Bhagwani Kuer (Dead) & Ors Vs.
Tapeswari Kuer & Ors [1973] INSC 144 (20 August 1973)
BEG, M. HAMEEDULLAH BEG, M. HAMEEDULLAH
MATHEW, KUTTYIL KURIEN
CITATION: 1973 AIR 2583 1974 SCR (1) 430 1973
SCC (2) 646
ACT:
Indian Succession Act, Sec. 141 :
"Manifests an intention to act as executor" What facts constitute
manifestation-Legacy conferred on the executor of a will.
HEADNOTE:
A made a will giving life interest in his
properties to three daughters-in-law'. After the death of the three ladies,
half share of the property was to go to two daughters of one of the
daughters-in-law and the other half to one S, collaterally related to A. S was
appointed as one of the executors of the will. One of the terms of the will was
"that on the death of me, executants the aforesaid executors should
perform the Shradh ceremonies of the executants according to the means and
customs in the family." S performed the cremation ceremonies and helped
the two daughters-in-law to manage properties. There was no evidence to show
that he performed the Shradh as well. S died before the will was duly proved.
The principal question in the suit filed by the heirs of S was whether there
was adequate manifestation of an intention to act as an executor on the part of
S. The two lower Courts held that the intention to act as an executor was
apparent from the facts while the High Court held that, since there was no
evidence of Shradh being performed by there was no 'manifestation', as required
by Sec. 141 of the Indian Succession Act.
Dismissing the appeal,
HELD : There is a distinction between the
cremation ceremonies and shradh ceremonies which are periodic. It is also
evident that what the testator desired his executors to do was that they should
perform his shradh ceremonies. The manner in which the testator has referred to
S in his will, almost as a substitute for a son, shows that he expected S to
perform his shradh ceremonies as his own sons, who had predeceased him, would
have preformed these. There is no evidence whatsoever on record that S ever
performed any such ceremony. The conclusion reached by the High Court,
therefore, is correct. [433 C]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 1743 of 1967.
Appeal by Special Leave from the judgment and
Decree dated 15th October, 1958 of the Patna High Court in Appeal from
Appellate Decree No. 552 of 1953.
V. S. Desai and D. Goburdhan, for the
appellants.
Sarjoo Prasad, R. K. Jain and E.C. Agarwal,
for respondents Nos. 2to 12.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
BEG, J. In this appeal by special leave the short question involved relates to
an application of Sec. 141 of the Indian Succession Act to the facts of the
case. This section reads as follows :
"141. If a legacy is bequeathed to a
person Who is named an executor of the will, be shall not take the legacy, 431
unless he proves the will or otherwise manifests an intention to, act as
executor".
"Illustration:
A legacy is given to A, who is named an
executor. A orders the funeral according to the directions contained in the
will, and dies a few days after the testator, without having proved the will. A
has manifested an intention to act as executor".
The plaintiffs-appellants before us claim as
the heirs of Sham Narain Singh who died issueless in August 1913. One Achhaiber
Singh, a collateral of Shyam Narain Singh, had made a will on 3rd July, 1912,
under which he gave life interests in the properties owned by him to his three
daughters-in-law Deolagan Kuer, Chapkali Kuer, and Alodhan Kuer. He laid down
that, after the death of these three ladies, a half share in the properties
would go to the two daughters of Alodhan Kuer, and another half to the above
mentioned Shyam Narain Singh, a grandson of the testator's first cousin:
Achhaiber Singh died in November, 1912. It was found by all the Courts that
Shyam Narain Sing took part in the cremation ceremony, of Achhaiber Singh.
Apparently, the members of the family in which Achhaiber Singh had been adopted
were not well disposed towards him. It was, therefore, not surprising that
Shyam Narain Singh, with, whom he was well pleased, should tight the funeral
pyre as his agnate in the absence of his sons who had predeceased him. It has
also been found that Chapkali Kuer and Alodhan Kuer had applied for the Probate
of the will of Achhaiber Singh after the death of Shyam Narain Singh. Hence,
Shyam Narain Singh could not possibly join them at that time. He had died
before the will could be duly proved. He was also said to have looked after the
properties of the two ladies.
The question before us is whether by taking
part in cremation ceremonies and by helping two daughters in-law to manage
properties, Shyam Narain Singh manifested his intention to act as an executor
so as to be covered by Sec. 141 of the Indian Succession Act, and, therefore,
to claim his legacy.
We may mention here that there was some
previous litigation also between the parties. In suit No. 144 of 1946, brought
by the heirs of Shyam Narain Singh, against some of the defendants in the suit
before us, the precise question before us for decision had arisen, but the High
Court had not decided it. It had dismissed the suit on the ground that the,
plaintiffs had not locus standi. On the strength of that decision the bar of
res-judicata is relied upon by the Defendants Respondents before us as it was
in the Courts below. But, as this appeal can be disposed of on the first
question, already mentioned by us, relating to the application of section 141
Indian Succession Act. we need not deal with the plea of res-judicata.
The suit before us was filed by the heirs of
Shyam Narain Singh for a declaration of the rights of Shyam Narain Singh in the
property bequeathed, and for a declaration that the compromise decree in suit
No. 74 of 1944 was fraudulent, collusive, invalid, and not binding upon 432 the
plaintiffs. The Trial Court and then the Additional District Judge of Patna, on
the first appeal of the Defendants-Respondents before us, had decreed the
plaintiffs' suit. The Additional District Judge had held that, by taking part
in the cremation ceremonies and by helping the two legatees daughters-in-law of
the testator, Shyam Narain Singh had manifested an intention to act as an
executor before he died. The Additional District Judge had also taken into
account the fact that the heirs of Shyam Narain Singh had taken some interest
in the properties left by Achhaiber Singh by litigating for it. He thought that
this was only possible if Shyam Narain Singh had himself manifested an interest
in his right,-, under the will. This evidence was considered sufficient for
holding that Shyam Narain Singh had manifested an intention to act as executor.
The High Court of Patna had allowed the
second appeal of defendants on the ground that the findings of fact recorded by
Courts below were not enough to attract the application of Section 141 of the
Indian Succession Act. The conduct of the relations of Shyam Narain Singh, in
litigating for the properly left by Achhaiber Singh was, as the High Court
rightly pointed out, not relevant for determining the intentions of Shyam
Narain Singh. Nor was the fact that he looked after the proprieties of the two
co-legatees, who were widows, a manifestation of his own intention to assert
his own rights as an executor. What was most important was the provision in the
will itself which had been overlooked by the first two courts. Achhaiber Singh
had laid down in the will : "That on the death of me, the executant, the
aforesaid executors, should perform the Shradh ceremonies of me, the executant
according to the means and custom in the family". The High Court had
accepted the contention that there was no evidence that Shyam Narain Singh had
performed Shradh ceremonies of Achhaiber Singh in accordance with "the
means and the custom in the family".
The only contention which could be advanced before
us on behalf of the plaintiffs-appellants was that cremation ceremonies do not
end with actual cremation of the testator, but include other ceremonies such as
Sraddha ceremonies which come later. In reply, we have been referred to the
meaning of the term "Sraddha" given in Sir M. MonierWilliams'
Sanskrit-English Dictionary (p. 1097) as follows ".....a ceremony in
honour and for the benefit of dead relatives observed with great strictness at
various fixed periods and on occasions of rejoicing as well as mourning by the
surviving relatives (these ceremonies are performed by the daily offering of
water and on stated occasions by the offering of Pindas or balls of rice and
meal to three paternal and three maternal forefathers, i.e. to father, grand-father,
and great grandfather, it should be borne in mind that a Sraddha is not a
funeral ceremony (antyeshti) but a supplement to such a ceremony; it is an act
of reverential homage to a deceased person performed by relatives, and is
moreover supposed to supply the dead with strengthening nutriment after the
performance of the previous funeral ceremonies has endowed the with ethereal
bodies; indeed until those antyeshti or funeral rites' have been performed, and
until the succeeding first Sraddha has, been celebrated the deceased relative
is a prata or restless, wandering ghost, and has no real body (only a
lingrasarira, q.v.); it is not until the first Sraddha has taken place that he
attains a position among the Pitris or Divine Fathers in their blissful abode
called Pitri-loka, and the Sro is most desirable and efficacious when performed
by a son;" Thus, it is clear that there is a distinction between cremation
ceremonies and Sraddha ceremonies which are periodic. It is also evident that
what the testator desired his executors to do was that they should perform his
Sraddha ceremonies. The manner in which he refers to Shyam Narain Singh in his
will, almost as a substitute for a son, shows that he expected Shyam Narain
Singh to perform his Sraddha ceremonies as his 'own sons had predeceased him.
There is no evidence whatsoever on record that Shyam Narain Singh ever
performed any such ceremony. The conclusion reached by the High Court is,
therefore, correct.
Accordingly, we dismiss this appeal with
costs.
There is also a Civil Miscellaneous Petition
No. 4146 of 1968 before us for an amendment of the plaint in case we order a
remand of the case. We see no reason to allow this application which is also
dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.
S.B.W.
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