Union of India & ANR Vs. Vijay
Chand Jain [1977] INSC 49 (9 February 1977)
GUPTA, A.C.
GUPTA, A.C.
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
CITATION: 1977 AIR 1302 1977 SCR (2) 952 1977
SCC (2) 405
ACT:
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947--s.
23(1B)--Foreign Currency--Sale proceeds in Indian currency seized and
confiscated-Government, if competent to confiscate.
HEADNOTE:
Words and Phrases--"in respect
of"--Meaning of.
Under s2(d) of the Foreign Exchange
Regulation Act,' 1947 foreign exchange means foreign currency. Section 4(1)
prohibits the sale or purchase of foreign exchange by a person other than an
authorised dealer except with the permission of the Reserve Bank. Section
23(1)(a) prescribes a penalty for contravention of s. 4. Section 23(1B) provides
that, in addition to the penalty which may be imposed for such contravention, a
court may direct that any currency or any other money or property in respect of
which the contravention has taken place shall be confiscated to the Central
Government. The explanation to this sub-section provides that for the purpose
of the sub-section property in respect of which contravention has taken place
shall include deposits in a bank where the said property is converted into such
deposits.
A large sum of Indian currency which was the
sale proceeds of foreign currency, was recovered from the respondent. In
addition to imposing a penalty. the Director of Enforcement confiscated the
Indian currency seized from the respondent. In a petition under art. 226 of the
Constitution, the High Court held that the Director of Enforcement had no
competence to order confiscation of Indian. currency because the contravention
had taken place in respect of some foreign currency and not in respect of the
Indian currency seized.
Allowing the appeal,
HELD: The currency in respect of which there
has been contravention covers the sale proceeds of foreign currency, sale of
which is prohibited under s. 4(1). [954H] The High Court was wrong in quashing
the order of confiscation. The intention of the legislature is clear from the
Explanation to s. 23(1B). If, for this sub-section any property in respect of
which a contravention has taken place includes deposits into which the property
may be converted and can be reached, even where the deposits are in a bank, it
is not reasonable to hold that the sale proceeds in Indian currency of foreign
exchange would be outside the scope of s. 23(1B) and, therefore not liable to
be confiscated. [955 A] The words "in respect of" admit of a wide
connotation.
In the context of s . 23 (1b) "in
respect of" has been used in the sense of being" connected
with". [954 G] Cuperd's Trustees v. Inland Revenue Commissioners 174 L.T.
Rep. 133 and S.S. Light Railway Co. Ltd. v. Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. &
Anr. [1960) 2 S.C.R. 926 referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No.
2081 of 1968.
Appeal from the Judgment and Order dated the
30-3-1967 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Appl. No. 112 of 1966.
G.L. Sanghi and Girish Chandra for the
Appellant.
Y.S. Chitley and Ashok Grover for Respondent.
953 The Judgment of the Court was delivered
by GUPTA, J.--This appeal on certificate of fitness turns on the meaning of the
words "in respect of" occurring in section 23(1B) of the Foreign
Exchange Regulation Act, 1947. For a proper appreciation of the question, it is
necessary to refer to two other sections of the Act, section 4(1) and section
23(1)(a), before we turn to section 23(1B).
Section 4(1) lays down:
"Except with the previous general or
special permission of the Reserve Bank, no person other than an authorised
dealer shall in India and no person resident in India other than an authorised
dealer shall outside India, buy or otherwise acquire or borrow from, or sell or
otherwise transfer or lend to, or exchange with, any person not being an
authorised dealer, any foreign exchange." Section 23(1)(a) provides:
"If any person contravenes the provisions
of section 4, section 5, section 9, section 10, sub-section (2) of section 12,
section 17, section 18A or section 18B or any rule, direction or order made
thereunder, he shall(a) be liable to such penalty not exceeding three times the
value of the foreign exchange in respect of which the contravention has taken
place, or five thousand rupees, whichever is more, as may be adjudged by the
Director of Enforcement in the manner hereinafter provided, or (b) x x x"
The part of section 23(1B) material for the present purpose reads:
"Any Court trying a contravention under
sub-section (1) or sub-section (IA) and the authority adjudging any
contravention under clause (a) of sub-section (1) may, if it thinks fit, and in
addition to any sentence or penalty which it may impose for such contravention,
direct that any currency, security, gold or silver, or goods or any other money
or property, in respect of which the contravention has taken place, shall be
confiscated to the Central Government .... " There is an explanation to
this sub-section which says:
"Explanation.--For the purposes of this
sub-section, property in respect of which contravention has taken place shall
include deposits in a bank, where the said property is converted into such
deposits." These are the facts on which the question of' construction of
"section 23(1B) arises. On the morning of January 28, 1966 the respondent
who resides and carries on business in Delhi arrived at Palam Airport by
I.A.C..Flight No. 181.
A customs officer recovered from his
possession Indian currency amounting to Rs. 78,481/which sum, the respondent
admitted, was the sale proceeds of the foreign currency entrusted to him for
sale by someone else. On February 14, 1966 the second appellant, Director,
Enforcement Directorate, Ministry of Finance, asked the respondent to show
cause why the Indian currency recovered from his possession, which admittedly
was the sale proceeds of foreign currency, should not be confiscated. The
second appellant was the authority adjudging under section 23(1) (a) an alleged
contravention of the provisions of section 4. . On October 14, 1966 the second
appellant held on the evidence before him that the respondent was guilty of
contravening the provisions of section 4(1) and imposed a penalty of Rs.
50,000/under section 23(1) (a). He further directed the sum of 78,481/seized
from the respondent to be confiscated under section 23(1B). The respondent
moved the High Court of Delhi under Article 226 of the Constitution seeking an
appropriate writ quashing the order of confiscation. The High Court viewed the
matter as follows:
"What has happened is that foreign
currency had been sold for Indian currency.
In other words, a contravention under section
23(1)(a) had taken place in respect of some foreign currency and not in respect
of the Indian currency seized." Accordingly, the High Court held that the
Director of Enforcement "had no competence to order the confiscation of
the Indian currency in question" and quashed the impugned order.
The contravention alleged is of section 4(1)
which prohibits, inter alia, sale of any foreign exchange. Foreign exchange as
defined in section 2(d) means foreign currency. Under section 23(1B) any
currency, security, gold or silver, or goods or any other money or property
"in respect of which" the contravention has taken place is liable to
be confiscated to the Central Government. The currency confiscated in this case
was Indian currency. The question is whether the Indian currency constituting
the sale proceeds of foreign exchange seized from the respondent was currency
in respect of which the contravention had taken place. The words "in
respect of" admit of a wide connotation; Lord Greene M.R. in Cuperd's
Trustees v. Inland Revenue Commissioner, C) calls them colour less words. This
Court in S.S. Light Railway Co. Ltd. v. Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. & Anr.
(2), construction these words in section 3(14) of the Indian Railways Act, 1890
has held that they are very wide. It seems to. us that in the context of
section 23(1B) in respect of has been used in the sense of being
"connected with' and we have no difficulty in holding that the currency in
respect of which there has been contravention covers the sale proceeds of
foreign currency, sale of which is prohibited under section 4(1). The intention
of the legislature is dear from the explanation to sub-section (1B) of section
23 which provides that for (1) 174 L.T. Rep. 133.
(2) [1960] 2 S.C.R. 926.
956 the purposes of the sub-section property
in respect of which contravention has taken place shall include deposits in a
bank where such property is converted into such deposits." If for this
sub-section any Property in respect of which a contravention has taken place
includes deposits into 'which the property may be converted and can reached
even where the deposits are in a bank, it is not reasonable to think that the
sale proceeds in Indian currency of any foreign exchange would be outside the
scope of section 23(1B) and therefore not liable to be confiscated. In our
opinion the High Court was wrong in quashing the order of confiscation which we
consider valid and lawful.
The appeal is accordingly allowed with costs.
P.B.R.
Appeal allowed..
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