State of Gujarat Vs. Jamnadas G. Pabri & Ors [1974] INSC 192 (3 October 1974)

SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH CHANDRACHUD, Y.V.

CITATION: 1974 AIR 2233 1975 SCR (2) 330 1975 SCC (1) 138

ACT:

Gujarat Punchayat Act (1 of 1961) S. 17 (2) and 303 A-Scope of Interpretation of statues Meaning of by reason of to hold elections and 'expedient'

HEADNOTE:

Section 17(2) of the Gujarat Panchayata Act, 1961, provides that the normal term of a panchayat is 5 years from the date of its first meeting and that the term could be extended by the State Government by a period not exceeding one year in the aggregate.

The 5-year term of the Taluka Panchayats and the District Panchayats in the appellant-State were due to expire on February 28, 1973 and March 31, 1973 respectively. They were extended first upto August 31, 1973 and September 30, 1973 and then upto February 28, 1974 and January 1974.

Widespread disturbances broke out in the State and the Governor promulgated an Ordinance by which the State Government was given power to extend the terms of panchayats for 2 years instead of one. On February 9, 1974, the State Ministry resigned and the President of India assumed all functions of the State Government. The terms of the panchayat were extended upto 31st March 1974.

The State legislature was dissolved on March 15, 1974 and Parliament passed the Gujarat State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1974. Under a. 3 of this Act, the President enacted Gujarat Panchayats (Amendment) Act, 1974 which inserted s. 303A in the 1961 Act. On March 31, 1974, the Government issued a notification under s. 303A, that whereas the State Government is satisfied that a situation exists by reason of disturbances whereby it is not expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of the panchayats, the State government orders that all the powers and duties of taluka panchayats should be exercised by the Taluka Development Officer and of the District panchayats by the District Development Officer.

The respondents who are presidents of panchayats successfully challenged the notification in the High Court, on the basis that the condition precedent to the exercise of the power under the section was not satisfied.

Allowing the appeal to the Court,

HELD : (1) An analysis of s. 303A(1) shows that before a declaration could be made thereunder, two requirements must be fulfilled : (a) existence of a situation by reason of disturbances in the State; and (b) the satisfaction of the State government relatable to such a situation, that it is not expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of a panchayat after the expiry of its term. The first requirement is an objective fact, which, if disputed, must be established objectively as a condition precedent to the exercise of the power; and the second is an opinion or inference drawn from that objective fact. It is a matter of subjective satisfaction of the government and is not justiciable. Once a reasonable nexus between such satisfaction and the facts constituting the first requirement is shown, the exercise of the power by the government, not being colourable or motivated by extraneous considerations, is not open to judicial review. [335H-336B] (2) If the language of a statute is susceptible of two constructions, the one fulfils the object is to be preferred to the alternative which frustrates it. [337H] (3) In view of the particulars stated in the Counteraffidavit it is clear that the disturbances in the State continued throughout March 1974. Assuming that the disturbances abated after the dissolution of the Assembly on March 15, 1974 the 331 abnormal situation, which was the direct result of the disturbances must have continued to exist throughout March 1974. The section speaks of the existence of a Situation 'by reason of' disturbances. The expression indicates that the 'disturbances' and the 'situation' must be proximately connected as cause and effect. it is sufficient if the situation is the immediate outcome of the disturbances and that it subsists. [336G-H] (4)The phrase 'to hold elections', understood in a wide sense, will include all steps such as delimitation of the constituencies, the compilation of electoral rolls etc which are a necessary preliminary to the actual conduct of elections, whereas in a restricted sense, it would cover only the actual holding of elections. The word 'expedient has also several shades of meaning. It could not be contended for the respondents that the phrase should be understood in the restricted sense, that is, that power under s. 303A is exercisable only after the completion of preparatory steps preliminary to the holding of an election, and that since that stage had not yet been reached in the present case, the power could not be exercised. Section 303A has been designed to enable the Government to get over a difficult situation surcharged with dangerous potentialities and hence the Court must construe the expression therein, in keeping with the context and object of the provision, in their widest amplitude, and eschew an interpretation which attenuates the power or impairs its efficacy. The statute places no fetter on the discretion of the government in the exercise of the power. [338B-E, G] (5) Further the Court cannot sit in appeal over the opinion of the State Government as to the inexpediency of holding elections. All that the Court could enquire was, whether the condition precedent, which is, an objective fact to the exercise of the power existed. [338E-F] (6)The respondents could not also contend that the impugned notification is not relatable to the situation existing by reason of the disturbances and that the power wag exercised for an extraneous reason, namely, that the terms of the panchayats were expiring on March 31, 1974, because;

(a)the reference to the ter= of the panchayats in the impugned notification is only the recital of a feet which constituted another facet of the situation arising out of the disturbances; [339B-C] (b)the real and dominant reason for the exercise of the power is contained in the 2nd paragraph of the notification namely, the existence of a situation by reason of the disturbances; and [339B-C] (c)the counter-affidavit on behalf of the appellant pleaded that the disturbances continued also in March 1974 and that it was not expedient in the circumstances to hold elections and that the efforts made by the government to hold elections were thwarted by the supervention of the disturbances. [339D-E] (7)The purpose of s. 17(2) is to ensure the continuity of the panchayats, where as the object of 8. 303A is to confer powers regarding dissolution of panchayats in special situations. Therefore, even if the Government had the power under S. 17(2) to extend the terms of the panchayats, beyond March 31, 1974, it could not be said in the circumstances of the case that in choosing to act under s. 303A government acted maliciously. In the counter-affidavit on behalf of the government, it wag stated that one of the demands of the agitators was that the terms of the panchayats should not be extended further, This weighed with the government in deciding that it was not politic in the then prevailing conditions to extend the terms of the panchayats. Thus the government exercised its powers under s. 303A only because of the peculiar situation arising out of the disturbances.

[339H, 340 D-F]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1356-1357 of 1974.

From the Judgment and Order dated the 26th June, 1974 of the Gjarat High Court in Spl. Civil Appls. Nos. 420 and 411 of 1974.

N.M. Phadke, M. N. Shroff and J. R.Nanawati, for the Appellants (In both the appeals).

332 I M. Nanawati, P. H. Parekh, Sunanda Bhandare and Manju Jaitley, for Respondent No. 1 (In CA No. 1356/74).

M.C. Bhandare, P. H. Parekh, Sunanda Bhandare and Manju Jailley, for Respondents Nos. 1 and 9 (in CA No. 1357/74).

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA, J.,-The main question that arises in these two appeals direct against the common judgment, dated June 26, 1974 of the High Court of Gujarat, is, whether the Notification dated March 31, 1974 (for short, the impugned notification) issued by the State Government is invalid on the ground that the condition precedent to the exercise of the power under s. 303A of the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1961,(for short, the Panchayats Act) is not satisfied.

The Panchayats Act provided for three-tiers of Panchayats.

They were, in the descending order : District Panchayats, Taluka Panchayats and Gram Panchayats. The Act provided for indirect election to Taluka Panchayats and partly indirect and partly direct election to the District Panchayats on the basis of Adult franchise Under s.17 (2) as amended by Gujarat Act, 8 of 1968, the normal term of a panchayat was five years from the date of its first meeting. This term could be extended by the State Government by a period not exceeding in aggregate one year.

The last election to Taluka Panchayats took place in February 1968 and the Panchayats were constituted on February 28, 1968 Their term was due to expire on February 28, 1973. Similarly, the five year term of the District Panchayats was due to expire on March 31 1973. By a Resolution dated April 12, 1973, the State Government appointed a high level Committee headed by Jhinabhai Darji to suggest basic reforms in the Panchayati Raj set-up. On the interim recommendation of this Committee the State Government extended the terms of Taluka Panchayats upto August 31, 1973 and those of Distirct Pan chayats upto September 30, 1973. The Jhinabhai Darji Committee submitted its final report on September 30, 1972. Thereupon,the Gujarat (Amending) Act 9 of 1973 was passed. It came into force on April 23, 1973. This Amending Act made farreaching changes in the original Act. The indirect elections to the Taluka Panchayats were abolished and provision was made for direct elections to all the Panchayats. As it was not possible for administrative reasons to hold elections in accordance with the amended Act, the State Government by an order dated June 21, 1973, extended the term of Taluka Panchayats and District Panchayats till August 31, 1973 and September 30, 1973 respectively. By another Order, dated October 3, 1973, the terms of both these Panchayats were again extended upto February 28, 1973 Thus the power of the State Government to extend the term of the Taluka Panchayats under s. 17(2) of the Act had exhausted itself.

In the first week of January, 1974, widespread disturbances broke out in the State of Gujarat. There was public agitation against the State Government demanding its resignation and the dissolution of the Gujarat Assembly.

333 On January 26, 1974, the Governor of Gujarat promulgated Ordinance 1 of 1974. It substituted in sub-s. (2) of s. 17 of the Act the words "two years" for the words "one year".

Under the amended provision the Government got the power to extend the term of a Panchayat by two years in the aggregate beyond its normal term of five years.

As a result of the mounting public agitation, the State Ministry tendered its resignation on February 9, 1974. On the same date, the President of India by a proclamation under Article 356 of the Constitution assumed all the functions of the State Government.

By an order dated February 27, 1974, issued under s. 17(2) as amended by Ordinance 1 of 1974, the terms of the Taluka Parchayats and District Pancbayats were again extended upto March 31, 1974.

The State Legislature was dissolved on March 15, 1974.

Parliament thereafter passed the Gujarat State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 11 of 1974 which vested with effect from March 27, 1974 powers of the State Legislature in the President of India. In exercise of his powers under s. 3 of this Act, the President enacted Gujarat Panchayats (Amendment) Act 8 of 1974 which came into force on March 31, 1974. It inserted s. 303A in the Panchayat Act which provides :

" 303A.(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or the rules or by-laws made thereunder, if at any time, the State Government is satisfied that a situation exists by reason of disturbances in the whole or any part of the State of Gujarat, whereby(i) * * * * (ii)It is not possible or expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of a panchayat on the expiry of its term;

the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette; make a declaration to that effect.

(2)A notification issued under subsection(1) in relation to any panchayat shall remain in force for such period, not exceeding six months, as may be specified therein :

Provided that if the State Government is of the opinion that it is necessary so to do, it may, by order and for reasons to be mentioned therein, extend, from time to time, the period so specified, so, however, that the notification shall not in any case remain in force for more than one year in the aggregate.

(3)On the issue of a notification under subsection (1) in reason to any panchayat,(a) all the members of such panchayat shall vacate their office as such members;

(b) all the powers and duties of such panchayat shall,, during the period when such notification is in force, be3 34 exercised and performed by such officer of the State Government as it may, by order, specify in that behalf.

(4)The State Government shall, before the expiry of the period specified in the notification issued under sub-section(1) or extended under the proviso to sub-section (2), as the case may be, take steps for the purpose of reconstituting the panchayat in the manner provided in this Act." Purporting to act under s. 303-A, the Government issued on March 31, 1974, the impugned notification "No KP/74-81 /PRN (HLC)/4-JHI-Whereas the terms of all Taluka and District Panchayats in the State of Gujarat except that of the Dangs District Panchayat expire on 31st March, 1974;

And Whereas the Government of Gujarat is satisfied that a situation exists by reason of disturbances in the whole of the State of Gujarat whereby it is not expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of any of the taluka and district panchayats whose term expires on the aforesaid date;

Now, therefore. in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 303A of the Gujarat Panchayats Act 1961 (Guj. VI of 1962), the Government of Gujarat hereby(1)makes a declaration that a situation exists by reason of disturbances in the whole of the State of Gujarat whereby it is not expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of any of the taluka and district panchayats whose term expires on 31st March, 1974 on the expiry of their term;

(2)directs that the declaration made as aforesaid shall remain in force for a period of six months; and (3)orders that all the powers and duties of each of the taluka and district panchayats whose term expires on 31st March 1974, shall, with effect from the expiry of their term till this notification is in force, be exercised and performed,(i)in relation to a taluka over which the taluka panchayatof its term, by the Taluka Development Officer postedunder the taluka panchayat concerned; and (ii)in relation to a. district over which the district panchayatconcerned had authority immediately before the expiry of its term, by the District Development Officer posted under the district panchayat concerned.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Gujarat R. B. SHUKLA, Secretary to Government." 335 Two writ petitions under Articles 226 of the Constitution mere filed in the High Court of Gujarat to challenge the aforesaid notification.. One of these was filed by the President of Baroda District Panchayat Baroda etc. and the other by the President of Jamnagar District Panchayat and ors. The petitions were heard by a Division Bench which by a common judgment accepted the same holding that the impugned notification "was illegal. invalid and bad in law because the condition precedent to the exercise of the power under s. 303A viz., holding elections for the reconstitution of the Panchayats on the expiry of their terms has not been satisfied". Against that judgment, the State of Gujarat has preferred these appeals on the strength of a certificate granted by the High Court, The High Court held that "election" within the contemplation of section 303A(1) is restricted to the process of the actual conduct of the election, commencing with the issue of the notification calling the election and terminating with the declaration of the result of the election. In its view the delimitation of constituencies or wards, preparation of electoral rolls, and framing of rules for conducting elections, being stages prior to the election, do not form part of the process. of holding election. With this narrow construction of the phrase "to hold elections", the High Court approached, the problem thus "A reading to s. 303-A makes it clear that the two objective facts are (1) the factum of disturbances in the, State by reason of which a situation exists and (2) holding of elections for reconstitution of panchayats.

Both these factors are open to judicial review. The satisfaction of the Government with regard to the existence of a situation by reason of the disturbances or in respect of non-possibility or inexpediency of holding elections is subjective and not open to judicial review, The holding of elections for the reconstitution of Panchayats is an objective fact. The constitution 'of the panchayats is not only the objective fact but holding of election thereto is an also objective matter. The State Government has to establish both these points to justify invocation of power under s. 303A and to justify the legality of the impugned notification. in the, instant case the condition precedent of holding elections for the reconstitution of the panchayats is not fulfilled. The stage of holding elections for the reconstitution of the panchayats had not reached at the time when the impugned notification was issued. On that date it was not possible to hold elections because preliminary stages in connection with elections were not completed. Constitution of wards, reservation of seats for women, scheduled caste and scheduled tribes and voters' lists were not formed or made or prepared. in absence of all these preliminary matters, the question of holding of elections cannot arise." We are unable to agree with this reasoning. An analysis of s.303A (1) would show that before a declaration referred to in that sub-section can be made, two requirements must be fulfilled : (1) existence of a situation by reason of a disturbances in the whole or any part of the State ; (2) the satisfaction of the State Government relatable to such 336 a situation, that it is not expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of a panchayat on the expiry of its term.

The first requirement is an objective fact and the second is an opinion or inference drawn from that fact. The first requirement, if disputed, must be established objectively as a condition precedent to the exercise of the power. The second is a matter of subjective satisfaction of the Government and is not justifiable. Once a reasonable nexus between such satisfaction and the facts constituting the first requirement is shown, the exercise of the power by the Government, not being colourable or motivated by extraneous considerations,is not open to judicial review. Thus the question that could be objectively considered by the Court in this case was : Did a situation arising out of disturbances exist in the State of Gujarat on the date of the impugned notification ? The fact that there were serious disturbances throughout the State of Gujarat in January and in the first fortnight of March, 1974. has not been seriously disputed by the learned Counsel for the respondents. From the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the State, it appears that these disturbances continued throughout March, 1974. Shri Satyendra Shah, Joint Secretary to Government of Gujarat has sworn that "disturbances on a wide scale occurred in all parts of the State-both in the urban as well as in the rural areas,. resulting in loss of human life and considerable damage to property. This ultimately resulted in the resignation of the Ministry on the 9th February 1974 and the issuance by the President of India of a Proclamation under article 356 of the Constitution assuming to himself all the functions of the State Government.......... The disturbances continued also in March, 1974." in a further affidavit it is stated that an agitation for dissolution of the Panchayats, whose normal terms of office had expired, continued even in the last days of March, 1974.

An instance of Kutch Panchayat which on account of such agitation, was unable to assemble for the budget meeting at Bhui has been cited. Even Shri Jamnadas Pabri, one of the writ petitioners, who was the President of that Panchayat, was not able to attend his office, on account of these abnormal conditions in February and March 1974, except for one day.

in view of these particulars stated in the counter-affidavit it is ,clear that the disturbances in the State of Gujarat continued throughout March 1974, and even on the date of issue of the impugned notification the situation in the State was anything but normal.

Assuming that the disturbances had abated after the dissolution of the State Assembly on March 15, 1974, the abnormal situation in the State, which was the direct product of the disturbances. continued to exist throughout March '1974. Sufficient time was therefore, required for the situation to limp back to normalcy. It is to be noted that s. 303A(1), speaks of the existence of a situation "by reason of" disturbances. The expression "by reason of" indicates that the 'disturbances and the situation must be proximately connected as cause and effect. The 'situation' envisaged by this sub-section, therefore, may not necessarily be conterminous with the disturbances.

337 It is sufficient if the situation is the immediate outcome of the disturbances, and it subsists. The situation after such massive and violent disturbances would continue to be "disturbed" for some time even after the-abatement or overt cessation of the disturbances.

Mr. Phadke, learned Counsel for the appellant-State contends that since the satisfaction of the Government as to the inexpediency of holding elections was not a justiciable matter, the giving of a wide or narrow meaning to the phrase "to hold elections" in s. 303A would not affect the point at issue. The High Court, it is contended, erred in treating the completion of the preliminaries, such as compilation of electoral rolls and formation of constituencies, virtually as a condition precedent to the exercise of the power, though the only condition precedent laid down by the statute which could be tested by objective standards was the existence of the situation created by the disturbances.

Mr. Nanawati, learned Counsel for the respondents (whose arguments have been adopted by Mr. Bhandare, appearing for respondents 1 and 9), submitted that the High Court was right in holding that the preliminaries such as delimitation of constituencies etc. belong to a stage anterior to the conduct of elections and therefore do not fall within the ambit of the phrase "to hold elections". The point pressed into argument, is that s. 303A presupposed that the election machinery was ready and all the preliminary steps for holding the elections, such as compilation of the voters' lists and formation of wards etc., had been completed but the process of election had not yet started when disturbances intervened. Since that stage had not yet reached, the power could not be exercised.

It may be remembered that s. 303A is in the nature of an emergency provision. It was designed to tide over a crisis of unprecedented magnitude. "Reasons for the Enactment" issued by the Government run as follows:"The extended terms of the Taluka and District Panchayats in the State of Gujarat expire on 31st March, 1974. These Panchayats have been functioning for more than one year after the expiry of the in normal term of five years.

However, the recent disturbances in the State have created an atmosphere which is congenial neither to the continuance of these panchayats for a further period nor for holding elections for their reconstitution. It is, therefore, considered necessary to entrust the administration of these panchayats temporarily to officers appointed by the State Government The present measure seeks to ...... empower the State Government .... for carrying on the administration of the affairs of panchayats in certain special circumstances...

Now it is wall-settled that if the language of a statute is susceptible of two constructions, the one which fulfils its object is to be preferred to the alternative which frustrates it. This canon is of particular significance while interpreting an emergency measure of the kind before 338 us. in a recent English case Cannon Street Ltd. v. Singer & Friedlander Ltd. (1) While considering the uncertain language in a statutory instrument made under an Act with the long title "An Act to authorise measures to counter inflation". Meggary J. refused to put on it a construction which would make the countering of inflation "so capricious and easily escapable".

In the provision under consideration the phrase "to hold elections" can be understood both in a wide and a narrow sense. Its wide connotation will include all steps such as the delimitation of constituencies, the compilation of electoral rolls etc. which are a necessary preliminary to the actual conduct of elections. in the restricted sense, this phrase would cover only the actual holding of elections. Again, the word "expedient" used in this provision, has several shades of meaning. In one dictionary sense, "expedient" (adj.) means "apt, and suitable to the end in view", "practical and efficient" ; "politic" ;

"profitable" advisable", "fit, proper and suitable to the circumstances of the case". In another shade, it means a device "characterised by mere utility rather than principle, conducive to a special advantage rather than to what is universally right" (see Webster's Now International Dictionary).

Since s. 303A has been designed to enable the Government to get over a difficult situation surcharged with dangerous potentialities, the Court must construe the aforesaid phrases in keeping with the context and object of this provision, in their widest amplitude. Under the provision the Legislature has given to the Government a discretionary power to meet the challenge of an extraordinary situation arising out of the disturbances. The Court therefore would eschew an interpretation which attenuates that power or impair its efficiency.

Nor would the Court sit in appeal over the opinion of the State Government as to the "inexpediency of holding elections". The statute has made that matter the sole preserve of the Government. All that the Court could enquire was, whether the condition precedent which is an objective fact to the exorcise of this power, existed. By no stretch of imagination could it be said that the power under s. 303 is exercisable only after the completion of preparatory steps preliminary to the holding of an election.

The statute places no such fetter on the discretion of the Government to the exercise of the power. We, therefore, negative the contentions canvassed by Mr. Nanawati.

Learned Counsel for the respondents next contended that it has been the positive case of the State that the preliminaries to the holding of elections required substantial time and that was why ordinance 1 of 1974 promulgated on January 25, 1974 had conferred power on the State Government to extend the terms of District and Taluka Panchayats by one year more with effect from March 31, 1974 and February 25, 1974, respectively. With reference to the first preamble of the impugned notification, it is contended, that it shows that the power (1) (1974) 2 W. L R. 545 (Ch. D.) 339 was exercised not because of any situation arising out of the disturbances but for an extraneous reason, namely, that the terms of all Taluka and District Panchayats were expiring on the 31st March 1974. In this view of the matter, says the Counsel, the impugned notification is not relatable to the situation existing by reason of the disturbances.

This contention also is devoid of force. In the first place. the opening paragraph of the impugned notification is a recital of a fact which constituted another fact of the situation arising out of the disturbances. Secondly, the real and dominant reason for the exercise of the power is contained in the 2nd paragraph of the notification (reproduced earlier in the judgment). The circumstances and reasons which weighed with the Government in issuing the impugned notification have been set out in the counteraffidavits of the Joint Secretary, Mr. Shah. We have referred to the same earlier. We will however like to point out that although it was stated therein that Government, on being so advised, was of the view that after the 31st March 1974, the Government oil account of the cessation of the operation of Ordinance 1 of 1974, would have no power to extend the terms of the Panchayats further, it was pleased that as "the disturbances continued also in March 1974, it was felt by the Government that it was not expedient in the then circumstances to hold elections to the Taluka and District Panchayats.

In para 60 of the counter, the Joint Secretary has explained how the efforts made by the Government to hold the elections were thwarted by the supervention of the disturbances.

Avers he :

"I deny that no efforts were at all made to hold elections of the Taluka Panchayats or the District Panchayats before March 31, 1974. in fact the process of holding elections was initiated as early as in August 1973, when the Development Commissioner called for the proposals for the delimitation of constituencies from the Collectors. The Development Commissioner had also instructed Collectors to consult talika Panchayats and district Panchayats while formulating the proposals of delimitation of the constituencies. An Assistant Development Commissioner visited most of the districts to expedite the formulation of those proposals. In the meantime, the terms of taluka panchayats and district panchayats was first extended upto 28-21974 and then extended upto 31-3-1974 as set out here above. However, due to widespread disturbances throughout the State of Gujarat, the situation was such that it was not expedient to hold elections for the reconstitution of any of the taluka and district panchayats." In the counter it is also stated that one of the demands of the agitators was that the terms of the panchayats, who, had served more than their normal terms, should not be extended further. That weighed with the Government in deciding that it was not politic in the then prevailing conditions to extend the terms of the panchayats which on account of the extensions had already been continued for an preiod of 7-M255Sup.CI/75 340 about seven years. The Joint Secretary made this point in the counter by citing illustration of Baroda Corporation thus :

"The example of Baroda Municipal Corporation where the term of that body was extended for the seventh year and where corporators held to resign per pressure was also in the mind of the Government. The Government accordingly decided in the overall interest of the State and the Panchayati Raj not to extend the terms of taluka and district panchayats." The averments in Paragraphs 2 and 6C (quoted above) in the counter-affidavit of the Joint Secretary between themselves furnish a complete answer to the contention advanced on behalf of the Respondents.

The further point canvassed by Mr. Nanawati is that even assuming there were two powers with the Government in a situation where elections could not be held, in whatever sense the word election is construed, resort to a more drastic and undemocratic provision itself exhibits matice in law. This argument was advanced before the High Court, also, and was negatived. We also do not find any merit in it.

The Constitutional validity of the provisions of ss. 303A and s. 17(2) has not been assailed before us. As rightly point out by Mr. Phadke, S. 17(2) and 303A operate in separate fields. Their objects are also different. Whereas the purpose of s. 17(2) is to ensure the continuity of the panchayats, the object of s. 303A is to confer powers regarding dissolution of panchayats, in the special situation created by the disturbances and to enable the Government to carry on the administration of the affairs of the panchayats through State officers, pending their reconstitution. It has been repeatedly averred in categorical terms in the counters that the Government exercised its power under s. 303A in view of the peculiar situation arising out of the disturbances. Even if the Government had the power under s. 17(2) to extend the terms of the panchayats beyond March 31, 1974, it could not be said in the circumstances of the case, that in choosing to act under s. 303A, it had acted maliciously, the operational fields of these two provisions being so different and divergent. We would, therefore, overrule this contention, also.

These, then, are the reasons in support of our Order, announced on 27th September., 1974, whereby we had allowed these appeals and set aside the judgment of the High Court, leaving the parties to bear their own costs throughout.

We hope that the Government will take prompt measures to hold there elections expeditiously and will not use this judgment as an excuse to postpone the elections indefinitely. On 27th September, 1974, when we declared our order, we had asked Counsel for the State Government to impress upon his clients the need, especially in the present climate, to preserve the democratic processes.

V.P.S.

Appeals Allowed.

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