Naseem Ahmed Vs. Delhi Administration
[1973] INSC 240 (12 December 1973)
CHANDRACHUD, Y.V.
CHANDRACHUD, Y.V.
BEG, M. HAMEEDULLAH
CITATION: 1974 AIR 691 1974 SCR (2) 694 1974
SCC (3) 668
CITATOR INFO:
RF 1984 SC1622 (156)
ACT:
Penal Code-Murder-Circumstantial evidence.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant and the deceased who were
friends, came to Delhi to purchase a motor-cycle and stayed in a hotel. The
deceased fell short of money and the appellant promised to get it, from someone
known to him. Two prosecution witnesses saw the deceased and the appellant
entering the room of the 'hotel ,on the night of the occurrence and the
appellant leaving the hotel room in the morning on the following day. Two days
later the room was broken open and the dead body of the deceased was recovered.
The appellant was arrested at Gaya in his sister's house and an attache case
containing clothes, a spanner set, an allenkey set and a connecting rod were
recovered from him. The appellant was convicted under s. 302 Penal Code. by the
Sessions Judge.
In appeal the High Court reduced the sentence
to life imprisonment.
Dismissing the appeal to this Court,
HELD : In a case of circumstantial evidence
it is necessary to find whether the circumstances on which the prosecution
relies are capable of supporting the sole inference that the appellant is
guilty of the crime of which he is charged.
The circumstances have to be established by
the prosecution by clear and cogent evidence and those circumstances must not
be consistent with the innocence of the accused. For determining whether the.
circumstances established on evidence raise but one inference consistent with
the guilt of the accused, regard must be had to the totality of the
circumstances. Individual circumstances considered in isolation and divorced'
from the context of the overall picture emerging from a consideration of the
diverse circumstances and their conjoint ,effect may by themselves appear
innocuous. It is only when the various circumstances are considered conjointly
that it becomes possible to understand and appreciate their true effect. '
[696G-H] In the instant case, the circumstances that, the appellant and the
deceased who occupied a room in the hotel were seen entering the room together
at midnight on the night of the occurrence, the appellant was seen locking the
room and leaving. the hotel, the dead body was recovered from the room, the
appellant was found indulging in what for a man of his means was a spree of
extravagance, and a blood stained connecting rod was recovered from the house
of the appellant's sister where he was found, all point to , the guilt of the
accused.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No. 80 of 1970.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and
Order dated the 23rd October, 1969 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Appeal
No. 61 of 1069 (Murder Reference No. 3 of 1969) Harjinder Singh and S. Sodhi,
for the appellant G. Das and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent 695 The
Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHANDRACHUD, J.-This appeal by special
leave is directed against a judgment of the High Court of Delhi: confirming the
conviction of the appellant under section 302 of the Penal Code but reducing
the sentence of death imposed on him by the learned Additional Sessions Judge,
Delhi to life imprisonment. The charge against the appellant is that on the
night between the 17th and 18 August, 1968 lie committed the murder of one Ram
Kumar.
On April 11, 1968 Ram Kumar, his brother Shiv
Kumar, their mother and the appellant left Kanpur for Moradnagar.
On,April 15 Ram Kumar, Shiv Kumar and the
appellant left Moradnagar for Delhi for purchasing a secondhand motorcycle.
Shiv Kumar went back to Moradnagar for catching a bus to Kanpur.
At about 7-15 p.m. on April 15, 1968 Ram
Kumar and the appellant booked a room at Hindustan Hotel, Ballimaran, Delhi.
They signed their names in the hotel register and entered therein their Kanpur
address. On the 16th they were admittedly together and while in search of a
motor-cycle they met Abdul Hafeez, Babu Khan and Om Prakash. On the 17th
morning Ram Kumar and the appellant struck a deal with Babu Khan and Om Prakash
agreeing to purchase from them a motor-cycle for Rs. 1,000/-. Ram Kumar paid a
sum of Rs. 251by way of advance and the sellers agreed to ,deliver the motor-cycle
in the evening.
At about 6 p.m. on the 17th evening Babu Khan
and Om Prakash went to Hindustan Hotel with the motor-cycle and met Ram Kumar,
who told them that he was short of money by three or four hundred rupees and
that he had sent the appellant to get the amount from his (the appellant's)
Ustad. Babu Khan and Om Prakash waited till about 9-30 p.m. but the appellant
did not turn up and so they went away with the motor-cycle.
The case of the prosecution is that at about
12-30 a.m. on the night between the 17th and 18th the deceased Ram Kumar and
the appellant were seen going to their hotel room by Lal Chand, a partner of
the hotel. It is further alleged that at about 10 a.m. on the 8th morning, Lal
Chand and his brother Tek Chand saw the appellant locking the room and leaving
the hotel. On April 20th, the hotel premises were full of a foul smell and
thereupon the lock of the room which was occupied by Ram Kumar and the
appellant was broken open. Inside the room was found the dead body of Ram Kumar
with two stab injuries, one near the right eye brow and the other near the
right ear and nine contused lacerated wounds on the scalp, each injury being
brain deep. According to medical evidence the stab injuries were caused with a
pointed, sharp-edged weapon ,while the other injuries were caused by a hard,
blunt substance.
Soon after the discovery of Ram Kumar's dead
body Lal Chand lodged the First Information Report at the Lahori Gate police
station stating that two, persons who had entered their names as Nasim Mahazroo
and Ram Kumar occupied a room in his hotel on April 15, 696 that he had seen
them entering the room at about 10-30 p.m.
of the night between 17th and 18th April and
that the younger of the two (namely Nasim, the appellant) had locked the room
at about 10 a.m. on the 18th and had not returned since then. The First
Information Report then refers to the circumstances in which the dead body of
Ram Kumar was found in the room.
The appellant could not be found at Kanpur
where he normally resides and it was on May 4, 1968 that he was arrested at
Gaya (Bihar) in the house of his sister. On a search of that house an attache
case containing clothes, a spanner set, an allenkey set and a connecting, rod
are said to have been recovered.
According to the prosecution., the appellant
committed the murder of Ram Kumar with the motive of committing theft of about
six or seven hundred rupees which he had kept with him for purchasing the
motorcycle. The appellant admitted that he was on friendly terms with Ram Kumar
and that they had gone to Delhi for purchasing a motor-cycle. He also admitted
that Ram Kumar agreed to purchase the motor-cycle from Babu Khan and Om
Prakash, that a sum of Rs. 25/was given to Om Prakash by way of advance, that
he, the appellant, was asked by Ram Kumar to raise some money from his Ustad to
make up the price of the motor-cycle and that during his absence, Om Prakash
and Babu khan had come to the hotel but had, left before he reached the hotel.
The version of the appellant is that he was
unable to get the required amount from his Ustad and therefore on reaching the
hotel at about 9 p.m. on the 17th he told Ram Kumar that be would go to Kanpur
and bring the amount.. He claims to have left for Kanpur by the 9-45 p.m. train
reaching there at 6 a.m. on the 18th. He obtained a sum of Rs. 450/on April 19
from one Rafi and arrived in Delhi on the evening of April 20. He says that be
went to Ballimaran where the Hindustan Hotel is situated and on hearing rumors
that a person was murdered in the hotel and that his name was involved in it he
Bed to Gaya out of fear. He denied that any of the incriminating articles were
recovered from his sister's house.
This is a case of circumstantial evidence and
it is therefore necessary to find whether the circumstances on which the
prosecution relies are capable of supporting the sole inference that the
appellant is guilty of the crime of which he is charged. The circumstances, in
the first place, have to be established by the prosecution by clear and cogent evidence
and those circumstances must not be consistent with the innocence of the
accused. For determining whether the circumstances established on the evidence
raise but one inference consistent with the guilt of the accused, regard must
be had to the totality of the circumstances. Individual circumstances
considered in isolation and divorced from the context of the overall picture
emerging from a consideration of the diverse circumstances and their conjoint
effect may by themselves appear innocuous. It, is only when the various circumstances
are considered conjointly that it becomes possible to understand and appreciate
their true effect. If a person is seen running 697 away on the heels of a
murder, the explanation that he was fleeing in panic is apparently not
irrational. Blood-stains on the clothes can be attributed plausibly to a
bleeding nose. Even the possession of a weapon like a knife can be explained by
citing a variety of acceptable answers' But such circumstances cannot be
considered in watertight compartments. If a person is found running away from
the scene of murder with blood-stained clothes and a knife in his hand, it
would, in a proper context, be consistent with the rule of circumstantial
evidence to hold-that he had committed the murder.
The circumstances on which the High Court
relies are these (1) that on April 15, 1968 the--appellant and the deceased
.Ram Kumar arrived at Delhi for purchasing a motorcycle;
(2) that on the evening of the 15th they
occupied Room No.. 2 in the Hindustan Hotel, Delhi;
(3) that on the 16th, the two were together
and were looking out for a secondhand motorcycle;
(4) that on the 17th the deceased agreed to
purchase a, motor-cycle from Babu Khan and Om Prakash and paid a sum of Rs. 25/to
Om Prakash by way of advance. The motor-cycle needed repairs and the sellers
agreed to deliver it in. the evening;
(5) that the price of the motor-cycle was
fixed at Rs. 1000/but the deceased was short of money by about Rs. 400/-;
(6) that on the evening of the 17th Babu Khan
and Om Prakash went to the hotel to deliver the motor_cycle when the deceased
told them that the appellant had gone to bring the money from his Ustad. Babu
Khan and Om, Prakash waited till about 9 p.m. and since the appellant had hot
returned till then they left with the motor-cycle;
(7) that Lal Chand (P.W. 1), a partner of the
hotel saw the appellant and the deceased coming to the hotel at about 12-30
a.m.;
(8) that at about 10 a.m. on the 18th Lal
Chand and his brother Tek Chand (P.W. 2) who run the hotel in partnership saw
the appellant locking Room No. 2 and leaving the hotel;
(9) that the appellant went to Kanpur on the
18th and got new clothes stitched for himself from a tailor there on, payment
of Rs. 60/as tailoring, charges. Appellant was generally in poor financial
circumstances;
(10) that during his stay at Kanpur the
appellant stayed at 'Himachal Hotel' in an assumed name. 'S. N. Gander. He
booked a room in the hotel at 5-30 p.m. on the 18th and left the hotel at 4
p.m. on the 19th;
698 (11) that the appellant was traced at
Gaya, Bihar, on May 4.1968 in the house of his sister. On a search of that
house a 'connecting rod' having stains of human blood was recovered along with
other articles.
There is clear and un-controverted evidence
to show that the deceased bad, a sum at least of about Rs. 700/with him, that
he wanted .to purchase a motorcycle, that he and the appellant were occupying
Room No. 2 in the Hindustan Hotel, that it was agreed to purchase a motor-cycle
for Rs. 1000/from Babu Khan and Om Prakash and that the deceased had deputed
the appellant on the 17th evening to get the deficit amount of about Rs. 300./from
the latter's Ustad. These facts were never disputed and are not in dispute
before us eithe r. The crucial point of time at which the prosecution and the
defence part company is the mid-night between the 17th and the 18th. Lal Chand
has stated in his evidence that at about 12-30 a.m. he saw the deceased and the
appellant entering Room No. 2. It was urged by the learned counsel appearing on
behalf of the appellant that Lal Chand may have made a mistake in identifying
the. companion of the deceased but we see no foundation for this submission.
Lal Chand is a proprietor of the Hindustan Hotel and he was neither interested
in the deceased nor did he have any grudge against a customer like the
appellant. It is significant that in the First Information Report which Lal
Chand lodged at the Lahori Gate police station on the evening of the 20th, he
has specifically mentioned that he saw the deceased and the appellant entering
the room at about 12-30 a.m. on the night between the 17th and the 18th. At the
time when that Report was lodged no one had any clue to the murder and Lal
Chand could not have started building up a theory of his own so as to implicate
the appellant falsely. The evidence of Lal Chand shows that the appellant and
the deceased spent the night in Room No. 2.
Counsel for the appellant also challenged the
evidence of Lal Chand and Tek Chand that they saw the appellant locking the
room at about 10 a.m. on the 18th and leaving the hotel.
This fact is also specifically mentioned in
the First Information Report which, in our opinion. is a highly significant
circumstance. The case of the appellant is that he left Delhi at about 9.45
p.m. on the 17th and therefore be could not have been seen locking the room at
10 a.m. on the 18th. The evidence of Chhedi Lal, the Manager of Yasin Tailors,
Kanpur, is relied upon as showing that the appellant was in Kanpur at least at
about 2 pm. on the 18th and therefore he could not have left Delhi as late as
at 10 a.m. The train takes more than 8 hours to cover the 'distance between
Delhi and Kanpur. Chhedi Lal was obviously trying to offer a helping hand to
the, appellant but even then his evidence does not show that the appellant had
delivered the cloth to him at 2 p.m, on the 18th. In answer to, a question put
by the learned Sessions Judge, Chhedi Lal stated that he did not remember the
exact time when the cloth was delivered to him by the appellant and that the
'Cloth may have been delivered at any time between 12 noon and 8 p.m.
699 on the 18th. The Sessions Court and the
High Court were therefore. right in accepting the evidence of Lal Chand and Tek
Chand that the appellant locked the room at about 10 a.m. and left the hotel.
These two circumstances are by themselves
sufficient to determine the guilt of the appellant. The appellant and the
deceased occupied a room in the Hindustan Hotel, they were seen entering the
room together at mid-night between the 17th and 18th and the appellant locked
the room on the 18th morning and left the hotel. From that room was discovered
the dead body of. Ram Kumar on the 20th.
The sum of Rs. 700/which the deceased had on
him was found missing and at the Kanpur end, the appellant was indulging in
what for a man of his means was a spree of extravagance. He obtained terylene
cloth and paid a bill of Rs. 60/to the tailor while his friend was lying dead
at Delhi. The appellant is supposed to have gone to. Kanpur to obtain the
deficit sum of Rs. 300/and if he was truly on such a bona fide mission, it
passes comprehension that he should have stayed in the Himachal Hotel, Kanpur
in-the false name of S. N. Gander.
The conduct of the appellant after his
arrival at Kanpur on the 18th is a valuable link in the chain of causation. He
knew that the amount was required by his friend urgently and that his friend
was waiting for him in Delhi. On his own showing, he had a merry time. in
Kanpur and according to him it was on the 20th that he went back to Delhi. And
what should he have done ?. He says that he went to, Ballimaran locality where
the Hindustan Hotel is situated and then to the hotel itself. Having come to
know there that he was being involved in a murder which had taken place in the
hotel, he claims to, have fled to Gaya, out of sheer fear.
This explanation is wholly irrational and is
false. He and the deceased were on intimate terms and there is evidence showing
that the deceased and his family used to treat him as of their own kin. If he
were innocent, he would have inquired about his benefactor in a moment of
sorrow and would not have.run away under the magic spell of a strange sense of
fear.
Added to the weight of these circumstances is
the discovery of the blood-stained connecting rod from the house of the
appellant's sister. That discovery was challenged before us because the two
witnesses who acted as Panchas to the seizure memo turned hostile and the
prosecution was left to depend on the testimony of two police officers to prove
the discovery. That the two witnesses turned hostile was not surprising because
both of them are closely related to the appellant. It would have been better if
the prosecution had examined the other Panch, Sayyed Habib-ul-Rab, who is described
as a retired Judge in the Memo of Seizure. The Investigating Officer, however
was not asked as to why he was not examined and we see no warrant for assuming
that the witness though available was. deliberately kept back.
The postmortem report shows that on the
person of the deceased were found two stab injuries and nine contused lacerated
wounds.
700 The nature of the injuries shows that two
different weapons were used in the commission of Ram Kumar's murder. But in the
light of the various circumstances discussed above, it is impossible to accept
the inference pressed upon us on behalf of the appellant that not only were two
different weapons used but at least two persons had participated in the
commission of the murder. Even granting that there was more than. one person,
there is no doubt that the appellant had ;participated and was a key figure in
the commission of the crime.
We therefore dismiss the appeal and confirm
the order of conviction and sentence.
P.B.R.
Appeal dismissed.
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