Morvi Industries Ltd. Vs. Commissioner
of Income Tax (Central) Calcutta [1971] INSC 267 (5 October 1971)
KHANNA, HANS RAJ KHANNA, HANS RAJ HEGDE, K.S.
GROVER, A.N.
CITATION: 1971 AIR 2396 1972 SCR (1) 970 1972
SCC (4) 451
ACT:
Income-tax Act, 1922, ss. 4(1)(b)(i) and
10(2)(xv)-Income accrues' when it becomes due-Relinquishment of office
allowance and commission by managing agent after they had become due on the
ground that managed company had suffered losses-Relinquishment made after
amounts had become due' under agreement but before they had become
payable-Amounts rightly included in total income-Relinquished amounts not
deductible as expenses under s. 10(2)(xv) when the relinquishment is not for
purpose of assessee's business or on ground of commercial expediency.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant, a limited company, was
managing agent of another company. Under the terms of the agreement the
appellant company was entitled to receive a fixed monthly sum as office
allowance and commission at fixed rates on net profits and purchases and sales
of cotton and yarn. The managed company's accounting year closed on the 30th
day of December every year and that of the appellant company on the 30th day of
June every year. Under cl. 2(e) of the managing agency agreement the commission
was due on the 31st day of December every year and it was payable immediately
after the annual accounts of the managed company bad been passed in the General
meeting. The Annual General meetings of the managed company were held to adopt
the accounts for the relevant accounting years on November 24, 1955 and July
21, 1956, The amounts of commission in terms of the cl. 2(e) were thus 'due' on
31st December 1954 and 31st December 1955 and were 'payable' immediately after
24th November 1955 and 21st July 1956 respectively. Since the managed company
had suffered losses in the preceding years the appellant relinquished the
commission as well as the office allowance by resolutions of the Board of
Directors dated April 4, 1955 and June 19. 1956. On these dates the amounts of
commission relinquished had become 'due' but not 'payable'. The Income-tax
Officer in making the assessments for the 1955-56 and 1956-57 did not make any
allowance for the amounts relinquished and included them in the total income of
the appellant. According to the Income-tax Officer the office allowance had
been relinquished ex-gratia and the commission had been relinquished after it
had accrued. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Appellate Tribunal
confirmed the order of the Income-tax Officer. In ,reference the High Court
held : (i) that the accrual of income was complete within the accounting year
of the managed company and as no relinquishment had been done before the amount
became due, the case came within the ambit of s. 4(1)(b)(i) of the Income-tax
Act, 1922, (ii) that the relinquishment had not been made for the purpose of
facilitating the legitimate commercial undertaking or by way of commercial
expediency and the case was not then--fore covered by s. 10(2)(xv). In ;appeal
to this Court,
HELD : (i) According to s, 4(1) (b) (i) of
the Act, subject to the provisions of this Act the total income of any previous
year of any person includes all income profits and gains from whatever source
derived which if such a person is resident in the taxable territories during
971 such year accrue or arise of the deemed to accrue or arise to him in the
taxable territories that year. The dictionary meaning of the word 'accrue' is
to come as an accession, increment, or produce; to fall to one by way of
advantage;
to fall due.' The income can thus be said to
accrue when it becomes due. The postponement of the date of payment has a
bearing only in so far as the time of payment is concerned, but it does not
affect the accrual of income. The moment the income accrues, the assessee gets
vested with the right to claim that amount, even though it may not be payable
immediately. There also arises a corresponding liability of the other party
from whom the income becomes due to pay that amount. The further facts that the
amount of income is not subsequently received by the assessee would also not
detract front or efface the accrual of the income, although the non receipt
may, in appropriate cases, be a valid ground for claiming deductions. The accrual
of an income is not to be equated with the receipt of the income. That the two,
accrual and receipt of income, have different connotations is also) clear from
the language of s. 4 of the Act. Clause (a) of sub-s.'(1) of s. 4 of the Act
deals with the receipts of income while the accrual of income is dealt with in
cl.
(b) of that sub-section.. [975 B-E] In the
present case the accounts of the appellant company were maintained on a
mercantile basis. Under this system the profits and gains are credited though
not immediately realised, and the entries thus made really show nothing more
than an accrual or arising of the said profits, at the material time. Further,
the amounts of income for the two years in question were given up unilaterally
after they had accrued to the-appellant company. As such the appellant could
not escape the tax liability for those amounts. [975 G-H; 976 E] Indermani
Jatia V. C.I.T., U.P., 35 I.T.R. 298 and C.I.T., Bombay City I v. M/s. Shoorji
Vallabhdas & Co., 46 I.T.R.
144, applied.
(ii) The appellant could claim deduction of
the amounts under s. 10(2)(xv) of the Act if the amounts had represented an
expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the business of
the, appellant. There was however nothing to show that the amounts were
relinquished for the purpose of the appellant's business or on grounds of
commercial expediency. The High Court therefore rightly rejected the claim
under s. 10 (2) (xv)[976 F-G]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals
Nos. 2093 and 2084 of 1970.
Appeals from the judgment and order dated
January 28, 1964 of the Calcutta High Court in Income-tax Reference No. 104 of
1960.
B. P. Maheshwari, for the appellant (in both
the appeals).
S.T. Desai, P. L. Juneja and R. N. Sachthey,
for the respondent (in both the appeals).
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Khanna,J. This judgment would dispose of two Civil Appeal.s Nos. 2083 and 2084
of 1970 which have been filed on certificate 972 granted by the Calcutta High
Court and are directed against the Judgment of that Court whereby it answered
the questions referred to the Court under Section 66(1) of the, Indian
Income-tax Act, 1922 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) for two assessment
years against the assessee-appellant and in favour of the respondent.
The assessee is a Limited Company and the
matter relates to the assessment years 1956-57 and 1957-58, the corresponding
accounting years for which ended on June 30, 1955 and June 30, 1956
respectively.
The appellant Company was appointed as the Managing
Agent of Shree Ramesh Cotton Mills Ltd., Morvi (hereinafter referred to as the
managed company), as per agreement dated 30-121946. The managed company was a
100% subsidiary of the appellant company. Under the terms of the agreement, the
appellant company was entitled to receive a fixed office allowance of Rs.
1,000/per mensem plus a commission at the rate of 121/2% of the net profits, an
additional commission of 1 % on all purchases of cotton and an equal amount on
all sales of cloth and yarn. In the relevant years, the managed company
suffered losses and congruently the commission payable at 121/2% of the net
profits was nil but the commission on purchase of cotton at the rate of 1 1/2%
and on sales of cloth and yarn at the same rate, aggregated to Rs. 38,719/for
the assessment year 1956-57 and Rs. 1,963/for the following year. Besides these
amounts, the appellant was entitled to Rs. 12,000/per annum for each of the two
years as fixed office allowance. The total amounts which the appellant was
entitled to receive from the managed company were Rs. 50,719/and Rs. 13,963/for
the two years.
The managed company's accounting year closed
on the 30th day of December and that of the appellant company on the 30th day
of June every year. Clause 2(e) of the Managing Agency Agreement dated 30th
ember 1946 contained the following term as to when the commission would be due
and payable " (e) The said commission shall be due to the Agents yearly on
the thirty-first day of December or any other date on which the Company's
yearly account close in each and every year during the continuance of this
Agreement and shall be payable and be paid immediate after annual accounts of
the said Company has been passed by the Board of Directors and Auditors of the
Company and by the company in, General Meeting".
According to the above clause, the commission
was due on the 31st day of December every year and it was payable immediately
after the annual accounts of the managed company had 973 been passed in the
General Meeting. The Annual General Meetings of the managed company were held
to adopt the accounts on November, 24, 1955 and July 21, 1956 respectively with
regard to the assessment years in question. The amounts of commission in terms
of the above clause were "due" on 31st December, 1954 and 31st
December, 1955 and were "payable " immediately after the 24th of
November, 1955 and 21st of July, 1956 respectively.
The appellant company relinquished the
managing agency commission for the assessment year 1956-57 as per resolution
dated 4th of April, 1955 of the Board of Directors and for the following year
as per resolution dated 19th June, 1956.
The amounts of the commission were thus
relinquished after they had become "due" but before they were
"payable" in terms of clause 2(e) of the agreement. On behalf of the
appellant, it was stated that the managed company had been suffering heavy
losses in the past years and, therefore, the appellant did not consider it
proper to charge any commission or the fixed office, allowance and had
consequently relinquished the same.
The Income-tax Officer included the sums of
Rs. 50,719/and Rs. 13,963/in the total income of the appellant for the two
assessment years in question. The Income-Tax Officer took the view that in so
far as the fixed office allowance was concerned, it had been given to the
appellant to enable it to recoupe the expenses incurred on behalf of the
managed company and the relinquishment was, therefore made exgratia. As regards
the commission, the Income-tax officer held that it had become due to the
appellant at the end of the accounting year of the managed company, and if the
commission had been foregone after it had become due, it was taxable on accrual
basis. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate
Tribunal affirmed the order of the Income-tax Officer. According to the
Tribunal, the commission became due to the appellant yearly on the last day of
the accounting year of the managed company, though the actual payment was
deferred to a later date. Postponement of the actual payment after the income
had accrued was held to be inconsequential. Likewise, the relinquishment of the
income after it had become due in the opinion of the Tribunal, was
inconsequential. Claim was ten made by the appellant that the amount
relinquished should be treated as a permissible expenditure under section 10(2)
(xv) of the Act. The above claim was rejected and it was observed that the
total loss carried over at the end of year 1955 of the managed company was Rs.
14,95,221/-. As a result of foregoing the amounts of the managing agency
commission, according to the Tribunal, the financial position of the managed
company did not 974 become stronger while that of the appellant company became
weaker. The relinquishment was consequently held to be not for the benefit
of-the appellant.
At the instance of the appellant, the
Tribunal referred the following two questions to the High Court :" (1)
Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the sums of Rs.
50,719/and Rs. 13,963/foregone by the
assessee by its Directors' resolution dated 44-1955 and 19-6-1956 respectively,
were liable to be included in its total income for the accounting years ending
30-6-1955 and 30-61956 ?" "(2) If the answer to question No. 1 be in
the affirmative, whether the assessee is entitled to claim an allowance of an
equivalent amount as expenditure under the provisions of Section 10 (2) (xv) of
the Indian Income Tax Act ?" The High Court agreed with the view taken by
the Tribunal.
It was observed that the accrual of income
was complete within the accounting year of the managed company and as no
relinquishment had been done before the amount became due, the case strictly
came within the ambit of section 4 (1) (b) (i) of the Act. 'no relinquishment,
it was further observed, was a unilateral act of the appellant. As regards the
second question, the High Court found that the relinquishment had not been made
for the purpose of facilitating the legitimate commercial undertaking or by way
of commercial expediency. The appellant's case was thus held to be not covered
by section 10(2) (xv) of the Act, Mr. Maheshwari has assailed the findings of
the High Court.
Regarding the first question, the learned
counsel contends that as the amounts in question were never received by the
appellant but were relinquished, there arose no tax liability for those
amounts. As regards the second question, Mr. Maheshwari submits that the
relinquishment of the amounts should be construed as permissible expenditure under
section 10(2) (xv) of the Act. There is, in our opinion, no substance in any of
the above contentions.
So far as the first question is concerned, we
find that according to clause 2(e) of the Managing Agency Agreement reproduced
above, the commission for the two years in question became due to the appellant
on the 31st day of December, 1954 and 31st day of December, 1955. The appellant
also became entitled to receive fixed office allowance of Rs. 12,000/for each
of the two years. It, therefore, can be said that the income of Rs. 50,719/had
accrued to the appellant on 31st December, 1954 and of 975 Rs. 13,973/on 31st
December, 1955. The fact that the payment of the managing agency commission was
deferred till after the accounts had been passed in the meetings of. the
managed company did not affect the accrual of the income of those amounts on
December 31, 1954 and December 31, 1955 respectively. According to Section 4
(1) (b) (i) of the Act, subject to the provisions of this Act, the total income
of any previous year of any person includes all income, profits and gains from
whatever source derived which if such person is resident in the taxable
territories during such year accrue or arise or are deemed to accrue or arise
to him in the taxable territories during such year. The dictionary meaning of
the word "accrue" is "to come as an accession, increment, or
produce : to fall to one by way of advantage :
to fall due". The income can thus be
said to accrue when it becomes due. The postponement of the date of payment has
a bearing only in so far as the time of payment is concerned, but it does not
affect the accrual of income. The moment the income accrues, the assessee gets
vested with the right to claim that amount even though it may not be payable immediately.
There also arises a corresponding liability of the other party from whom the
income becomes due to pay that amount. The further fact that the amount of
income is not subsequently received by the assessee would also not detract from
or efface the accrual of the income, although the nonreceipt may, in
appropriate cases, be a valid ground for claiming deductions. The accrual of an
income is not to be equated with the receipt of the income. That the two,
accrual and receipt of income, have different connotations is also clear from
the language of Section 4 of the Act.
Clause (a) of sub-section (1) of Section 4 of
the Act deals with the receipt of income while the, accrual of income is dealt
with in clause (b) of that sub-section.
The appellant-company admittedly was
maintaining its account according to the mercantile system. It is well known
that the mercantile system of accounting differs substantially from the cash
system of book keeping. Under the cash system, it is only actual cash receipts
and actual cash payments that are recorded as credits and debits; whereas under
the mercantile system credit entries are made in respect of amounts due
immediately they become legally due and before they are actually received;
similarly, the expenditure items for which legal liability has been incurred
are immediately debited even before the amounts in question are actually
disbursed. Where accounts are kept on mercantile basis, the profits or gains
are credited though they are not actually realised, and the entries thus made
really show nothing more than an accrual or arising of the said profits at the
material time. The same is the position 976 with regard to debits made. [See
Indermani Jatia V. Commissioner of Income-Tax, U.P. (1)] In the case of
Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay City I v. Messrs Shoorji Vallabhdas and
Co.(2) Hidayatullah, J (as he then was) speaking for the Court observed,:
"Income-tax is a levy on income. No doubt, the Income-tax takes into
account two points of time at which the liability to tax is attracted viz. the
accrual of the income or its receipt; but the substance of the matter is the
income. If income does not result at all, there cannot be a tax, even though in
book-keeping, an entry is made about a "hypothetical income", which
does not materialise. Where income has, in fact, been received and is
subsequently given up in such circumstances that it remains the income of the
recipient, even though given up, the tax may be payable. Where, however, the
income can be said not to have resulted at all, there is obviously neither
accrual nor receipt of income, even though, an entry to that effect might, in
certain circumstances, have been made in the books of account".
The assessee firm, who was the managing agent
of two shipping companies in that case, gave up 75% of the managing agency
commission with a view to get the managing agency transferred to two private
companies. It was held that this was not a case of a gift by the assessee to
the managed companies of a portion of income which had already accrued, but an
agreement to receive a lesser remuneration than what had been agreed upon. In
the present case, the amounts of income for the two years in question were
given up unilaterally after they had accrued to the appellant company. As such,
the appellant could not escape the tax liability for those amounts.
Coming to the second question we find that
the appellant could claim deduction of the amounts under section 10(2) (xv) of'
the Act if the amounts had represented an expenditure laid out or expended
wholly and exclusively for the business of the appellant. There is, however,
nothing to show that the amounts were relinquished for the purpose of the
appellant's business. The present is not a case wherein the amounts due to the
assessee were given up on grounds of commercial expediency or for advancing the
business interest of the assessee. The conclusion of the learned Judges of the
High Court in this respect, in our opinion, is well founded.
The result is that the appeals fail and ire
dismissed but, in the circumstances, without costs.
Appeals dismissed.
G. C.
(1) 35 I.T.R. 298.
(2) 46 I.T.R. 144.
Back
