Subramanium, a plain reading of both the clauses of Art. 233 showed that
while the second clause of Art. 233 was applicable only to those who were not
already in service, the first clause was applicable to those who were already
in service. He urged that any other construction would lead to anomalous and
absurd consequences such as a junior member of the Subordinate Judicial Service
taking a leap, as it were, over senior members of the Judicial Service with
long records of meritorious service. Both sides relied upon the decisions of
this Court in Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab(l) and Chander Mohan v. State
of Uttar Pradesh(2).
(1) [1961] 2 S.C.R. 874.
(2) [1967] 1 S.C.R. 77.
116 Article 233 is as follows:- "233(1)
Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district
judges in any State shall be made by the Gover nor of the State in consultation
with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
(2) A person not already in the service of
the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to be appointed a district
judge if he has been for not less than seven years as an advocate or pleader
and is recommended by the High Court for appointment." Two point
straightway project themselves when the two clauses of Art. 233 are read:
The first clause deals with 'appointments of
persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State'
while the second clause is confined in its application to persons 'not already
in the service of the Union or of the State'. We may mention here that Service
of the Union or of the State' has been interpreted by this Court to mean
judicial service. Again while the first clause make consultation by the
Governor of the State with the High Court necessary, the second clause requires
that the High Court must recommend a person for appointment as a District
Judge. It is only in respect of the persons covered by the second clause that
there is a requirement that a person shall be eligible for appointment as
District Judge if he has been an advocate or a pleader for not less than 7
years. In other words, in the case of candidates who are not members of a
Judicial Service they must have been advocates or pleaders for not less than 7
years and they have to be recommended by the High Court before they may be
appointed as District Judges, while in the case of candidates who are members
of a Judicial Service the 7 years rule has no application but there has to be
consultation with High Court. A clear distinction is made between the two
sources of recruitment and the dichotomy is maintained. The two streams are
separate until they come together by appointment. Obviously the same slip
cannot sail both the streams simultaneously. The dichotomy is clearly brought
out by S.K. Das, J. in Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab (supra) where he
observes:
117 ".. Article 233 is a self contained
provision regarding A the appointment of District Judges. As to a person who is
already in the service of the Union or of the State, no special qualifications
are laid down and under cl. (1) the Governor can appoint such a person as a
district judge in consultation with the relevant High Court. As to a person not
already in service, a qualification is laid down in cl.
(2) and all that is required is that he
should be an advocate or pleader of seven years' standing." Again dealing
with the cases of Harbans Singh and Sawhney it was observed, "We consider
that even if we proceed on the footing that both those persons were recruited
from the Bar and their appointment has to be tested by the requirements of
Clause(2), we must hold that they fulfilled those requirements". Clearly
the Court was expressing the view that it was in the case of recruitment from
the Bar, distinguished from Judicial Service that the requirements of Cl. (2)
had to be fulfilled. We may also add here earlier the Court also expressed the
view, "...we do not think that Cl. (2) of Art. 233 can be interpreted in
the light of the Explanation added to Articles 124 and 217." In Chandra
Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh (supra) Subba Rao, C.J. after referring to
Articles 233,234, 235, 236 and 237 stated,- E "The gist of the said
provisions may be stated thus: Appointments of persons to be, and the posting
and pro motion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor
of the State. There are two sources of recruitment, namely, (i) service or the
Union or of the State and (ii) members of Bar. The said judges from the first
source are appointed in consultation with the High Court and those from the
second source are appointed on the recommendation of the High Court. But in the
case of appointments of persons to the judicial service other than as district
judges, they will be made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules
framed by him in consultation with the High Court and the Public Service
Commission. But the High Court has control over all the district courts and
courts subordinate thereto, subject to certain prescribed limitations."
118 Subba Rao, CJ. then proceeded to consider whether the Government could
appoint as district judges persons from services other than the judicial
service. After pointing out that Art. 233(1) was a declaration of the general
power of the Governor in the matter of appointment of district judges and he
did not lay down the qualifications of the candidates to be appointed or
denoted the sources from which the recruitment had to be made, he proceeded to
state, "But the sources of recruitment are indicated in cl.
(2) thereof. Under cl. (2 of Are. 233 two
sources are given namely, (i) persons in the service of the Union or of the
State, and (ii) advocate or pleader." Posing the question whether the
expression "the service of the Union or of the State" meant any
service of the Union or of the State or whether it meant the judicial service
of the Union or of the State, the learned Chief Justice emphatically held that
the expression "the service" in Art. 233(2) could only mean the
judicial service. But he did not mean by the above statement that persons who
are already in the service, on the recommendation by the High Court can be
appointed as District Judges, overlooking the claims of all other Seniors in
the Subordinate Judiciary Contrary to Art. 14 and Art. 16 of the Constitution.
Thus we see that the two decisions do not
support the contention advanced on behalf of the petitioners but, to the extent
that they go, they certainly advance the case of the respondents. We therefore,
see no reason to depart from the view already taken by us and we accordingly
dismiss the writ petitions.
H.S.K. Petitions dismissed.
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