G. Murugesan & Bros. Vs. C.I.T.,
Madras [1973] INSC 26 (8 February 1973)
HEGDE, K.S.
HEGDE, K.S.
REDDY, P. JAGANMOHAN KHANNA, HANS RAJ
CITATION: 1973 AIR 2369 1973 SCR (3) 515 1973
SCC (4) 211
ACT:
Income-tax-'Association of Persons'-What
constitutes- Volition on part of members' an essential ingredient-In case of
realisation of dividends there is no act of management- The statement of
members that they had started drawing dividends separately must be accepted in
absence of facts to the contrary-They must be assessed as 'Individuals.'
HEADNOTE:
For the years 1957-58 to 1962-63 the
assessees were assesed by the Income-tax Officer as an 'Association of
Persons.' They had filed their returns for the first two of these years as
'Association of persons but in 1959-60 they claimed that they had divided their
interest in the shares held by them and therefore in respect of them they
should be thereafter assessed as 'Individuals'. The Appellate Assistant
Commissioner upheld the order of the Income'-tax Officer. The Tribunal however
held that the assesseess should be assessed as 'Individuals' and not as
Association of Persons'. The High Court in reference answered in favour of the
Revenue. In appeal by certificate it was urged on behalf of the assessees
appellants that the facts that a joint gift of shares was made in favour of
more than one person or those shares were registered jointly in their names or
even the fact that the dividend was realised together did not go to show that
the shareholders or the beneficiaries did act as an 'Association of Persons.'
HELD : (i) For forming an 'Association of
Persons' the members ,of the association must join together for the purpose of
producing income. An 'Association of Persons' can be formed only when two or
more individuals voluntarily combine together for a certain purpose. Hence
volition on the, part of the members of the association is an essential
ingredient. [519F-G] In the case of receiving dividends from shares where there
is no question of any management, it is difficult to draw an inference that two
or more shareholders functioned as an 'Association of Persons', from the mere
fact that they jointly own one or more shares and jointly receive the dividends
declared. These circumstances do not by themselves go to show that they acted
as an 'Association of Persons'. [519G-H] (ii)For the years 1957-58 and 1958-59,
the assessees were rightly assessed as an 'Association of Persons' because of
their own admission which was an import-ant piece of evidence. [519,H; 520A-B]
(iii)For the years 1959-60 and 1962-63 they had specifically stated that they
were no more functioning as an 'Association of Persons'. In the case of an
'Association of Persons'. It is always open to its members to withdraw from the
same. No one can be compelled to continue as a member of an association. For
withdrawing from an association no particular form need be observed. [520C-D]
In the present ease the question related only to realisation of dividends. If
the individual members of the association choose to realise their dividends as
individuals there is an end of the association. The assesees' assertion that
they bad realised their dividends in their individual capacity remained
unrebutted. There was nothing to disprove their claim. None of 516 the facts proved
could be said to be inconsistent with the claim made by them. [520D-E] The
answer, therefore, in respect of the years 1959-60 to 1962-63 must be in favour
of the assessees. [521C-D]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
Nos. 685 to 690 of 1970.
Appeals by certificate from the judgment and
order dated 27th June 1968 by the Madras High Court at Madras in Tax case' No,.
308 of 1964.
M. C. Setalvad and T. A. Ramachandran, for
the appellant.
N. D. Karkhanis, S. P. Nayar and R. N.
Sachthey, for the respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was, delivered by
HEGDE, J. These are connected appeals by certificate. They are directed against
the decision of the High Court of Madras in a Reference under Section 66(1) of
the Indian Income-Tax Act, 1922 (to be hereinafter referred to as the Act).
The question of law referred for ascertaining
the opinion of the High Court was :
"Whether on the facts and in the
circumstances of the case, the Department was justified in assessing the
assessee in the status of an Association of Persons ?" In this case we are
concerned with the assessment of the assessee for the assessment years
1957-1958 to 1962-63. In all these years the assessees were assessed as an
'Association of the persons'. The contention of the assessees is that in the
years, in question, they should have been assessed as 'individuals,' and not as
an 'Association of Persons'. Therefore, the only question that calls for
decision is as to the status of the assessee during the relevant assessment
years.
For deciding the question formulated above,
it is necessary to divide the assessment years into two groups. For the
assessment years 1957-58 and 1958-59 the assessees themselves submitted their
return in the status of 'Association of Persons', but for the later years, they
submitted their returns as 'individuals'. In their returns for the assessment
years 1959-60, they stated that they have divided their interest in the shares
and therefore they should be thereafter assessed as 'individuals'. It is
necessary to mention one other circumstance before we proceed to set out the
relevant facts. The income in which we are concerned in this case arises under
two heads. Part of the income arises from house property 517 and the remaining
'income arises from dividends from shares.
So far as the income from house property is
concerned, the High. Court has answered the question in favour of the assessee
the Revenue has not appealed against that decision.
Hence we need not go into that aspect. All
that we have to, decide in the present case is whether the dividend income
which is the subject-matter of these appeals should be assessed in the hands of
the appellants. as an 'Association of Persons' or as 'individuals'.
Now, we shall refer to the material facts as
could be gathered' from the case stated, by that Tribunal. One Sinnamani
Nadar(who will be hereinafter referred to as 'Nadar') and his son Ganesan
partitioned their family properties on December 4, 1940. Thereafter, Nadar
started a firm of his own on June 27, 1955. Later Nadar executed a settlement
deed in favour of his four grandsons, namely, G.
Murugesan, G. Kathiresan, G. Raja Shankar and
G. Vettrivel.
The property covered by the said settlement
deed included a house property, which had been let cut. Under this settlement
deed, the donees are to enjoy during the life time the properties gifted and
thereafter the same was to- devolve on their children. Sometime thereafter
Nadar purchased a number of shares in Joint Stock Companies in the. name of 'G.
Murugesan & Brothers'. For each of such purchase, a debit entry was made in
the books of the firm.
The share applications addressed to. the
companies for the transfer of the shares from the, prior owners to the name of
G. Murugesan and Brothers were, signed by Padamavathy Ammal, the mother of
donees as their guardian. The donees were minors at the time most of these
transactions; took place.
Murugesan be-came a major on March 3, 1955.
After 1959, Murugesan himself signed all transfer applications both on his
behalf as well as on behalf of his brothers. The youngest of the brothers
became a major on 15th December, 1.962. The income from the house property and
the dividend income from shares were credited to an account called "G.
Murugesan & Brothers" in the books
of Nadar's Firm. In those books. there are separate account$ for G. Murugesan'
G. Kathiresan, G. Raja Shankar and G. Vetrivel. Private income and expenses of
these persons were credited or debited to these individual accounts. At the end
of each year the balance in the account of G. Murugesan & Brothers is
transferred in equal proportion to the individual accounts of the four persons
mentioned above. There was a partition between Ganesan and his 'sons on 3rd
February 1958, but that does not include the house property or the shares
gifted by Nadar to his grandsons. As mentioned earlier for the assessment years
1957-58 and 1958-59, the assessees submitted their returns in the status of
'Association of Persons' and thereafter they submitted their returns as
individuals.
518 On the basis of the above facts, the
Income Tax Officer assessed the assessee during all the years mentioned earlier
in the status of 'Association of Persons'. His orders were confirmed by the-
Appellate Assistant Commissioner. But on a further appeal to the Appellate
Tribunal, the Tribunal held that the assessee ,should be assessed as
'individuals' and not as 'Association of Persons'. At the instance of the
Commissioner, the question set out earlier was referred to the High Court. The
High Court answered that question in the affirmative and in favour of the
Revenue.
The High Court was of the opinion that
because of the fact that the shares were purchased jointly in the name of G.
Murugesan & Brothers, the transfer
applications were filed by Padmayathy acting as guardian of all the assessees,
and further, after Murugesan became' major, he collected the dividends jointly
on behalf of the assessees , the assessees should be considered to have acted
as an 'Association of Persons'.'That conclusion is challenged before us by Mr. Setalvad,
appearing on behalf of the assessees. ,Counsel urges that the facts that a
joint gift of shares was made in favour of more than one persons or those
shares were regis- tered jointly in their names or even the fact that the
dividend was realised together do not go to, show that the shareholders or the
beneficiaries did act as an 'Association of Persons'. On the other hand, it is
contended on behalf of the Revenue by Mr. Karkhanis that the facts proved in
this case clearly establish that the assessee functioned as an 'Association of
Persons'.
The expression 'Association of Persons' is
not a term of art. That expression has come up for consideration before this
Court in more than one case. In Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay, North,
Kutch and Saurashtra v. Indra Balkrishna (39 I.T.R. 546), this Court after
referring to the various judgments, observed thus :
"It is enough for our purpose to refer
to three decisions :
In re. B. S. Elias (1935) 3 I.T.R. 408;
Commissioner of Income-tax v. Laxmidas Devidas (1937) 5 I.T.R. 548; and In re
Dwark-anath Harishchandra Pitale (1937) 5 I.T.R. 716. In re B. N. Elias
Derbyshire, C.J., rightly pointed out that the word "associate"
means, according to the Oxford Dictionary, "to join in common purpose, or
to join in an action. Therefore, an association of persons, must be one in
which two or more persons join in a common purpose or common action, and as the
words occur in a section which imposes a tax on income, the association must be
one the object of which is to produce income, profits or gains.
This was the view expressed by Beaumont,
C.J., in Com- missioner of income-tax v. Lakshmidas Devidas, at page 589 (1937)
5 I.T.R., and also In re: Dwarkanath Harishchandra.
519 Pitale. In re : B. N. Elias, Costello,
J., put the test in more forceful language. He said : "It may well be that
the intention of, the Legislature was to hit combinations of individuals who
were engaged together in same joint enterprise but did not in law constitute
partnerships ....
when we find that there is a combination of
persons formed for the promotion of a joint enterprise then I think no
difficulty arises whatever in the way of saying that ....
these persons did constitute an
association.........".
We think that the aforesaid decision correctly
lay down the crucial test for determing what is an 'Association persons within
the meaning of section 3 of the Income-tax Act, and they have been accepted and
followed in a number of later decisions of different High Courts to all of
which it is unnecessary to call intention. It is, however, necessary to add
some words of caution here. There is no formula of universal application as to
what facts, how many of them and of what nature, are necessary to come to a
Conclusion that there is an association of persons within the meaning of
section 3; it must depend on the particular facts and circumstances of each
case as to whether the conclusion can be drawn or not." In the course of
that judgment, this Court also observed "With regard to the shares, dividends,
and interest on deposits there was no finding of any act of joint management.
Indeed, the main item consists of the dividends and it is difficult to
understand what act of management the windows performed in respect thereof
which produced or helped to produce income." For forming an 'Association
of Persons', the members of the association must join together for the purpose
of producing an income. An 'Association of Persons' can be formed only when two
or more individuals voluntarily combine together for a certain purpose. Hence
volition on the part of the member of the association is an essential
ingredient. It is true that even a minor can join an 'Association of Persons'
if his lawful guardian gives his consent. In the case of receiving dividends from
shares, where there is no question of any management, it is, difficult to; draw
an inference that two more shareholders functioned as an 'Association of
Persons' from the mere fact that they jointly own one or more shares, and
jointly receive the dividends declared.
Those circumstances do not by themselves go
to show that they acted as an 'Association of Persons'.
But unfortunately for the assessee for the
assessment years 1957-58 and 1958-59, they themselves had submitted their
returns in the status of 'Association of Persons'. Those returns were 520
niether withdrawn nor did they file fresh returns as 'individuals". It was
for the first time in the appeal it was argued on their behalf that they should
not have been assessed as 'Association of Persons'. 'The question whether the
assessees function as on 'Association of Persons' during those years was best
known to them. Their admission in that regard is an important piece of
evidence. They have made no attempt to show that the said admission was made
under erroneous impression of law or is otherwise vitiated. Hence for those
years they were rightly assessed as an 'Association of Persons'. But so far as
the other assessment years are concerned, the same result does not follow. They
themselves have specifically stated that they are no more functioning as
'Association of PerSons'. In the case of 'association of persons' it is always
open to its members to withdraw from the same. No one can be compelled to
continue as a member of an association. For withdrawing from an association
there is no particular form need be observed. As seen earlier, herein we are
concerned only with the realisation of dividends. If the individual members of
the association choose to realise their dividends as individuals, there is an end
of the association. The assessee's assertion that they have realised their
dividends in their individual capacity remains un rebutted. There is nothing to
disprove that claim. None of the facts proved can be said to be inconsistent
with the claim made by them.
For the reasons mentioned above, we are
unable to agree with the High Court that during the assessment years 1959-60 to
1962-63, the assessees should be held, as having functioned as an 'association
of persons'. Mr. Karkhanis in support of the contention of Revenue relied on
the decision of the Bombay High Court in S. C. Gambatta v. Commissioner of
Income-tax, Bombay (14 I.T.R. 748). Therein, the only question was whether when
an action is taken by an Income- tax Officer under Section 23A, should the dividend
deemed to have been declared to the shareholders must be considered has been
taken by a husband and wife who were the joint holders of a share as an
'Association of Persons' or by the husband alone who under the Articles of
Association was to act on behalf of the joint holders. The contention of the
Revenue was that the husband alone was the shareholder. On the other hand the
contention of the assessee was that they were an 'Association of Persons' and
that contention was accepted by the 521 Court. The ratio of that decision has
no bearing on the point in issue in the present case. We are also not able to
agree with Mt. Karkhanis that the decision of this Court in N. V. Shanmugham
& Co. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Madras (81 I.T.R. 310) lends any
support for the contention of the Revenue. On the other hand, therein this
Court relied upon the decision of this Court in Commissioner of Income-tax,
Bombay North, Kutch & Saurashtra v. Indra Balkrishna (39 I.T.R. 546).
In the result, Civil Appeals Nos. 685 &
686 of 1970 are dismissed with no order as to costs. Civil Appeals Nos. 687-
690 of 1970 are allowed with costs-one hearing fee.
Consequently the answer given by the High
Court in those four appeals is discharged and in its place, we answer the question,
in the negative and in favour of the assessee.
G.C.
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