State of Rajasthan Vs. Smt. Kalki
& ANR [1981] INSC 91 (15 April 1981)
ISLAM, BAHARUL (J) ISLAM, BAHARUL (J) REDDY,
O. CHINNAPPA (J) SEN, A.P. (J)
CITATION: 1981 SCR (3) 504 1981 SCC (2) 752
1981 SCALE (1)645
ACT:
Constitution of India, Article 136-Supreme
Court will interfere in any matter to prevent the miscarriage of justice.
Material discrepancies in the evidence,
explained.
Words and phrases-Whether the word
"related" means "interested".
HEADNOTE:
Respondent Kalki alias Kali and her husband
Amara (along with four other co-accused) were charged, convicted under section
302 I.P.C. and sentenced to life imprisonment.
While Kalki was also convicted and sentenced
under section 148 I.P.C. for two years' rigorous imprisonment, the other five
accused were convicted and sentenced under section 147 I.P.C. for rigorous
imprisonment for a period of one and a half years. In appeal the High Court of
Rajasthan acquitted all of them on the grounds (i) that P.W. 1, the widow of
the deceased "is........ a highly interested witness, inasmuch as, she is
the wife of the deceased and there was an enmity between the deceased and the
accused on account of the dispute about the agricultural land" and (ii)
"that there are material discrepancies in her statement".
This Court granted special leave to appeal
only against Kalki and her husband and refused it as against the four.
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1. It is true that in an appeal under
Article 136 of the Constitution the Supreme Court normally does not interfere
with findings of facts arrived at by the High Court. But when it appears that
the findings of facts arrived at are bordering on perversity and have resulted
in miscarriage of justice, the Court will not decline to quash such findings to
prevent miscarriage of justice. [507 F-G]
2. Material discrepancies are those which are
not normal, and not expected of a normal person. In the depositions of
witnesses there are always some normal discrepancies however honest and
truthful the witnesses may be. These discrepancies are due to normal errors of
observation, normal errors of memory due to lapse of time, due to mental
disposition such as shock and horror at the time of the occurrence, and the
like. There are no material discrepancies in the evidence of P.W. 1 so as to
reject the evidence in its entirety. [507 D-E]
3. "Related" is not equivalent to
"interested". A witness may be called "interested" only
when he or she derives some benefit from the result of a 505 litigation; in the
decree in a civil case, or in seeing an accused person punished. A witness who
is a natural one and is the only possible eye witness in the circumstances of a
case cannot be said to be "interested". In the instant case.
P.W. 1 had no interest in protecting the real
culprit, and falsely implicating the respondents. [507 A-B]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No. 543 of 1976.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated the 6th May 1975 of the Rajasthan High Court in D.B.
Criminal Jail Appeal Nos. 277, 413 to 416 and
918 of 1971.
Badri Das Sharma for the Appellant.
Dalveer Bhandari for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
BAHARUL ISLAM, J. This appeal by special leave on behalf of the State of
Rajasthan is directed against the judgment of the Rajasthan High Court
acquitting the two respondents, Shrimati Kalki alias Kali and her husband,
Amara (alongwith four other co-accused). Respondent Kalki was convicted under
Section 302 and Section 148 of the Penal Code and sentenced to imprisonment for
life and for rigorous imprisonment for two years, respectively. The five other
accused persons including respondent, Amara, were convicted under Section 302
read with Section 149 and under Section 147 of the Penal Code, and each of them
was sentenced to imprisonment for life and to one and a half years rigorous
imprisonment respectively.
2. The material facts of the prosecution case
were that there was a land dispute between Nimba (P.W.6) father of the
deceased, Poona, on the one hand, and respondent Amara and the members of his
family, on the other. On July 17, 1970 at about sunset the accused persons of
whom respondent Kalki was armed with an axe and respondent, Amara with a
dharia, came to the house of the deceased. At that time the deceased was inside
his hut with his wife Mooli (P.W.1). Amara called Poona. Poona came out
followed by his wife Mooli, when he was knocked down by Amara and Rama
whereupon Kalki gave him blow with the axe on the neck. Poona met with
instantaneous death. Mooli (P.W.1) raised an outcry when Geli, mother of the
deceased (P.W.2) who had been at some distance from the hut came running to the
place of occurrence and saw the assailants leaving the place.
506 3. Nimba lodged a report at the police
station at Nana.
Police registered a case. In due course the
case was sent to, and tried by, the Session Judge who convicted and sentenced
the six accused persons including the two respondents as stated above.
4. This Court granted special leave to appeal
only against the two respondents and refused it as against the other four. The
question before us is whether the two respondents or any of them caused the
death of Poona. There is no dispute that Poona met a homicidal death.
5. The High Court has set aside the Order of
conviction and sentence passed by the Session Judge on the grounds (1) that
P.W.1 the widow of the deceased "is...a highly interested witness, in as
much as, she is the wife of the deceased and there was an enmity between the
deceased and the accused on account of the dispute about the agricultural
land", and (2) "that there are material discrepancies in her
statement".
We have been led through the evidence of P.W.
1, the only eye witness in the case, of P.W.2, Geli, who says that she saw the
respondents leaving the place of occurrence with the weapons in their hands,
and of P.W.5 the Medical Officer, who held the Post-Mortem examination on the
deceased. His evidence fully supports the evidence of P.W.1, who deposed that
respondent Kalki gave a blow on the neck of the deceased with an axe. P.W. 5
found one incised wound measuring 5" X 2" X 4" on the lateral
side of the left side of neck. On a perusal of the evidence of these witnesses,
we do not have the least doubt in our mind that it was respondent Kalki who gave
an axe blow on the neck of the deceased and that respondent Amara came along
with his wife with a dharia with the common intention of causing the death of
Poona. In fact it was he who called out Poona from inside the hut, and felled
down and facilitated the murder of Poona by his wife, Kalki.
5. As mentioned above the High Court has
declined to rely on the evidence of P.W.1 on two grounds: (1) she was a
"highly interested" witness because she "is the wife of the
deceased", and (2) there were discrepancies in her evidence.
With respect, in our opinion, both the
grounds are invalid.
For, in the circumstances of the case, she
was the only and most natural witness; she was the only person present in the
hut with the deceased at the time of the occurrence, and the only person who
saw the occurrence. True, it is she is the wife of the deceased; but she cannot
be called an 'interested' 507 witness. She is related to the deceased.
'Related' is not equivalent to 'interested'. A witness may be called 'interested'
only when he or she derives some benefit from the result of a litigation; in
the decree in a civil case, or in seeing an accused person punished. A witness
who is a natural one and is the only possible eye witness in the circumstances
of a case cannot be said to be 'interested'.
In the instant case P.W.1 had no interest in
protecting the real culprit, and falsely implicating the respondents.
6. The second ground on which the High Court
refused to place reliance on the evidence of P.W. 1 was that there were
"material discrepancies". As indicated above we have perused the
evidence of P.W. 1. We have not found any "material discrepancies" in
her evidence. The discrepancies referred to by the High Court are, in our
opinion, minor, insignificant, natural and not 'material'. The discrepancies
are with regard to as to which accused "pressed the deceased and at which
part of the body to the ground and sat on which part of the body; with regard
to whether the respondent Kalki gave the axe blow to the deceased while the
latter was standing or lying on the ground, and whether the blow was given from
the side of the head or from the side of the legs. In the depositions of
witnesses there are always some normal discrepancies however honest and
truthful they may be. These discrepancies are due to normal errors of
observation, normal errors of memory due to lapse of time, due to mental
disposition such as shock and horror at the time of the occurrence, and the
like. Material discrepancies are those which are not normal, and not expected
of a normal person. As indicated above we have not found any material
discrepancies in the evidence of the P. W. 1.
7. Learned counsel for the respondent
submitted that the appeal involved only appreciation of evidence and this Court
may not interfere with the findings of facts resulting from appreciation of
evidence. It is true that in an appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution
this Court normally does not interfere with findings of facts arrived at by the
High Court. But when it appears that the findings of facts arrived at are
bordering on perversity and result in miscarriage of justice, this Court will
not decline to quash such findings to prevent the miscarriage of justice.
8. In our opinion the guilt of the two
respondents has been established by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt and
their acquittal resulted in grave miscarriage of justice.
508 In the result we set aside the order of
acquittal passed by the learned High Court and convict respondent Kalki alias
Kali under section 302 of the Penal Code and respondent, Amara, under Section
302/34 of the Penal Code, and sentence each of them to suffer imprisonment for
life.
The appeal is allowed. The respondents are
said to be on bail. They shall surrender forthwith to serve out their
sentences.
V.D.K. Appeal allowed.
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