State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Zavad Zama
Khan [1984] INSC 104 (4 May 1984)
SEN, A.P. (J) SEN, A.P. (J) DESAI, D.A.
ERADI, V. BALAKRISHNA (J)
CITATION: 1984 AIR 1095 1984 SCR (3) 789 1984
SCC (3) 505 1984 SCALE (1)938
CITATOR INFO :
R 1986 SC 356 (3) R 1988 SC 227 (9)
ACT:
Public Safety Laws-National Security Act (Act
XLV of 1980) Section 14-Revocation of orders of detention-Due compliance with
requirement of section 8(1) read with Article 22(5) of the Constitution though.
complied with, subsequent representation for revocation to Prime Minister made
through the counsel filed by the Central Government- Whether non-passing of any
order on the revocation representation vitiates the detention.
HEADNOTE:
The facts are that the respondent made a
representation dated June 18, 1983 against an order of detention passed by the
District Magistrate, Moradabad dated November 6, 1982 for his detention under
sub-s. (3) of s. 3 of the National Security Act, 1980, and the same was duly
forwarded by the District Magistrate to the Advisory Board on June 21. 1983.
The State Government had in the mean while on
June 13, 1983 made a reference in the Advisory Board under s. 10 of the Act
i.e. within three weeks from the dale of detention together with the order of
detention and the grounds there for its opinion. On June 23, 1983 the
representation was examined by the Joint Secretary, Home Department who marked
the file to the Home Secretary on June 27, 1983 who on his turn placed the file
before the Chief Minister for his comments on June 27, 1983. The Chief Minister
took to days to study the file and ultimately passed an order rejecting the
representation. On July 2, 1983 the State Government forwarded the
representation made together with the comments to the Government of India and
the Central Government rejected the same on July 19, 1983.
It appears that on July S, 1983 the
respondent through his counsel simultaneously addressed two representations for
revocation of his detention under s. 14 of the Act, one addressed to the Prime
Minister of India and the other to the State Government. The representation
made to the Central Government addressed in the name of the Prime Minister was
received in the Prime Minister's Secretariat on July 7, 1983 and the grievance
of the respondent before the High Court was that the Central Government had not
dealt with his application for the revocation of the order of detention under
s. 14 of the Act. The High Court observed that the right of the detenu to make
a representation to the Central Government for revocation of the order of
detention under s. 14 of Act was intended to be an additional check or safeguard
against the improper exercise of its power of detention by the detaining
authority or the State Government and therefore the failure on the part of the
Central Government to consider the same was tantamount to a denial of the
constitutional safeguard as contemplated by Art.
22(5) 790 of the Constitution. It accordingly
held the continued detention of the respondent to be illegal.
Aggrieved by the order, the State preferred
an Special Leave.
Allowing the appeal, the Court,
HELD: (1) The constitutional imperatives of
Art. 22(5) enjoin that where a detenu simultaneously makes representation to
the detaining authority as well as an application under s. 14 of the Act, they
must not be dealt with by the appropriate Government at the same time and there
was no question of any conflict of jurisdiction. If the Central Government were
to revoke the order of detention under s. 14 of the Act, there would be no
representation for the State Government to consider, or refer to the Advisory
Board under s. 8(b) of the Act nor will there arise any question of Advisory
Board making a report to it, or on receipt of such a report, confirming the
order of detention under section 8(f). The other type of cases can be where
notwithstanding that the order of detention has been confirmed under s. 8(f)
the appropriate Government may, at any time, revoke the same under s. 14. The
power of revocation conferred on the appropriate Government under s. 14 is
independent of the power of confirming or setting aside an order or detention
under s. 8(f) [795H; 796A-D]
2. The power of revocation conferred on the
Central Government under s. 14 of the Act is a statutory power which may be
exercised on information received by tile Central Government from its own
sources including that supplied by tile State Government under sub-s. (5) of s.
3, or from the detenu in the form of a petition or representation. It is for
the Central Government to decide whether or Not it should revoke the order of
detention in a particular case.
[796G-H] Any lapse on the part of State
Government in forwarding the representation made by the detenu to the Central
Government for revocation of the order of detention under s. 14 of the Act or
non-consideration of the same by the Central Government makes the continued
detention of the detenu bad. [793B-C] In the present case, however, the detenu
was not deprived of the right of making a representation to the detaining
authority under Art. 22(5) of the Constitution read with s. 8(1) of the Act.
Although the detenu had no right to simultaneously make a representation
against the order of detention to the Central Government under Art.
22(5) and there was no duty cast on the State
Government to forward the same to the Central Government, nevertheless the
State Government forwarded the same forthwith. The Central Government duly
considered that representation which in effect was nothing but a representation
for revocation of the order of detention under s. 14 of the Act. That being so.
it was not obligatory on the part of the Central Government to consider a
second representation for revocation under s. 14 of the Act. [797A-D] 791
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No. 57 of 1984.
From the Judgment and Order dated 25-10-1983
of the Allahabad High Court in Habeas Corpus WP. No. 8420 of 1983.
Manjo Swarup and Dalveer Bhandari for the
appellant.
Mrs. & Mr. Qamaruddin, Rizwan A. Hafiez
and Desh Raj for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
SEN, J. The State Government of Uttar Pradesh has preferred this appeal by
special leave from the judgment and order of the Allahabad High Court dated
October 25, 1983 by which the High Court issued a writ in the nature of habeas
corpus quashing an order of detention passed by the District Magistrate, Moradabad
dated November 6, 1982 for the detention of the respondent under sub-s. (3) of
s. 3 of the National Security Act, 1980 on being satisfied that his detention
was necessary "with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner
prejudicial to the maintenance of Public order." It appears that the
respondent is alleged to have committed an offence of murder punishable under
s. 302 and of causing disappearance of evidence punishable under s. 201 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 in connection with the communal riots that occurred in the
Moradabad city. On November 6, 1982, the District Magistrate, Moradabad passed
the impugned order of detention but it could not be served on the respondent as
he was absconding. As required under sub-s. (4) of s. 3, the District
Magistrate forthwith made a report of the fact to the State Government of Uttar
Pradesh that he had passed an order for the detention of the respondent under
sub-s. (3) of s. 3 of the Act, together with the grounds on which the order had
been made and such other particulars as, in his opinion, had a bearing on the
matter. The State Government received the order of detention on November 8,
1982 and approved of the same on November 11, 1982 under sub-s. (5) of s. 3,
and as required thereunder, forwarded a report to the Central Government on the
next day i.e. On November 12, 1982. The respondent surrendered to the police on
May 24, 1983 and the impugned order of detention was served on him in District
Jail, 792 Moradabad on June 1, 1983 and the grounds of detention were furnished
to him on June 2, 1983.
The respondent made a representation dated
June 18, 1983 through the Superintendent, District Jail Moradabad and he
immediately forwarded the same to the District Magistrate. On June 20, 1983 the
District Magistrate forwarded the representation to the Advisory Board and the
same was received by the Advisory Board on June 21, 1983.
The State Government had in the meanwhile on
June 13,1983 made a reference to the Advisory Board under s. 10 of the Act i.e.
within three weeks from the date of detention together with the order of
detention, and the grounds therefore, for its opinion. On June 23, 1983 the
representation of the respondent forwarded by the District Magistrate together
with his comments was examined by the Joint Secretary, Home Department. The
file was placed before the Home Secretary on June 27, 1983 who placed it before
the Chief Minister with his comments. The Chief Minister took two days to study
the file and ultimately passed an order rejecting the representation on June
30, 1983. On July 2, 1983 the State Government forwarded the representation
made by the respondent together with its comments to the Government of India
and the Central Government rejected the same on July 19, 1983.
On July 5, 1983 the respondent through his
counsel D.S. Misra simultaneously addressed two representations for revocation
of his detention under s. 14 of the Act, one addressed to the Prime Minister of
India and the other to the State Government. It appears that the representation
made to the Central Government addressed in the name of the Prime Minister was
received in the Prime Minister Secretariat on July 7, 1983 and the grievance of
the respondent was that the Central Government had not dealt with his
application for revocation of the order of detention under s. 14 even now.
In his counter-affidavit by one M.L. Miglani,
Desk officer, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi, it was stated that the
Central Government had fully discharged its functions by expeditiously taking a
decision on the earlier representation directly ad dressed by the respondent
and it was under no statutory obligation to consider the subsequent
representation for revocation addressed by the respondent through his counsel
to the Prime Minister. I was not a statutory representation for revocation of
the impugned 793 order of detention under s. 14 and therefore it was not at all
necessary for the Central Government to deal with it.
The High Court placing reliance on the
decision of this Court in Phillippa Anne Duke v. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors
and certain of its own decisions held that the respondent had a right to make
an application to the Central Government for revocation of the order of
detention and the failure on the part of the Central Government to apply its
mind to it made the continued detention illegal.
The only question canvassed in the appeal
before us is that the judgment of the High Court betrays, complete lack of
awareness of the nature of the constitutional safeguards enshrined under Art.
22(5) of the Constitution.
It is urged that the constitutional
imperatives enacted in Art. 22(5) are two-fold; (1) The detaining authority
must, as soon as maybe i.e. as soon as practicable, after the detention,
communicate to the detenu the grounds on which the order of detention has been
made. And (2) The detaining authority must afford the detenu the earliest opportunity
of making representation against the order of detention. In the present ease,
it is said that the requirements of Art. 22(5) of the Constitution read with s.
8(1) of the Act had been duly complied with. There is no question of any
violation of Art. 22(5) or of s. 8(1) and further that the grounds for
detention set out the facts with sufficient degree of particularity and they
did furnish sufficient nexus for forming the subjective satisfaction of the
detaining authority. The order of detention cannot therefore be challenged on
the ground that the grounds furnished were not adequate or sufficient for the
subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority, or for making an effective
representation. It is further urged that there being due compliance with the
constitutional requirements of Art.
22(5) and of s. 8(1), the High Court was
wrong in holding that the continued detention of the respondent was invalid
merely because the Central Government refused to act on his application for
revocation of the order of detention under s. 14 of the act. We find
considerable force in the submission.
We are not oblivious of the fact that this
Court has in certain cases given expression to the view that any lapse on the
part of the State Government in forwarding the representation made for revo-
794 cation of his order of detention under s.11(1)(b) of the COFEPOSA Act, 1974
or the failure of the Central Government to expeditiously consider the same was
a denial of the constitutional right of being afforded "the earliest
opportunity of making a representation against the order" as contemplated
by Art. 22(5). At one time it was thought that s. 14 of the Maintenance of
Internal Security Act, 1971 which was in pari materia with s. 14 of the Act,
did not confer any right or privilege on the detenu but there is a definite
shift in the judicial attitude, for which there appears to be no discernible
basis. In Shyam Ambalal Siroya v. Union of India & Ors., the contention was
that because a representation properly addressed to the Central Government to
order revocation under s. 11 of the COFEPOSA Act was not forwarded by the
detaining authority to the Central Government, the detention was illegal. The
Court construed the power conferred on the Central Government to direct
revocation of an order of detention under s. 11 of that Act to be
"statutory". It was observed that the power of the Central Government
to revoke the order of detention implies that the detenu can make a
representation for exercise of that power and a petition for revocation of an
order of detention should be dealt with reasonable expedition. Since a
representation properly addressed by the detenu of the Central Government was
not forwarded to the Central Government, the continued detention of the detenu
was held to be illegal.
In Sabir Ahmed v. Union of India & Ors.,
the Court held that non-consideration by the Central Government of a
representation for revocation made by the detenu under s. 11 of the COFEPOSA
Act made the continued detention to be bad, following the decision in Shyam
Ambalal Siroya's case, supra. It was however observed that the power conferred
by s. 11 on the Central Government was a supervisory power and it was intended to
be an additional check or safeguard against the improper exercise of its power
of detention by the detaining authority or the State Government.
In Rattan Singh v. State of Punjab & Ors,
the Court went still further. There was, in that case, a lapse on the part of
the State Government in forwarding the representation simultaneously made by
the detenu to the Central Government for revocation of the order of detention
under s. 11 of the COFEPOSA Act. The 795 Court struck down the order of
detention on the ground that there was a denial of the right of making
representation to the Central Government for revocation of the order of
detention under s. 11 of the Act and this was tantamount to a denial of the
constitutional safeguard of Art. 22(5).
Soon thereafter, the Court in Sat Pal v.
State of Punjab & Ors examined the nature of the power of revocation
conferred on the Central Government under s. 11 of the COFEPOSA; Act and held
that it was supervisory in nature, and it was observed:
"That is, as it should be, under our
federal structure the Centre must always keep a vigilant eye in the matter of
life and liberty of a citizen guaranteed under Article 21.
Ours is a Constitution, where there is a
combination of federal structure with unitary features while in a unitary State
there is only one Government;
federal State involves multi-Governments
namely, national or federal Government and the Governments of component States.
A federal State, in short, is a fusion of several States into a single State in
regard to matters affecting common interest leaving each component State to
enjoy autonomy in regard to other matters. Under our Constitution: certain
powers vest in the Central Government leaving certain to its component units to
exercise autonomy in spheres assigned to them in the Constitution itself. The
component States are not merely delegates or agents of the federal Government.
Both federal and State Governments draw their authority from the same source,
the Constitution The conferment of executive power on the States in relation to
a subject with respect to which the legislatures of the States have no power to
make a law under Art. 258(2) must necessarily be subject to the administrative
control of the Union under Arts. 256 and 247(1), to the giving of such
directions to the States as may appear to the Government of India to be
necessary for that purpose." It was then observed that the constitutional
imperatives of Art. 22(5) enjoin that where a detenu simultaneously makes a re-
796 presentation to the detaining authority as well as an application for
revocation under s. 11 of the Act they must both be dealt with by the
appropriate Government at the same time and there was no question of any
conflict of jurisdiction. To illustrate, it was said that if the Central
Government were to revoke an order of detention under s. 11 of the Act, there
would be no representation for the State Government to consider, or refer the
Advisory Board under s. 8(b), nor will there arise any question of Advisory
Board submitting a report to it, or on receipt of such a report confirming the
order of detention under s. 8(f). It was further observed that the other types
of cases would be where notwithstanding that the order of detention has been
confirmed under s. 8(f), the appropriate Government may, at any time; revoke
the same under s. 11 of the Act. It was accordingly held that the power of
revocation conferred on the appropriate Government under s. 11 is independent
of the power of confirming or setting aside an order of detention under s.
8(f).
As to the nature of the power of revocation
conferred on the Central Government under s. 11 of the COFEPOSA Act, it was
stated:
"The making of an application for
revocation to the Central Government under s. 11 of the Act is therefore part
of the constitutional right a citizen has against this detention under a law
relating to preventive detention. While Art. 22(5) contemplates the making of a
representation against the order of detention to the detaining authority, which
has to be referred by the appropriate Government to the Advisory Board
constituted under s. 8(a) of the Act, Parliament, has in its wisdom, enacted s.
11 and conferred an additional safeguard against arbitrary executive action.
The principle that emerges from all these decisions
is that the power of revocation conferred on the Central Government under s. 14
of the Act is a statutory power which may be exercised on information received
by the Central Government from its own source including that supplied by the
State Government under sub-s. (5) of s. 3 or from the detenu in the form of a
petition or representation. It is for the Central Government to decide whether
or not it should revoke the order of detention in a particular 797 case, In the
present case, the detenu was not deprived of the right of making a
representation to the detaining authority under Art. 22(5) of the Constitution
read with s. 8(1) of the Act. Although the detenu had no right to
simultaneously make a representation against the order of detention to the
Central Government under Art. 22(5) and there was no duty cast on the State
Government to forward the same to the Central Government, nevertheless the
State Government forward the same forthwith. The Central Government duly
considered that representation which in effect was nothing but a Representation
for revocation of the order of detention under s. 14 of the Act. That being so,
it was not obligatory on the part of the Central Government to consider a
second representation for revocation under s. 14. We may profitably refer to
Phillippa Anne Duke's case, supra, where in somewhat similar circumstances it
was held that failure of the Central Government to consider a representation
for revocation of an order of detention under s. 11(1)(b) of the COFEPOSA Act
handed over to t he Prime Minister during her visit to England did not render
the continued detention invalid. It was observed:
"Representations from whatever source
addressed to whomsoever officer of one or other department of the Government
cannot be treated as a representation to the Government under s. 11(8)(b) of
the COFEPOSA Act." The result therefore is that the appeal succeeds and is
allowed. The judgment and order of the High Court is set aside and the order of
detention passed by the District Magistrate under sub-s. (3) of s. 3 of the National
Security Act, 1980 is maintained.
S.R. Appeal allowed.
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