State of Tamil Nadu Vs. R.
Krishnamurthy [1979] INSC 238 (15 November 1979)
REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J) REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA
(J) SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH
CITATION: 1980 AIR 538 1980 SCR (2) 59 1980
SCC (1) 167
ACT:
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (37
of 1954), Ss. 2(1) (a) & 16 (1) (a) (i)-Scope of-Gingelly oil mixed with 15
per cent groundnut oil-Sold or offered for sale for external use-Whether sale
of an article of food which is adulterated.
Words & phrases-`Food'-`Sale'-meaning
of-Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, Ss, 2(v), 2(xiii).
HEADNOTE:
The prosecution alleged that gingelly oil
mixed with 15 per cent of groundnut oil was sold as gingelly oil by the
respondent to the Food Inspector. The defence of the respondent was that he
kept the oil in his shop to be sold not for consumption but for external use.
The Trial Magistrate did not accept the
defence and convicted the respondent under section 16 (1) (a) (i) read with
section 2(1) (a) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 and sentenced
him to suffer imprisonment till the rising of the court and to pay fine. On
appeal the Sessions Judge, accepted the defence of the respondent and being of
the view that the respondent could not be convicted unless it was established
that the sale of gingelly oil was for human consumption, acquitted him of the
charge. The High Court confirmed the order of acquittal.
In the appeal to this Court, on the question
whether the sale of adulterated gingelly oil which is sold or offered for sale
for external use, is sale of an article of food which is adulterated.
HELD : 1. The sale of gingelly oil mixed with
groundnut oil is punishable under section 16(1) (a) (i) read with section 2(1)
(a) notwithstanding the fact that the seller had expressly stated at the time
of sale that it was intended for external use only. [66 E]
2. According to the definition of "food"
in S. 2(v) for the purposes of the Act, any article used as food or drink for
human consumption and any article which ordinarily enters into or is used in
the consumption or preparation of human food is "food". It is not
necessary that it is intended for human consumption or for preparation of human
food. It is also irrelevant that it is described or exhibited as intended for
some other use. It is enough if the article is generally or commonly used for
human consumption or in the preparation of human food. [63 A-B]
3. To prevent the exploitation and
self-destruction of poor, ignorant and illiterate persons the definition of
"food" is couched in such terms as not to take into account whether
an article is intended for human consumption or not.
In order to be "food" for the
purposes of the Act, an article need not be "fit" for 60 human
consumption; it need not be described or exhibited as intended for human
consumption; it may even be otherwise described or exhibited; it need not even
be necessarily intended for human consumption; it is enough if it is generally
or commonly used for human consumption or in the preparation of human food. [63
D-E]
4. Gingelly oil, mixed or not with groundnut
oil or some other oil, whether described or exhibited as an article of food for
human consumption or as an article for external use only is "food"
within the meaning of the definition contained in s. 2(v) of the Act. [63 G]
Andhra Pradesh Grain & Seed Merchants' Association v.
Union of India [1971] 1 SCR 166; Shah Ashu Jaiwant
v. State of Maharashtra [1976] 2 SCC 99 explained.
5. The definition of "sale" is
designedly wide. A real sale as well as an `embryonic' sale (like agreement for
sale, offer for sale, exposure for sale, possession for sale, attempt at sale)
are sales for the purposes of the Act. The sale may be for cash or credit or by
way of exchange, or it may be by wholesale or retail. Thus every kind, manner
and method of sale are covered. The sale may be "for human consumption or
use, or for analysis". [65 F-G]
6. A sale "for analysis" can never
be a sale "for human consumption" but it is nonetheless a sale within
the meaning of the definition. It is an unqualified sale for the purposes of
the Act. To insist that an article sold for analysis should have been offered
for sale or human consumption would frustrate the very object of the Act. A
person selling an adulterated sample to a Food Inspector could invariably
inform him that it was not for human consumption and thereby insure himself
against prosecution for selling adulterated food. If sale for analysis is an
unqualified sale for the purposes of the Act, there is no reason why other
sales of the same article should not be sales for the purposes of the Act. [66
B-C] Mangaldas v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1966 SC 128 referred to.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal
Appeal No. 236 of 1973.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and
Order dated 18-1-1972 of the Madras High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 896/70.
A. V. Rangam for the Appellant.
A. T. M. Sampath for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
CHINNAPPA REDDY, J. Gingelly oil mixed with 15% of groundnut oil was sold as
gingelly oil by the respondent to the Food Inspector, Thanjavur Municipality.
The defence of the respondent was that he kept the oil in his shop to be sold,
not for human consumption, but, for external use. The Trial Magistrate did not
accept the defence. He convicted him under s. 16(1) (a) (i) read with s. 2(1)
(a) of the Food Adulteration Act and sentenced him to suffer imprisonment till
61 the rising of the Court and to pay a fine of Rs. 200. On appeal, the learned
Sessions Judge accepted the defence of the respondent and acquitted him to the
charge. According to the learned Sessions Judge, the respondent could not be
convected unless it was established that the sale of the gingelly oil was for
human consumption. The State of Tamil Nadu preferred an appeal to the Madras
High Court. The High Court confirmed the order of acquittal. The State of Tamil
Nadu has filed this appeal by special leave of this Court.
The learned counsel for the State of Tamil
Nadu made it clear to us at the hearing that the State was not anxious, at this
distance of time (the occurrence was on 26-5-69) to secure a conviction, but
was anxious that the legal position should be clarified. We accordingly proceed
to do so.
Section 16(1) (a) (i) as it stood at the
relevant time was as follows :- "16. (1) If any person- (a) whether by
himself or by any other person on his behalf imports into India or manufactures
for sale, or stores, sells or distributes any article of food- (i) which is
adulterated or misbranded or the sale of which is prohibited by the Food
(Health) authority in the interest of public health;
xx xx xx xx he shall, in addition to the
penalty to which he may be liable under the provisions of section 6, be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months
but which may extend to six years, and with fine which shall not be less than
one thousand rupees:
Provided that- (i) if the offence is under
sub-clause (i) of clause (a) and is with respect to an article of food which is
adulterated under sub-clause (1) of clause (i) of section 2 or misbranded under
sub- clause (k) of clause (ix) of that section; or (ii) if the offence is under
sub-clause (ii) of clause (a), the court may, for any adequate and special
reasons to be mentioned in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for
a term of less than six months or of fine of less than one thousand rupees or
of both impri- 62 sonment for a term of less than six months and fine of less
than one thousand rupees." Section 7 is also relevant and it was as
follows:- "7. No person shall himself or by any person on his behalf
manufacture for sale, or store, sell or distribute- (i) any adulterated food;
(ii) any misbranded food;
(iii) any article of food for the sale of
which a licence is prescribed, except in accordance with the conditions of the
licence.
(iv) any article of food the sale of which is
for the time being prohibited by the Food (Health) Authority in the interest of
public health; or (v) any article of food in contravention of any other
provision of this Act or of any rule made thereunder." "Food" is
defined by s. 2(v) as meaning "any article" used as food or drink for
human consumption other than drugs and water and includes- "(a) any
article which ordinarily enters into, or is used in the composition or
preparation of human food, and (b) any flavouring matter or condiments."
"Sale" is defined by s. 2(xiii) as follows:- "Sale" with
its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means the sale of any
article of food, whether for cash or on credit or by way of exchange and
whether by wholesale or retail, for human consumption or use, or for analysis,
and includes an agreement for sale, an offer for sale, the exposing for sale or
having in possession for sale of any such article, and includes also an attempt
to sell any such article;" Section 16(1)(a)(i) read with s.7(i) prohibits
and penalises the sale of any article of food which is adulterated or
misbranded etc. The question for consideration is whether the sale of
adulterated gingelly oil which is sold or offered for sale for external use is
sale of an article of food which is adulterated. This must depend upon the
definitions of "sale" and "food" in the Act.
63 According to the definition of
"food" which we have extracted above, for the purposes of the Act,
any article used as food or drink for human consumption and any article which
ordinarily enters into or is used in the composition or preparation of human
food is "food". It is not necessary that it is intended for human
consumption or for preparation of human food. It is also irrelevant that it is
described or exhibited as intended for some other use. It is enough if the
article is generally or commonly used for human consumption or in the
preparation of human food. It is notorious that there are, unfortunately, in
our vast country, large segments of population, who, living as they do, far
beneath ordinary subsistence level, are ready to consume that which may
otherwise be thought as not fit for human consumption. In order to keep body
and soul together, they are often tempted to buy and use as food, articles
which are adulterated and even unfit for human consumption but which are sold
at inviting prices, under the pretence or without pretence that they are
intended to be used for purposes other than human consumption. It is to prevent
the exploitation and self-destruction of these poor, ignorant and illiterate
persons that the definition of "food" is couched in such terms as not
to take into account whether an article is intended for human consumption or
not. In order to be "food" for the purposes of the Act, an article
need not be "fit" for human consumption; it need not be described or
exhibited as intended for human consumption; it may even be otherwise described
or exhibited; it need not even be necessarily intended for human consumption;
it is enough if it is generally or commonly used for human consumption or in
the preparation of human food. Where an article is generally or commonly not
used for human consumption or in the preparation of human food but for some
other purpose, notwithstanding that it may be capable of being used, on rare
occasions, for human consumption or in the preparation of human food, it may be
said, depending on the facts and circumstances of the case, that it is not
"food". In such a case the question whether it is intended for human
consumption or in the preparation of human food may become material. But where
the article is one which is generally or commonly used for human consumption or
in the preparation of human food, there can be no question but that the article
is "food". Gingelly oil, mixed or not with groundnut oil or some
other oil, whether described or exhibited as an article of food for human
consumption or as an article for external use only is "food" within
the meaning of the definition contained in s. 2(v) of the Act.
Most of the High Courts appear to have so
understood the meaning of the word "food", though there appears to
have been some 64 confusion because of a misunderstanding of certain
observations of this Court in Andhra Pradesh Grain & Seed Merchants'
Association v. Union of India(1) and Shah Ashu Jaiwant v. State of
Maharastra(2).
In the first case it was observed:- "We
are again unable to accept the argument that under the Act even when an article
is purchased not as an article of food, but for use otherwise, the vendor will
be deemed guilty if the article does not conform to the prescribed standards,
or is as an article of food adulterated or misbranded. Counsel said that
coconut oil is used in the State of Kerala as a cooking medium, and sale of
adulterated coconut oil may in Kerala be an offence under s. 16, but in other
parts of the country where coconut oil is not used as a cooking medium and is
used as a component of hair oil or for other purposes, it amounts to imposing
an unreasonable restriction to penalise the vendor who sells coconut oil
knowing that the purchaser is not buying it as a cooking medium. But there are
no article which are used as food only in one part, and are not at all used as
food in another part of the country. Even coconut oil is used as a cooking
medium by certain sections of the people in parts of India other than Kerala.
In any event it is always open to a person selling an article capable of being
used as an article of food as well as for other purpose to inform the purchaser
by clear notice that the article sold or supplied is not intended to be used as
an article of food. What is penalised by s. 16(1) is importation manufacture
for sale, or storage, sale or distribution of any article of food. If what is
imported manufactured or stored, sold or distributed is not an article of food,
evidently s. 16 can have no application." In the second case it was
observed:- "Hence, where Section 7 prohibits manufacture, sale or storage
or distribution of certain types of "food", it necessarily denotes articles
intended for human consumption as food. It becomes the duty of the prosecution
to prove that the article which is the subject-matter of an offence is
ordinarily used for human consumption as food whenever reason- 65 able doubts
arise on this question. It is self-evident that certain articles, such as milk,
or bread, or butter, or foodgrains are means for human consumption as food.
These are matters of common knowledge. Other articles may be presumed to be
meant for human consumption from representations made about them or from
circumstances in which they are offered for sale." The seeming confusion
created by the observations in the two cases will disappear if they are
properly understood in the context in which they were made. In the first case
the Court was considering the argument based upon the supposition that there
might be articles which were "food" somewhere and not
"food" elsewhere. The Court first remarked that there were no
articles which were used as food only in one part, and were not at all used as
food in another part of the country. In such an unlikely event, the person
selling the article could inform the purchaser that the article sold was not
meant to be used as an article of food.
If prosecuted he could establish that in that
area what he sold was not an article of food at all. That was all that was
observed. If the expression "food" is understood as we have explained
earlier, there would be no occasion for any confusion.
The observations in the second case are in
accord with what we have said. The Court merely observed that if there was any
doubt in a particular case whether an article was ordinarily used for human
consumption in order to fall within the definition of "food", the
prosecution would have to prove the same That gingelly oil, however described
or exhibited, is an article of food is not an end of our problem. We have
further to investigate the definition of "sale". Now, the definition
is designedly wide. It seems a real sale as well as an 'embryonic' sale (like
agreement for sale, offer for sale, exposure for sale, possession for sale,
attempt at sale) are sales for the purposes of the Act. The sale may be for
cash or credit or by way of exchange. The sale may be by whole-sale or retail.
Thus every kind, manner and method of sale are covered. Finally, the sale may
be "for human consumption or use, or for analysis". In the context,
these words can only mean 'whether for human consumption or for any other
purpose (including analysis)'. The object is to emphasise that whatever be the
purpose of the sale it is a sale for the purposes of the Act, just as the words
"whether by wholesale or retail" or "whether for cash or credit
or by way of exchange" are intended to emphasise that it is immaterial for
the 66 purposes of the Act what manner and method of sale is adopted. To give
any other interpretation to the definition of "sale" would be to
exclude from the ambit of the Act that which has been included by the
definition of "food".
Further, a sale "for analysis" can
never be a sale "for human consumption" but it is nonetheless a sale
within the meaning of the definition. It is an unqualified sale for the
purposes of the Act. To insist that an article sold for analysis should have
been offered for sale for human consumption would frustrate the very object of
the Act. A person selling an adulterated sample to a Food Inspector could
invariably inform him that it was not for human consumption and thereby insure
himself against prosecution for selling adulterated food. If sale for analysis
is an unqualified sale for the purposes of the Act, there is no reason why
other sales of the same article should not be sales for the purposes of the
Act. The question may be asked why sale for analysis should be specially
mentioned if all manner of sales are included in the definition. It is only to
prevent the argument that sale for analysis is not a consensual sale and hence
no sale, an argument which was advanced and rejected in Mangaldas vs. State of
Maharashtra(1).
We are therefore of the opinion that the sale
of gingelly oil mixed with groundnut oil is punishable under s.
16(1)(a)(i) read with s.2(1)(a)
notwithstanding the fact that the seller had expressly stated at the time of
sale that it was intended for external use only. We declare the illegal
position as indicated in the earlier paragraphs but we refrain from passing any
further order in the appeal which we accordingly dismiss. We have not referred
to any of the decisions of the various High Courts which were considered by us
and all of which, we may add, have been studiously collected and scrupulously
considered by Madhusudana Rao, J. in Public Prosecutor v. Rama Chandra Raju(2).
N.V.K. Appeal dismissed.
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