Swantraj & Ors Vs. State of
Maharashtra [1974] INSC 21 (5 February 1974)
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH
CITATION: 1974 AIR 517 1974 SCR (3) 287
CITATOR INFO :
F 1982 SC1397 (2)
ACT:
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, (23 of 1940), S.
18(1)(c)--`Stocked for sale', if includes temporary storage for sale not at the
Place of storage but elsewhere--Whether forms for licences Provided are
inflexible or suitable licences with modification can be issued.
HEADNOTE:
Section 18(c) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940, provides that no person shall manufacture for sale, or sell, or stock or
exhibit for sale or distribute any drug except under a licence and s. 27(b)
provides for punishment for its contravention.
The appellant was a wholesale dealer and
distributor of drugs and had the necessary licences prescribed under the Act.
It had also the necessary licences authorising it to sell, stock or exhibit for
sale or distribute by wholesale through its motor van. The appellant booked
certain drugs by lorry but as the motor van was delayed, the drugs were
released from the lorry and temporarily kept in the godown of a local drugs
dealer.
On the questions, (1) whether the licence
which permitted stocking and selling in a specified vehicle, covered the brief
interval of storage in the godown before loading on to the appellant's van, and
(2) whether the act of the appellant in temporarily storing drugs, not for
immediate sale there, but for ultimate sale in various parts of the State, is
contrary to, s. 18(c) and punishable under s.
27(b).
HELD :(1)(a) A licence in terms for a vehicle
cannot do duty for one to keep drugs in a fixed place. Assuming that none of
the prescribed forms provide for anitinerant wholesale distributor and that it
would be impossible to furnish the very many possible places where for short
intervals drugs may have to be stored awaiting the arrival of the van, an
arguments ab inconvenience cannot be a defence. if the law requires a licence
for a place and drugs are kept in such a place without the licence, even as a
stop-gap arrangement.
The paramount purpose of regulation through
licensing is, to set in motion vigilant medical watch over the proper protection
of drugs and medicines. verification of the expiry of the time of their
efficacy, and the rejection of spurious products. If godowns, temporary stores
etc., can be unlicensed, they can become foci of dubious, deceptive and harmful
drugs. Therefore, every place where storage is made must be licensed. [290 D-F;
292 A-0] (b) The rules made under the Act, while they visualise wholesale
distribution licences. the forms have not provided for licences for mobile vans
or distribution depots so essential for a wholesale distribution system. The
licence given to the appellants' vehicle is an improvised innovation without
the law. 'Mere is no express power to thus modify the forms or innovate
according to need. But such an authority to grant suitable licenses under rr.
61 and 62 (proviso), including the wayside depots or 'emergency' stores. could
be implied. The appellant should therefore have applied for and obtained the
necessary licence for the temporary storage. [291 C-H] (Law Lexicon of British
India compiled and edited by Ramanatha Aiyar. sale there' or 'stocked for sale
elsewhere late. The Central Government should however clarify the rules and
provide for appropriate forms. The first interpretation permits abuse through
loopholes, while the second tightens up but casts on the dealer the burden of
obtaining more licences. Since risk 288 of life and health is avoided by the
latter interpretation, it must be held that the storage, even though for short
spells and on ad hoc basis and without intent to sell at that place but as part
of the sales business, comes within stocking for sale in s. 18(c) and r. 62.
[293 C-E]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal
Appeal No. 177 of 1970.
From the judgment and order dated the 7th
August 1969 of the Bombay High Court in (Nagpur Bench) at Nagpur in Criminal
Appeal No. 25 of 1968.
S. C. Manchanda and O. P. Verma for the
appellant.
M. C. Bhandare and M. N. Shroff, for the
respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
KRISHNA IYER, J.-Every legislation is a social document and judicial
construction seeks to decipher the statutory mission, language permitting,
taking the cue from the rule in Heydon's(1) case of suppressing the evil and
advancing the remedy. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 (the Act, for short) is
a life-saving statute one of the provisions of which, together with a bunch of
rules and forms, falls for interpretation and application to the substantially
admitted facts set out concisely in the order granting certificate of fitness
to appeal. The Bench projected the factual-legal issue in these words :-
"It is not in dispute that the petitioners have a wholesale dealers'
licence to stock drugs at Bombay and have a further licence to distribute the
drugs through the motor van throughout the territory of the state, of
Maharashtra. Accordingly, their motor van started filled with drugs and reached
the Vidarbha area. The petitioners booked certain drugs for which they have
already a licence to distribute, by lorry to Yeotmal. The idea was that the
motor van, which was touring the Vidarbba area, should reach Yeotmal by about
the time when the goods were due to arrive and the person in charge. of the
motor van would collect the drugs so booked from the lorry and distribute them
as per instructions given by the firm. But unfortunately the motor van was
delayed by about three days and one of the partners of the petitioner-firm who
was moving with the van, went ahead of Yeotmal, released the goods from the
transport operator and temporarily kept them in the godown of a local drugs
dealer. The intention was to load the van with those drugs and distribute the
drugs as permitted by the licence.
In the appeal in this Court, these facts have
been found as pleaded by the accused persons.
However, it is held that the temporary
deposit of the goods in the godown of a local drugs dealer amounts to stocking
for sale( as contemplated by clause (c) of section 18 of the Drugs (1) 3 CD.
Ref. 7 a Maxwell on the interpretation of Statutes-12 Edition. 40.
289 and Cosmetic Act, 1940. For the purpose
of stocking the drugs, either for sale or for distribution,, the accused
persons had no licence for the premises at Yeotmal and this act amounted to a
breach of the conditions of the licence and, as such, breach of rule 62,
amounting to an ,offence under section 27 (b) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940.
The point, whether a temporary deposit of
drugs or temporary retention of drugs in a place outside Bombay for which place
the petitioners have no licence to stock the ,goods, amounts to stocking for
sale or distribution, is a point ,of law which appears to us of general
importance." The appellant has been concurrently convicted but hopefully
challenged. Sec. 18 (e ) of the Act forbids manufacture for sale or sell or
stock or exhibit for sale, or distribute any drug without licence under this
Chapter (Ch.
IV). Sec. 27 (b) is the penal provision for
,contravention of the provisions of Ch. IV of the Act or the rules made there under.
Rule 62 is claimed to have been violated and so may be read here together with
the sister rule, i.e. R. 61 "61. Forms of licences to sell drugs- (1 ) A
licence to sell, stock or exhibit for sale, or distribute drugs other than
those specified in Schedules C and C (1) by retail, on restricted licence or by
wholesale shall be issued in Form 20, 20-A or 20-B as the case may be.
Provided that a licence in form 20-A shall be
valid for only such drugs as are specified in the licence :
(2) A licence to sell, stock or exhibit for
sale, or distribute drugs specified in Schedules C and C(1) by retail, on
restricted licence or by wholesale shall be issued in Form 21, 21-A or 21-B as
the case may be Provided that, a licence in form 21 A shall be valid for only
such drugs as are specified in the licence.
62. Sale at more than one place-If drugs are
sold or stocked for sale at more than one place, separate application shall be
made, and a separate licence shall be issued, in respect of each such place :
Provided that this shall not apply to
itinerant vendors who have no specified place of business and who will be
licensed to conduct business in a particular area within the jurisdiction of
the licensing authority." The appellant is a wholesale dealer and distributor-and
has a licence for his Bombay shop in Form 20B and another in Form 21B, one for
drugs specified in C and C (1) Schedules and the other for other drugs (Ex. 37
and 38). The firm has one more licence issued under R.61(2) in Form 21B
authorising it to sell, stock or exhibit for 290 Sale or distribute by
wholesale on the premises situated at through Station Vagan No. No. 1279 in the
state of Maharashtra, the following categories of drugs specified in Schedule C
and C(1) to the Drug Rules, 1945 :- Categories of drugs : for items of Schedule
C(1) drugs not requiring Cold Storage.
2.This licence shall be in force for two
years from the date of issue of this licence.
3.This licence is subject to the conditions
stated below and to, the Provisions of the Drugs Act, 1940 and the rules
thereunder.
The question is whether the, act of the
appellant in temporarily storing drugs, not for immediate sale there but
intended for ultimate sale in various, parts of the State, is contrary to sec.
18(c) and punishable under Sec. 27 (b)? Even if it is, can Ex. 39, which
permitted stocking and selling in the specified vehicle of the accused, cover
the brief interval of storage between taking delivery from the railway or other
public transport and loading into the appellant's mobile van Agreeing with the
High Court, we may make short shrift of the second contention first. If a brief
storage for sale in the circumstances of this case necessitates a licence a
legal issue we will examine separately-does Ex. 39 fill the bill ? A licence in
terms for a vehicle cannot do duty for one to keep drugs in a fixed place. The
grievance assuming it to be real, that none of the prescribed forms provide for
an itinerant wholesale distributor or that it would be a fantastic
impossibility to furnish the possible places- likely to be numerous-where for
short intervals drugs may have to be stored awaiting the arrival of the van, is
no defence. If the law asks for a licence for a place and you do not have it
and still keep the articles there you are asking for criminal trouble, whether
it is a stopgap stocking or not. The arguments ab inconvenient affords no
answer. The. Act mandates the taking of a licence for every place where you
stock drugs for sale, the words of Sec.18(v) and rule 62 being plain and
admitting of no exceptions. you ask four questions. is it a drug? If it is, is
it stored in a place or, is it in transit ? If it is stored in a place, is the
storage for sale? If it is, a licence for that place half way house, may be is
the, only answer to a prosecution. There is none here, ex confession of course,
what looms large then is as to whether such a stop gap storing is one for sale
even if, admittedly. no sale is intended in that drug shelter ? Counsel for the
State Shri Bhandare counters the argument of absence of prescribed forms and
difficulties in mentioning many places for temporary storage of drugs, in two
ways.
Firstly, statutory forms are samples for
guidance, not- exhaustive prescriptions unamenable to addition modification or improvisation
as the circumstances require. The forms in the appendices to the Civil
Procedure Code illustrate this point of course, it is not as sample as that
Sec.18 which regulates manufacture and sale of drugs prohibits these
activities, "except under and in accordance with the conditions of a
licence issued for such purpose........ No inflexible formula nor petrified 291
form is built into the section, suitable forms dictated by pragmatic
considerations and conditions of business being not ruled out. The rules,
however, are a little confusing Rule 2(b) defines 'Form' as a form set forth in
Sch. A and does not profess to be illustrative and that Schedule applies 6
forms under R. 61 (1) and (2) and none for peripatetic wholesale distributors
who may transport to and stock in central places and radiate from there to
remote retailers. The licence Ex. 39 for the accused's vehicle is an improvised
innovation without the law but prompted by practical sense. The sub-rules of
Rs. 61 state that licences there under shall be issued in forms 20A, B and C,
21A, B and C. Rule 62 leaves no room for variations to suit exigencies although
its proviso envisages licences for itinerant vendors for an area and R 62A
takes cognisance of travelling agents and itinerant vendors who are required to
take licences in Form 21A. But it is a glaring deficiency that while the rules
visualise wholesale distribution licences the forms do not spell out licences
for mobile vans or distribution depots so essential for a wholesale distribution
system. There is no doubt that if a scientific system of over-seeing wholesale
distribution and a viable scheme of protected distribution is to be devised,
licences for large and well equipped conveyances and storage depots is
desirable, nay, necessary. Indeed, storage in transit must also be licensed so
that medicines do not suffer in the process. At present, no rules take care of
transit by road or rail. Actually, cold storage or air-conditioned facilities
for sensitive medicines are scarce in nationalised and private transport
services and the drugs legislation winks at it. Likewise, the forms do not
provide for storage depots or medical vans for wholesale supplies.
Social guilt attaches to legal lacunae, the
community being the victim. Arguments in this case have exposed these,
shortfalls in the law and we state them for legislative attention.
The statutory scheme does provide for retail
and wholesale sales and storages for sale. It does prescribe forms for
itinerant retailers for specified areas, travelling representatives supplying
samples and the like. But storage for sale in mobile wagons or vans resorted to
by wholesalers is not expressly covered by statutory forms. That is why Ex. 39
is an adaptation not found in the fasciculus of prescribed forms. There is no
express power to modify the forms conferred by the rules, or innovate according
to need, desirable though it is. As the law now stands, we are, disinclined to
invalidate Ex. 39. on the other hand, the Act and the rules must prevail over
the forms and, therefore, we are inclined to overlook the technical
deficiencies in the rules and, bending the law to save life, uphold the implied
authority to grant suitable licences under R. 61 and 62 (proviso) even if
liberties have to be taken with those given in Schedule A. This Will extend to
grant of such licences for way side depots or 'emergency' stores. But licences
there must be for every storage for sale (S. 18(C).
Sri Manchanda's plea' that licences should
not be insisted on for every place of make-shift storage in a far-flung area
served by a wholesaler may look reasonable. The police power of the State is
292 exercised to ensure safe and potent drugs for a people peculiarly
susceptible to ailments and largely ignorant of health hazards. The paramount
purpose of regulation through licensing is, inter alia, to set in motion
vigilant medical watch over the proper protection of drugs and medicines and
the verification of the expiry of their life and the spuriousness of the
products. If godowns, temporary stores and depots can remain unlicensed, they
escape official attention and can deteriorate into foci of dubious or deceptive
drugs harmful to society. Every place where storage for sale is made must be
licensed. That is the plain meaning of Sec. 18 (c) in fulfillment of the clear
purpose, the sensitive defence of the sick.
The only surviving issue is whether the
medicines in this case were stocked for sale in the house of Jaswani at
Yootmal. Admittedly, they were kept not for sale in those premises. Admittedly,
they were meant for sale eventually to rural retailers elsewhere. If so, were
they stocked for sale? Either contention has some claims to acceptance but what
must tilt the balance is the purpose of the, statute, its potential frustration
and judicial avoidance of the mischief by a construction whereby the means of
licensing meet the ends of ensuring pure and potent remedies for the people.
This liberty with language is sanctified by great judges and textbooks.
Maxwell(1) instructs us in these words :- "There is no doubt that 'the
office of the Judge is, to make such construction as will suppress the
mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress all evasions for the
continuance of the mischief.' To carry out effectually the object of a statute,
it must be so construed as to defeat all attempts to do, or avoid doing, in an
indirect or circui- tous manner that which it has prohibited or enjoined :
quando liquid prohibit, prohibetur et omne per quod devenitur ad illud.
This manner of construction has two aspects.
One is that the courts, mindful of the
mischief rule, will not be astute to narrow the language of a statute so as to
allow per- sons within its purview to escape its net.
The other is that the statute may be-applied
to the substance rather than the mere form of transactions, thus defeating any
shifts and contrivances which parties may have devised in the hope of thereby
falling outside the Act.
When the courts find an attempt at
concealment, they will, in the words of Wilson C.J., 'brush away the cobweb
varnish, and chew the transactions in their true light." This benignant
rule originated four hundred years ago in Heydon's case which resolved
"that for the sure and true interpretation of all statutes in general (be
they penal or beneficial, restrictive or enlarging of the common law) four
things are to be discerned and considered : (1st). What was the common law
before (1) Marwell on the Interpretation of Statutes-12th Edition p. 137.
293 the making of the Act. (2nd) What was the
mischief. and defect for which the common law did not provide. (3rd). What
remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the
commonwealth. And, (4th).
The true reason of the remedy; and then the
office of all the Judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress
the mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress subtle inventions and
evasions for continuance of the mischief, and pro private commode, and to add
force and life to the cure and remedy, according to the true intent of the
makers of the Act, pro bono publico." If any godown, depot or premises
become the nidus of spurious. time-expired or unscientifically stored drugs,
can they be allowed to escape the coils of the penal law on the plea that they
are not to be sold there, without great peril to patients? Then legal shelter
for spurious drug rackets would be judicially ensured. And this colours
construction.
Stocked for sale there and then? or to be
sold certainly but elsewhere later ? are the two alternatives flowing from the
language of Sec. 18(1) (c). The former permits abuse through, loopholes, the
latter tightens up but loads the dealer with expenses and need for more
licences. Since risk to life and health is avoided by the latter
interpretation, we hold that the storage, even though for short spells and on
ad hoc basis and without intent to sell at that place but as part of the sales
business, comes within the scope of storage for sale' in Sec. 1.8(c) and R. 62.
To loosen the law in its joints is to play with life and therefore anti-
humanist.
On the admitted facts, the offence is not
serious. On the face of it, the law is a little defective. Our interpretation
makes the accused guilty and clarifies the legal position although the Central
Government will do well to tidy up and tighten the provisions by a close second
look at the law in the book. We need hardly say that a law is effective not by
making it perfect on paper but by providing a sufficient and conscientious
cadre of officers.
The sentence is light but here it is enough.
We dismiss the appeal for the reasons above set out.
V. P. S.
Appeal dismissed.
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