Delhi Special Police Establishment,
New Delhi Vs. Lt. Col. S. K. Loraiya [1972] INSC 186 (24 August 1972)
DWIVEDI, S.N.
DWIVEDI, S.N.
SHELAT, J.M.
PALEKAR, D.G.
CITATION: 1972 AIR 2548 1973 SCR (1)1010 1972
SCC (2) 692
CITATOR INFO :
R 1986 SC1655 (8) RF 1987 SC1878 (4)
ACT:
Code of Criminal Procedure 1898, s. 549(1)
and rules made there under--Army Act 1950, ss. 122 and 125-Army officer charged
with offences under I.P.C. and Prevention of Corruption Act 1947 by Special
Judge-Procedure under s.
549(1) and r. 3 not followed-Charges whether
liable to be quashed-Lapse of more than three years between commission of
offences and framing of charges--Court martial whether has jurisdiction to try
offences-Word 'jurisdiction' in s.
549(1) Cr. P.C. and s. 125 Army Act, meaning
of.
HEADNOTE:
The respondent who was an army officer was
alleged to have committed certain offences under the Indian Penal Code and the
Prevention of Corruption Act 1947. The offences were alleged to have been
committed in the year 1962. The special judge, Gauhati charged him with these
offences in the year 1967. The High Court quashed the charges on the ground
inter alia that the procedure in s. 549(1) Cr. P.C.
and the rules made there under had not been
'followed. The appellant in appeal by special leave to this Court contended
that since more than three years had elapsed between the commission of the
offences and the framing of the charges the court-martial had in view of s.
122(1) of the Army Act ceased to have jurisdiction to try the said offences and
therefore s. 549(1) and 'the rules made there under were not attracted to the
case.
HELD, Section 549(1) Cr. P.C. is designed to
avoid the conflict of jurisdiction in respect of offences which are triable by
both the ordinary criminal court and the court- martial. The clause "for
which he is liable to be tried either by the court to which this code applies
or by a court martial" qualifies the preceding clause "when any
person is charged with an offence" in s. 549(1).
Accordingly the phrase ','is liable to be
tried either by a court to which this Code applies or a court-martial"
imports. that the offence for which the accused is to be tried should be an
offence of which cognizance can be taken by an ordinary criminal court as well
as court-martial. The phrase is intended to refer to the initial jurisdiction
of the two courts to take cognizance of the case and not to their jurisdiction
to decide on merits. It was admitted that both the ordinary criminal court and
the court-martial had concurrent jurisdiction with respect to the offences for
which the respondent had been charged by the special judge.
So s. 549 and the rules made there under were
attracted to the case in hand. [1013H-1014C] Again, sub-section (3) of s.122 of
the Army Act provides that while computing the period of three years specified
in sub-section (1), any time spent by the accused as a prisoner of war or in
enemy territory, or in evading arrest after the commission of the offence,
shall be excluded. On a con- joint reading of sub-ss. (1) and (3) of s.122 it
is evident that the court-martial and not the ordinary criminal court has got
jurisdiction to decide the issue of limitation. If the court-martial finds that
it cannot try the offence on account of the expiry of three years from the commission
of the offence the Central Government can under s.127 of the Act sanction the
trial of the offender by an ordinary criminal court. [1014D-F] 1011 Section 125
of the Army Act provides that when a criminal court and a court-martial have
each jurisdiction in respect of an offence, it shall be in the discretion of
the commanding officer to decide before which court the proceedings shall be
instituted. Section 125 supports the view that the court-martial alone has
jurisdiction to decide the issue as to limitation.
[1014H] The word "jurisdiction" in
s.125 really signifies the initial jurisdiction to take congnizance of a case.
It refers to the stage at which proceedings are instituted in a court and not
to the jurisdiction of the ordinary criminal court and the court-martial to
decide the case on merits.
Section 549(1) should be construed in the
light of s.125 of the Army Act. Both the provisions have in mind the object of
avoiding a collision between the ordinary criminal court and the court-martial.
Both of them should receive the same construction. [1015B] It was an admitted
fact that in the present case the procedure specified in rule 3 was not
followed by the Special Judge, Gauhati before framing charges against the
respondent. Section 549(1) Cr.P.C. and rule 3 are mandatory. Accordingly the
charges framed 'by the Special Judge against the respondent could not survive.
[1013C]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No. 79 of 1970.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated May 23, 1969 of the Assam & Nagaland High Court in Cr. Re-
vision No. 31 of 1967.
D. Mukherjee, G. L. Sanghi and R. N.
Sachthey, for the appellant.
A. S. R. Chari and R. Nagaratnam, for the
respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by.
Dwivedi, J. The respondent, Lt. Col. S. K.
Loraiya, is in the army Service. In November-December, 1962, he was posted as
Commander, 625, Air Field Engineers, Tejpur. He was charged under s. 120B,
Indian Penal Code read with s. 5 (1) (e) :and (d) and s. 5(2) the Prevention of
Corruption Act and under ss. 467 and 471 I.P.C. by the Special Judge, Gauhati,
appointed under the Prevention of Corruption Act, in respect of the offences
alleged to have been committed by him in November-December, 1962, as Commander,
625, Air Field Engineers, Tejpur.
The trial started on June 7, 1966. but the
charges were framed against him by the Special Judge on January 7, 1967.
The respondent filed a revision against the
framing of the charges in the High Court of Assam and Nagaland. The High Court
1012 allowed the revision and quashed the charges. Hence this appeal by the
Delhi Special Police Establishment, New Delhi, by special leave under Art. 136
of the Constitution.
The High Court quashed the charges for two
reasons : (1) The charges were framed by the Special Judge without following
the procedure specified in the Rules made under s. 549 Cr.P.C.; and (2) the
trial was held in the absence of a sanction by the appropriate authority under
S. 196A(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure in respect of the offences under
s. 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The High Court took the view that
such sanction was essential as the offence under s. 5 of the Prevention of
Corruption Act is a non-cognizable offence.
Counsel for the appellant has submitted that
both the reasons given by the High Court are erroneous. Taking up the first
reason first, s. 5(1)(b) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1966, could not
give exclusive _jurisdiction to the Special Judge, Gauhati lo try the
respondent. It is true that the trial started against him on June 7, 1966, but
the charges were framed on January 7, 1967, i.e., long after June 7, 1966.
Section 5(1)(b) does not apply where charges are framed after June 7, 1966. So,
prima facie both the ordinary criminal court and court-martial have concurrent
jurisdiction to try the respondent for the aforesaid offences. And S. 549(1)
Cr.P.C. applies to such a situa- tion. The material part of S. 549(1) reads :
"The Central Government may make rules consistent with this Code and the Army
Act as to the cases in which persons subject to military law shall be tried by
a court which this Code applies or by a court-martial; and when any person is
brought before a Magistrate and charged with an offence for which he is liable
to be tried either by a court to which this Code applies or by a Court-martial,
such Magistrate shall have regard to such rules and shall in appropriate cases
deliver him, together with a statement of the offence of which he is accused,
to the commanding officer of the regiment, corps .... or detachment to which he
belongs or to the commanding officer of the nearest military station for the
purpose of being tried by Court-martial." The Central Government has
framed under s. 549(1) Cr. P.C.
rules which are known as the Criminal Courts
and Courts Martial (Adjustment of jurisdiction) Rules, 1952. The relevant rule
for our purpose is rule 3. It requires that when a person subject to military,
naval or air force law is brought before a Magistrate on accusation of an
offence for which he is liable to be tried by a court-martial also, the
Magistrate shall not proceed with the case unless he is requested to do so by
the appropriate 1013 military authority. He may, however, proceed with the case
if he is of opinion that he should so proceed with the case without being
requested by the said authority. Even in such a case, the Magistrate has to
give notice to the Commanding Officer and is not to make any order of
conviction or acquittal or frame charges or commit the accused until the expiry
of 7 days from the service of notice. The Commanding Officer may inform the
Magistrate that in his opinion the accused should be tried by the Courtmartial.
Subsequent rules prescribe the procedure which is to be followed where the
Commanding Officer has given or omitted to give such information to the
magistrate.
It is an admitted fact in this case that the
procedure specified in rule 3 was not followed by the Special Judge, Gauhati
before framing charges against the respondent.
Section 549 (1) Cr.P.C. and rule 3 are
mandatory.
Accordingly the charges, framed by the
Special Judge against the respondent cannot survive. But counsel for the
appellant has urged before us that in the particular circumstances of this case
the respondent is not 'liable to be tried' by a Court-martial.
Section 122(1) of the Army Act, 1950,
provides that no trial by court-martial of any person subject to the Army Act
for any offence shall be commenced after the expiry of the period of three
years from the date of the offence. The offences are alleged to have been
committed by the respondent in November-December, 1962,. So more than three
years have expired from the alleged commission of the offence. It is claimed
that having regard to s. 122(1), the respondent is not liable to be tried by
courtmartial.
This argument is built on the phrase "is
liable to be tried either by the court to which this Code applies or by a
Courtmartial" in s. 549(1). According to counsel for the appellant this
phrase connotes that the ordinary criminal court as well as the Court-martial
should not only have concurrent initial jurisdicdiction to take cognizance of
the case but should also retain jurisdiction to try him upto the last stage of
conviction or acquittal. We are unable to accept this construction of the
phrase.
As regards the trial of offences committed
by, army men, the Army Act draws a threefold scheme. Certain offences enume-
rated in the Army Act are exclusively triable by a Court- martial; certain
other offences are exclusively triable by the ordinary criminal courts; and
certain other offences are triable both by the ordinary criminal court and the
court- martial. In respect of the last category both the courts have concurrent
jurisdiction. Section 549(1) Cr. P.C. is' designed to avoid the conflict of
jurisdiction in respect of the last category of offences. The clause "for
which he is liable to be tried either by the court to which this Code 1014
applies or by a court-martial" in our view, qualifies the preceding clause
"when any person is charged with an offence" in s. 549(1).
Accordingly the phrase "is liable to be tried either by a court to which
this Code applies or a court-martial" imports that the offence for which
the accused is to be tried should be an offence of which cognizance can be
taken by an ordinary criminal court as well as a court-martial. In our opinion,
the phrase is intended to refer to the initial jurisdiction of. the two courts
to take cognizance of the case and not to their jurisdiction to decide it on merits.
It is admitted that both the ordinary criminal court and the Court-martial have
concurrent jurisdiction with respect to the offences for which the respondent
has been charged by the Special Judge. So, S. 549 and the rules made thereunder
are attracted to the case at hand.
Again, sub-section (3) of s. 122 of the Army
Act provides that while computing the period of three years spectified in
sub-section any time spent by the accused as a prisoner of war or in enemy
territory, or in evading arrest after the commission of the offence. shall be
excluded. On a con joint reading of sub-ss. (1) and of S. 122, it is evident
that the court-martial and not the ordinary criminal court has got jurisdiction
to decide the issue of limitation.
There it nothing on record before us to
indicate that the respondent had not been evading arrest after commission of
the offence. As the court-martial has initial jurisdiction to enter upon the
enquiry in the case, it alone is competent to decide whether it retains
jurisdiction to try the respondent in spite of subs. (1) of s. 122. The issue
of limitation is a part of the trial before it. If the court- martial finds
that the respondent cannot be tried on account of the expiry of three years
from the date of the commission of the offence, he' cannot be go scot free.
Section 127 of the Army Act provides that when a person is convicted or
acquitted by a court-martial, he may, with the previous sanction of the Central
Government, be tried again by an ordinary criminal court for the same offence
or on the same facts. go it would be open to the Central Government to proceed
against the respondent after the court-martial has recorded a finding that it
cannot try him on account of the expiry of three years from the date of the
commission of the offence.
Section 125 of the Army Act provides that
when a criminal court and a court-martial have each jurisdiction in respect of
an offence, it shall be in the discretion of the officer commanding the army,
army corps division or independent brigade in which the accused person is
serving to decide before which court the proceedings shall be instituted and if
that officer decides that they should be instituted before a court-martial he
will direct that the 1015 accused person shall be detained in military custody.
Sections 12 (1) and 12 5 both find place in
Chapter X of the Army Act. Section 125 supports our view that the court-
martial alone has jurisdiction to decide the issue of limitation under s.
122(1). The word "jurisdiction" in s.
125 really signifies the initial jurisdiction
to take cognizance of a case. To put it in other words, it refers to the stage
at which proceedings are instituted in a court and not to the jurisdiction of
the ordinary criminal court and the court-martial to decide the case on merits.
It appears to us that s. 549 ( 1) should be construed in the light of s. 126 of
the Army Act. Both the provisions have in mind the object of avoiding a
collision between the ordinary criminal court and the court-martial. So both of
them should receive a similar construction.
In the result, we are of opinion that the
High Court has rightly held that as the charges were framed without following
the procedure specified in the rules framed under s. 549 (1) Cr. P.C., they
cannot stand.
As this finding of ours is sufficient to
dispose of this appeal, we are not expressing any opinion on the correctness or
otherwise of the second reason assigned by the High Court for quashing the
charges.
The appeal is dismissed.
G.C. Appeal dismissed.
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