T. D. Gopalan Vs. The Commissioner of
Hindu Religious and Charitable [1972] INSC 141 (4 May 1972)
GROVER, A.N.
GROVER, A.N.
HEGDE, K.S.
CITATION: 1972 AIR 1716 1973 SCR (1) 584 1972
SCC (2) 329
ACT:
Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act (2 of
1927), s. 9(12)Temple, whether public or private-Characteristics for
determination of.
HEADNOTE:
The members of the family of the plaintiff
who belonged to the Saurashtra community had constructed a Mandapam on land of
which they were the owners. There were a Garbha Griha in front of the mandapam,
stone idols called Dwarabalakas on either side and implements necessary for
offering puja in the mandapam. But there were no Dwajasthamba, Balipeeda or
Gopuram. The authorities under the Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act, 1927,
held that the mandapam was a public temple within the meaning of the Act. A
suit filed for a declaration that it was a private temple was decreed by the
trial court, but in appeal, the High Court held that it was a public temple, on
the grounds that, the members of the public had been worshipping at the shrine
without let or hindrance, and that the temple was being run only by
contributions and by benefactions obtained from members of the public.
Allowing the appeal to this Court,
HELD : (1) According to the definition in the
Act a public temple is a place by whatever designation known used as a place of
public religious worship and dedicated or used as of right by the Hindu
community or a section thereof as a place religious worship. [592C] The Saurashtra
community maintained a tradition of having private temples. in the present
case, the management and control over the mandapam was at all times with some
or other members of the plaintiff's family. The trial court rightly approached
the evidence, oral as well as documentary on the principle that once the
private character of the temple was established stronger proof was necessary to
hold that the temple was subsequently dedicated to the public.
The evidence produced by the parties was
carefully considered and analysed, and, in discussing the evidence, the trial
court gave detailed reasons for accepting or rejecting the evidence of a
particular witness. [587C-E;
590F] The trial court held that thee was no
satisfactory evidence that any donations had ever been collected from members
of the public; that there was no evidence to establish that the deity was ever
taken out in procession or that any person who was not a member of the 'family
had ever performed any religious festival in the temple; and that the case set
outby the defendant in the pleadings that there had been user of the temple by
members of the Saurashtra community was inconsistent with the evidence produced
on their behalf to the effect that any member of public, whether a Saurashtra
or non-Saurashtra, had a right to worship therein. [587H;
588A-C] (2)The High Court was in error in
reversing the findings of the trial Court. No attempt whatsoever was made by
the High Court to discuss the reasons which the trial court had given for not
accepting the evidence of the defence witnesses. In the matter of appreciation
of evidence if the 585 trial court had given cogent and detailed reasons for
not accepting the testimony of a witness, the appellate court, in all fairness
to it, ought to deal with those reasons before proceeding to form a contrary
opinion. Apart from this, the High Court did not consider the evidence produced
by the plaintiff (appellant) without which matters could not be properly
appreciated or explained. The conclusions of the trial court receive support
from the entire material on record, and this Court is not in a position to know
on what grounds the High Court disagreed with the reasons which prevailed with
the trial court for not relying on the evidence of the witnesses produced by
the respondents.
[589F-H; 590A] (3) The High Court also erred
in not attaching importance to the following matters : (a) the origin of the
temple had been proved to be private, (b) the management had remained
throughout in the members of the appellant's family, (c) the absence of any
endowed property and (d) the absence of Dwajauthamba or Nagara bell or Hundial
in the temple.
[592H; 593A-B] (4) The origin of the temple,
the manner in which its affairs were managed, the nature and extent of the
gifts received by it, the rights exercised by devotees in regard to worship
therein, the consciousness of the manager and the consciousness of the devotees
themselves as to the public character of the temple are factors which go to
establish whether a temple is public or private.In the present case,the
mandapam had some physical characteristics and persons which are generally
found in a public temple.
It was also published that persons who did
not belong to appellant's family used to worship at the temple and make offerings
therein. There were also some jewels and other articles in the temple. But the
determination of the question whether the temple was public or private did not
depend on some facts or set of facts alone. The entire evidence, both
documentary and oral, had to be considered as a whole.
[573B-E] Babu Bhagwan Din & Others v. Gir
Har Saroop & Ors. 67 I.A.
1, applied.
Goswami Shri Mahalaxmi Vahuji v. Rannchboddas
Kalidas & ors., [1970] 2 S. C. R. 275, followed.
Mundancheri Koman v. Achuthan Nai & Ors.,
61 I.A. 405 and Mad. ras Hindu Religious Endowments Board v. V. N. D. Ammal,
[1953] 2 M.L.J. 688, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 742 of 1967.
Appeal from the judgment and decree dated
April 4, 1960 of the Madras High Court in Appeal No. 334 of 1956.
M. Natesan, K. S. Subramanian and K. Jayaram,
for the appellant.
A. V. Rangam and A,. Subhashini, for the
respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Grover, J.-This is an appeal by Certificate from a judgment of the Madras High
Court.
The appellant's predecessor in office T. G.
Kuppuswamy Iyer filed on April 14, 1950 a suit in the District Court, Madurai,
under s. 84(2) of the Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act, 3-L152SupCI./7 586
(Act 11 of 1927) against the respondent and two other persons who are not
parties to the appeal for a declaration that the suit Mandapam was a private
Mandapam, i.e., family property of Thoguluva Thirumalier and was not a temple
covered by the provisions of the aforesaid Act. This suit had to be instituted
because the authorities appointed under the Madras Act 11 of 1927 held that the
premises No. 29 South Masi Street, Madurai wherein the idol of Sri
Srinivasaperumal and certain other idols Were located was a temple within the
meaning of the said Act. The District Judge decreed-the suit in favour of the
appellant but the High Court, on appeal, reversed that judgment and passed a
decree holding that the premises constituted a temple. The appellant thereupon
filed a petition for leave to appeal to this Court but the High Court refused
to grant the certificate. The matter was brought to this Court. By a judgment
which is reported in T. D. Gopalan v. Commr. of Hindu Religious &
Charitable Endowments, Madras(1) this Court directed that the subject matter of
the dispute should be ascertained with reference to the claim made by the
plaintiff in his plaint. Consequently the valuation of the property should have
been done according to the claim made in the plaint, namely, that the property
was private property of the family capable of alienation. Thereafter the High
Court granted a certificate on determination of the value of the suit property.
The only question which had to be decided by
the District Court and the High Court was whether the property in dispute was a
private Mandapam and not a public temple. The District Judge appointed a
Commissioner to submit a report regarding the physical features of the
property. The Commissioner reported that the suit premises was a temple and in
front of it there was a Garbha Graha on either side.
There were two stone idols called
Dwarabalakas. The implements necessary for offering puja were also found by the
Commissioner. But there was no Dwejasthamba, Balipeeda or Gopuram.
There is no dispute, that the premises where
the temple is situ.ate originally belonged to one Kuppiyan. A decree was
obtained by Tirumalaiyyan against Kuppiyan and in execution of that decree the
property was put to sale by public auction. It was purchased by Tirumalaiyyan
in 1885 (vide Ext. B-1-extract from the suit register dated 14-1-1885).
The title to the property thus vested in
Tirumalaiyyan and the members of the family who later on came to be known as
Thoguluva family.
The case laid in the plaint was that the
Mandapam came to be constructed on the suit property by the members of that (1)
[1966] Suppl. S.C.R. 154 5 87 family which belonged to what is known as the
Saurashtra community in Madurai town. It was a private Mandapam which was in
the exclusive and absolute control of the said family and worship was performed
there for the spiritual benefit of the members of the Thoguluva Tirumalaiyyam
family., It is common ground that at all times the management and control over
the Mandapam was with some or other members of the Thoguluva family. In 1932 or
1933 some shops in the eastern and western side of the Mandapam were
constructed for which the Municipality levied a tax which had been paid by the
members of the Thoguluva family which was in the management of the temple.
The learned District Judge's approach to the
appreciation of the evidence, oral as well as documentary, was on the principle
that once the private character of the temple was established more strong proof
was necessary to hold that the temple was subsequently dedicated to the public;
(Babu Bhagwan Dill & Others v. Gir Har Saroop & Others(1). He
considered the evidence produced by the parties and, in particular, carefully
analysed the evidence led on behalf of the defendants according to whom the
Mandapam was a public temple. While discussing the evidence of each of the
witnesses the learned judge gave detailed reasons for accepting or rejecting
the evidence of a particular witness.
Before him the defendant had sought to
establish the dedication of the temple to the public by producing evidence on
the following points : (1) Subscriptions were collected by G. Rama Ayyangar and
his descendants from the public because the members of the Thoguluva family
stopped giving any financial help to the temple; (2) Shops in the front
Mandapam were constructed with public donations and even for the Kumbabishekan
public funds were collected; (3) D.W. 6 who did not belong to the Thoguluva
family was doing the Mandagapadi; (4) There used to be a procession on Vaikunta
Ekadasi day the expenses of which were met by D.W. 7; (5) There were jewels and
other articles used for worship donated by members of public which were in the
custody of Srimathigal Sangam; (6) On each of the Navaratri days people who did
not belong to the Thoguluva family did the Ubhayam;
(7) The worshippers had been making offerings
during the daily pooja as of right and were participating in the daily
Neivedyams, (8) That there was a Nagara, bell and Hundial in the suit temple;
(9) That there was Utsava idol in the suit Mandapam, The learned District Judge
found : D.Ws. 3, 4 and 8 who belonged to the Thoguluva family had played into
the hands of the opposite camp. (ii) D.W. 3 was disbelieved mainly because 67
I.A.P.I.
588 he claimed that he was the Manager for
some time and that he had handed over all the charge papers and account books
to the plaintiff at the meeting at which the plaintiff was appointed manager.
But in a previous statement Ext. A-17 he had admitted that there was no record
to show that he had handed over the charge to the plaintiff. (iii) The burden
of proving that donations were collected from the public was on the defendants
as they were seeking to establish dedication of a temple which was once private
in character. There was no satisfactory evidence that donations had ever been
collected from members of the public. D.Ws. 2 and 6 who claimed to have made
such contribution could not produce any account books which contained any such
entries although they were running trade and business. (iv) There were clear
contradictions in the statements of DWs. 4 and 8 on some material matters and
therefore their evidence could not be relied upon. (v) The evidence of P.W. 1
read with the recitals in Ext. B-5 negatived any inference of any public
donation having been collected for the building of the shops or for the
Kumbabishekam. (vi) The statements of DWs. 7 & 8 when considered in the
light of the other evidence did not establish that the deity was taken out in a
procession as alleged by the defendants. (vii) It had not been satisfactorily
proved that any non-Thoguluva performed any of the Mandagapodies on Navaratri
day or that any monies were so collected for taking the deity in procession on
Vaikunta Ekadasi day. (viii) The evidence of D.Ws. 2 and 6 on the question of
the expenses of the Nagara, bell and Hundial was negatived by the absence of
their mention in the report of the Commissioner. There was no mention of the
Hundial even in some earlier affidavits or petitions. (ix) Even defendants 2
and 3 did not say in their written statements that there had been any user of
the temple by the public as of right. They had only asserted that members of
the Saurashtra public were worshipping there as of right.
It was pointed out by the learned judge that
a temple worshipped even by a section of the public would be a public temple
but the evidence which had been produced on behalf of the defendants was to the
effect that any member of the public whether a Saurashtra or a non-Saurashtra
had a right to workshop there. The case as laid in the pleadings and as
developed in the evidence was thus inconsistent.
The High Court observed that the origin and
history of the shrine could not be traced with any degree of continuity owing
to the paucity of the evidence on the record.
Reference was, however, made to the auction
sale. It was not disputed before the High Court that the property formed the
subject matter of the court sale comprised the suit property. Before the High
589 Court the plaintiff relied on Ext. B-1 for two purposes :
(1) It showed that the property was private
secular property and (2) the title to the property became vested in Thoguluva
Tirumalliyan and members of his family. The observation of the High Court on
these contentions was, "the document, Ext.
B-1 (a) lends considerable support to these
contentions of the plaintiff". The High Court, however, proceeded to note
that in the description of the property in Ext. B-1 there was a mention of
Garbha Graha Prakaram and vacant site etc.
These terms were generally associated with
only public temples. According to the High Court there was no evidence to show
how the worship at the shrine was conducted and who provided the necessary
funds and further how the property was treated by the public authorities like
the Government or the Municipality. It was common ground, however, that the
shrine was a popular one at least among the members of the Saurashtra community
and that Nithyapadi pooja was being performed at the shrine just as in public
temples. Particular reference was made by the High Court to the expenses of
stone images which were to be installed in the suit premises in 1947 the offer
of the gift having been made by persons who did not belong to the Thoguluva
family. In Ext.
B-4 the donors offered to make three stone
images at their cost and also offered a sum of Rs. 350/for meeting all expenses
in connection with the installation of newly made idols and the various
ceremonies which were to be performed in connection with the same. An
invitation Ext. B-5 was issued in that connection for a Mahakumbabishakam to be
celebrated on January 27, 1947. In this, invitation the plaintiff styled
himself as the Honorary Secretary. The donors were described therein as the
Udhayadars. On March 17, 1947 the plaintiff wrote to the donors requiring them
to pay Rs. 100/every month towards the pooja at the shrine.
This demand was said to have been made on the
basis of the alleged agreement on the part of the donors to furnish the
necessary expenses for running the institution after the images were duly
installed. The High Court felt that it was difficult to conceive of the owner
of a private temple receiving gifts of images from strangers and installing
them in his temple; and it was impossible to reconcile the demand for
contributions with the claim that the temple was a private one.
The High Court next proceeded to reproduce a
summary of the statement of each of the witnesses produced by the defendants.
No attempt whatsoever was made to discuss the reasons which the learned
District Judge had given for not accepting their evidence except for a general
observation here and there that nothing had been suggested in the crossexamination
of a particular witness as to why he should have made a false statement. We
apprehend that the uniform practice in the matter of appreciation of evidence
has been that if the trial court has given cogent and detailed 590 reasons for
not accepting the testimony of a witness the appellate court in all fairness to
it ought to deal with those reasons before proceeding to form a contrary opinion
about accepting the testimony which has been rejected by the trial court. We
are, therefore, not in a position to know on what grounds the High Court
disagreed with the reasons which prevailed with the learned District Judge for
not relying on the evidence of the witnesses produced by the defendants.
It seems that the approach of the High Court
was also somewhat influenced by the observations of the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council in Mundancheri Koman v.Achuthan Nair & Others(1) that in
the greater part of the Madras Presidency private temples were practically
unknown and the presumption was that the temples and their endowments formed
public religious trusts. This was, however, not the case in Malabar where large
tarwads often established private temples for their own use. Finally the High
Court held that the temple was a public temple. After stating some other facts
which were found, presumably after believing the evidence produced by the
defendant, the High Court made two observations which may be reproduced :(1)
"Admittedly the members of the public have been worshipping at the shrine
without let or hindrance.
(2) .... The evidence on record shows
unmistakably that this temple was being run only by contributions and by
benefactions obtained from members of the public." Mr. Natesan who appears
for the plaintiff-appellant has assailed the whole approach of the High Court
to the question of the character of the temple which, according to him, had
been proved to be private in origin. It has been contended by him that the
usual state of affairs to be found in Madras as per the observations of the
Privy Council could not be applied to the case of Saurashtra community which
migrated from the territories which now form part of the State of Gujarat
centuries ago. This community, has, apart from several other individual
characteristics, maintained a tradition of having private temples. Moreover if
the origin of the temple had been proved to be private then according to the
law I-aid down by the Privy Council itself in Babu Bhagwan Din's case
dedication to the public was not to be readily inferred. Such an-inference, if
made, from the fact of user by the public was hazardous since it should not, in
general, be consonant with Hindu sentiment or practice that worshippers should
be turned away; and, as worship generally implied offer(1) 61 T.A. 405.
591 ings of some kind, it was not to be
expected that the managers of a private temple should in all circumstances
desire to discourage popularity. It was further emphasised by their lordships
that the value of public user as evidence of dedication depends on the
circumstances which give strength to the inference that the user was as of
right. In Goswami Shri Mahalaxmi Vahuii v. Rannchboddas Kalidas & Others(1)
it was pointed out that the appearance though a relevant circumstance was by no
me= decisive. The circumstance that the public or a section thereof had been
regularly worshipping in the, temple as a matter of course and they could take
part in the festivals and ceremonies conducted in that temple apparently as a
matter of right was a strong piece of evidence to establish its public
character. if votive offerings were being made by the public and the expenses
were being met by public contribution, it would be safe to presume that the
temple was public. In short the origin of the temple the manner in which its
affairs were managed the nature and extent of the gifts received by it, rights
exercised by devotees in regard to worship therein, the consciousness of the
manager and the consciousness of the devotees themselves as to the public
character of the temple were factors that went to establish whether a temple
was public or private.
Mr. Natesan says that if the evidence of the
witnesses produced by the District Judge then there will be hardly any features
or circumstances barring some of the physical features of the temple and the
fact that people have been allowed to worship and take part in the festivals
and ceremonies and even to make some offerings, (though without their having
the right to worship in the temple) which would be sufficient to make a temple
which was private in origin a public temple. According to Mr. Natesan even the
witnesses of the defendants had shown consciousness of the temple beng private.
He has laid a great deal of emphasis on the absence of any property attached to
the temple which might be endowed. He says that admittedly only two shops were
build by the family and out of the rents received from those shops together
with other contributions made by the members of the family the expenses of the
temple were being met. He has relied a great deal on the decision of a Division
Bench, of the Madras High Court in The Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Board
v. V. N. D. Ammal(1). There reliance had been placed on the following features
: (1) that when the temple was built in 1919 Kumbabishekam was performed on a
grand scale; (2) the respondent had made Utsavamurthis and built Chaprams and
the deities were also taken in procession on special (1) [1970]2 S.C.R. 275.-(2)
[1953] 2 M.I.J. 688.
592 occasions; (3) a Gurukkal had been,
engaged to perform the pooja regularly and (4) the temple has got a Gopuram and
other features which are usually found in a public temple.
This is what Venkatarama Ayyar J., as he then
was, observed :
"It is true that the facts that there is
an utsava idol and there are processions are generally indicative of the fact
that it is a public temple. But then no property has been dedicated for the
upkeep of the temple. The worship is maintained and the expenses are met from
out of the private funds of the respondent. In the absence of any property
being dedicated for the maintenance of worship in the temple, it is difficult
to hold that, the temple has been dedicated to the public".
At this stage the provisions of s. 9 (12) of
the Madras Act 2 of 1927 which defines a temple may be noticed. According to
that definition it is a place by whatever designation known used as a place of
public religious worship and dedicated or used as of right by the Hindu
community or any section thereof as a place of public religious worship. In the
Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act (Act 22 of 1959) the
definition of "temple" is given in subclause (20) of s. 6.It is practically
in the same terms as in the earlier Act.
In our judgment the, High Court was in error
in holding that members of the public had been worshipping at the Mandapam in
dispute without let or hindrance. In arriving at that conclusion it appears to
have believed the witnesses produced by the defendants. It has also relied on
the principle that in the absence of any evidence to show that such user was
permissive it could be presumed that, it was as of right. We have already
pointed out that the High Court, while appraising the evidence of the
witnesses, has not discussed the reasons and grounds given by the learned
District Judge for not relying on the defendant's witnesses.
Mr. A. V. Rangam who appears for the
contesting respondent has endeavoured to take us through the evidence of the
witnesses for demonstrating that the reasons given by the card the testimony of
the defendants witnesses. But we are learned District Judge were neither cogent
nor sufficient to disunable to agree with him that the appreciation of evidence
by the learned Judge was open to criticism as suggested by him. Apart from this
the High Court did not consider the evidence produced by the plaintiff without
which many matters could not be properly appreciated or explained. The other finding
of the' High Court that the temple was being run by contributions and
benefactions obtained from members of the public was also based mainly on the
evidence produced by the defendants. In our 593 opinion the conclusion of the
learned District Judge on that point receives more support from the entire
material on the record It is significant that the High Court did not attach
sufficient importance to three matters which, in the present case, were of
material consequence. The first was that the origin of the Mandapam had been
proved to be private. The second was that its management had remained
throughout in the members of the Thoguluva family. The third was the absence of
any endowed property. There was no Gopuram or Dwajasthamba nor a Nagara bell
nor Hundial in the suit temple. The learned District Judge adverted to the
evidence, on all these and other relevant matters and we concur with him in his
conclusions.
It is true that the suit temple had some
physical characteristics and features which are generally to be found in a
public temple. It was also established that persons who were outsiders in the
sense that they did not belong to the Thoguluva family used to come and worship
at the temple and made offerings there. There were also some jewels and other
articles in the temple. But the determination of the question whether the
temple was public or private did not depend on some facts or set of facts
alone. The entire evidence, both documentary and oral, had to be, considered as
a whole keeping in view the principles already noticed by us. We are satisfied
that the learned District Judge came to the correct conclusion that the suit
temple was private in character.
For all the above reasons the appeal is
allowed, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and that of the District
Judge restored. The appellant will be entitled to costs in this Court.
Appeal allowed. V.P.S.
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