Sardari Lal Vs. Union of India &
Ors [1971] INSC 21 (21 January 1971)
GROVER, A.N.
GROVER, A.N.
SHAH, J.C. (CJ) MITTER, G.K.
HEGDE, K.S.
RAY, A.N.
CITATION: 1971 AIR 1547 1971 SCR (3) 461 1970
SCC (1) 411
CITATOR INFO:
O 1974 SC2192 (152) O 1977 SC 451 (6) RF 1982
SC 149 (709) O 1984 SC 684 (55) E 1985 SC1416 (49,58) RF 1987 SC2106 (6)
ACT:
Constitution of India, 1950, Art.
311(2)(c)-Power to dispense with inquiry under Article cannot be delegated to
the Joint Secretary under (Government of India Allocation of Business) Rules,
1961 made under Art. 77(3) of the Constitution-Article 77(2) does not prevent
the court from examining validity of order passed by Joint Secretary under s.
311(2) (c) in the name of the President.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant and 17 others were dismissed
from Delhi Police Force. The order in the case of the appellant recited that he
was unfit to be retained in Civil Service. It also recited that the President
was satisfied under Art. 311(2) (c) of the Constitution that in the interest of
the security of the State it was not expedient to hold an inquiry. The order
was made by the Joint Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Home
Affairs under authority granted to him by the Government of India (Allocation
of Business) Rules, 1961 made under Art. 77(3) of the Constitution. It was
argued on behalf of the appellants that authority could not be exercised on
behalf of the President by the Joint Secretary. The High Court rejected this
contention. In appeal by certificate,
HELD : On the principles enunciated by this
Court in earlier decisions the functions in cl. (c) of the proviso to Art.
311(2) cannot be delegated by the President
to anyone else in the case of a civil servant of the Union. In other words he
has to be satisfied personally that in the interest of the security of the
State it is not expedient to hold an inquiry prescribed by cl. (2). In the
first place the general consensus in the decisions of this Court has been that
executive function of the nature entrusted by certain articles, such as Arts.
309, 352, 356, 360 and in particular those articles in which the President has
to be satisfied himself about the existence of certain 'facts or state of
affairs cannot be delegated by him to anyone else. Secondly even with regard to
cl. (c) of the proviso there is specific observation in Jayantilal's case that
the powers of the President under that provision cannot be delegated. Thirdly
the dichotomy which has been specifically introduced between the authority
mentioned in cl. (b) and the President mentioned in cl. (c) of the proviso
cannot be without significance. The Constitution makers apparently felt that a
matter in which the interest of the security of the State has to be considered
should receive personal attention of the President or the Head of the State and
he should himself be satisfied that an inquiry under the substantive part di
cl. (2), Art. 31 1 was not expedient for the reasons stated in cl. (c) of the
proviso in the case of a particular servant. [467 D-G] The order impugned in
the present case was therefore illegal, ultra vires, and void. If the functions
or functions exercisable under cl. (c) of the proviso under consideration could
not be delegated or allocated to anyone else by the President, Art. 77(2) could
not stand in the way of the Court in the matter of examining the validity of
the order. [467 H468 B] Moti Ram Deka etc. v. General Manager, N.E.F. Railway,
Maligaon, Pandu, [1964] 5 S.C.R. 683, 731, 732 and Javantilal Amrit Lal Shodhan
462
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 576 of 1969.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated
December 11, 1968 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Writ No. 1440 of 1967.
A. S. R. Chari, S. K. Mehta, K. L. Mehta and
K. R. Nagaraja, for the petitioner.
S. T. Desai and R. N. Sachthey, for
respondents Nos. 2, 3 and S. P. Nayar, for respondents Nos. 1, 4 and 5.
S. K. Mehta and K. L. Mehta, for the
intervener.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Grover, J. This is an appeal by certificate from a common judgment of the Delhi
High Court which disposed of a batch of 14 petitions under Art. 226 of the
Constitution. The question involved is of importance and relates to the
exercise of powers expressly conferred on the President by clause (c) of the
proviso to Art. 311(2) of the Constitution.
On 14th April, 1967, the appellant and 17
other members of the Delhi Police Force were dismissed from service. The order
dismissing the appellant is reproduced below ORDER "Whereas, you Shri
Sardari Lal, Sub-Inspector, Delhi Police No. 331/D, Police Station Kamla
Market, Delhi hold your office during the pleasure of the President, and
Whereas the President is satisfied that you are unfit to be retained in the
public service and ought to be dismissed from service, and Whereas the
President is further satisfied under sub-clause (c) of proviso to clause (2) of
article 31 1 of the Constitution that in the interest of the security of the
State it is not expedient to hold an inquiry, Now, therefore, the President is
pleased to dismiss you from service with immediate effect.
By order and in the name of the President of
India Sd/(B. Venkataraman) Joint Secretary to the Government of India in the
Ministry of Home Affairs." 463 It was common ground before the High Court
and has not been disputed before us that the President had no occasion to deal
.with the case of the appellant himself and the order was made by Shri
Venkataraman, Joint Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of
Home Affairs. It was claimed by him that he was competent to make the order by
virtue of the authority which he derived under the Government of India
(Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 made under Art. 77(3) of the Constitution.
Before the High Court, the controversy was confined to the narrow point whether
the function which is to be performed by the President under clause (c) of the
proviso to Art. 311(2) could be performed by the authority to whom such
function had been allocated under the aforesaid Rules. The High Court negative
the contention raised on behalf of the appellant that such a function could not
have been delegated by the President to any other authority. The High Court
also relied on the provisions of Art. 77(2) which provides for the
authentication of orders made in the name of the President.
Under Art. 53(1) the Executive power of the
Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either
directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the
Constitution. Art. 77(1) lays down that all executive action of the Government
of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. Clause
(3) of that Article enables the President to make rules for the more convenient
transaction of the business of the Government of India. Chapter I of Part XIV
contains inter alia the three main provision relating to the Services.
Articles 309, 310 and 311 may be set out to
the extent necessary.
" 309. Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution, Acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment,
and conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts in
connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State :
"Provided that it shall be competent for
the President or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts
in connection with the affairs of the Union, and for the Governor of a State or
such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection
with the affairs of the State, to make rules regulating the recruitment and the
conditions of service, of persons appointed, to such services and posts until
provision in that behalf is made by or under an Act of the appropriate
Legislature under this article, and any rules so made shall have effect subject
to the provisions of any such Act." 464 "310. (1) Except as expressly
provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of a defence
service or of a civil service, of the Union or of an all India service or holds
any posit connected with defence or any civil post under the Union, holds
office during the pleasure of the President, and every person who is a member
of a civil service of, a State or holds any civil post under a State holds
office during the pleasure of the Governor of the State.
(2).............................."
"31 1. (1) No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an
all-India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post under the
Union or a State shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to
that by which he was appointed.
(2) No such person as aforesaid shall be
dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has
been informed of the charge against him and given a reasonable opportunity of
being heard in respect of those charges and where it is proposed, after such
inquiry, to impose on him any such penalty, until he has been given a
reasonable opportunity of making representation on the penalty proposed. but
only on the basis of the evidence adduced during such inquiry (a) where a
person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct
which has led to his conviction on a criminal charge; or "(b) where the
authority empowered to dismiss or ,remove a person or to reduce him in rank is
satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it
is not reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry; or (c) where the President
or the Governor, as the case may be, is satisfied that in the interest of the
security of the State it is not expedient to hold such inquiry.
(3) If, in respect of any such person as
aforesaid, a question arises whether it is reasonably practicable to hold such
inquiry as is referred to in clause (2), the decision thereon of the authority
empowered to dismiss or remove such person or to reduce him in rank shall be
final." 465 These Articles have come up for consideration before this
Court in several cases and in connection with diverse points' The view that has
been taken with regard to their true content, scope and inter connection and
the nature of the power exercisable under them is that while Art. 3 1 0
provides for the tenure at the pleasure of the President or the Governor, Art.
309 enables the Legislature or the Executive as the case may be to make any law
or rule in regard inter alia to conditions of service without impinging upon
the overriding power recognised under Art. 310 read with Art. 3 1 1. The power
to dismiss a public servant at pleasure is outside the scope of Articles 53 and
154 of the Constitution and cannot be delegated by the President or the
Governor, to a subordinate officer and can be exercised by him only in the
manner prescribed, by the Constitution.
This, however, does not mean that a law
cannot be made under Art. 309 or a rule cannot be framed under the proviso to
the said Article prescribing the procedure by whcih and the authority by whom
the said pleasure can be exercised. Moti Ram Deka etc. v. General Manager,
N.E.F. Railways, Maligaon, Pandu, _etc.(1) Art. 311 contains the main
safeguards for civil servants in the matter of dismissal or removal or
reduction in rank-while the procedure provided in clause (2) must be followed
before the dismissal or removal or reduction in rank of a civil servant can be
ordered, there are certain exceptions which have been made where it is not necessary
to comply with the requirements of the substantive part of clause (2) of Art.
311. These exceptions are contained in the three clauses-(a), (b) and (c) of
the proviso to clause (2).
As in the cases mentioned in the proviso, the
procedure laid down in clause (2) has not to be followed and the only
protection which is conferred on a civil servant cannot be availed of by him,
we must look at them carefully. A dichotomy has been introduced in clause (b)
and, (c) with regard to the authority or the functionary who has to be
satisfied about the matters stated therein. In clause (b), it is only the
authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person or to reduce him in rank who
has to be satisfied that it is not reasonably practicable to hold the inquiry
provided by clause (2) and his decision in terms of clause (3) of the Article
shall be final. But in clause (c) it is.
the President or the Governor alone, as the
case may be, who has to be satisfied that in the interest of the security of
the State it is not expedient to hold such inquiry.
Now the argument on behalf of the appellant
has proceeded on these lines. Art. 53(1) vests the Executive power of the Union
in the President but Art. 77 deals only with executive action of (1) [1964] 5
S.C.R. 683 at pp. 731 & 732).
466 the Government of India. There are
several Articles under which the President is required to be satisfied before
an action is taken. Clause (c) of the proviso to clause (2) of Art. 311 is one,
of Such provisions. The other provision which also deals with the question of
satisfaction about the security of India being threatened etc. is the one
contained in Art. 352 which relates to Proclamation of emergency.
Art. 356 says that if the President on
receipt of a report from the Governor of a State or otherwise, is satisfied
that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be
carried on in accordance with the provisions; of the Constitution, he may make
a Proclamation as provided in the Article. Art. 360 which contains provisions relating
to financial emergency also employs the language "if the President is
satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit
of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a
Proclamation make a declaration to that effect." The enumeration of the
aforesaid Articles is merely illustrative and not exhaustive. In such cases, it
is the President who has to be personally satisfied on the material placed
before him about the various matters on which action has to be taken. Such
functions may pertain to the executive power of the Union which is vested in
him under Art. 53(1) but these cannot fall within Art. 77(1) which is confined
to executive action of the Government of India. Apart from the Articles mentioned
above, there are several other Articles which may also be considered in this
connection. It would be had v. F. N. Rana and Others(2).
"The power to promulgate Ordinances
under Art. 123; to suspend the 'provisions of Arts. 268 to 279 during an
emergency; to declare failure of the Constitutional machinery in States under
Art. 356; to declare a financial emergency under Art. 360; to make rules
regarding the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to
posts and services in connection with the affairs of the Union under Art.
309-to enumerate a few out of the various powers-are not powers of the Union
Government; these are powers vested in the President by the Constitution and
are incapable of being delegated or entrusted to any other body or authority
under Art. 258(1). The plea that the very nature of these powers is such that
they could not be intended to be entrusted under Art. 258(1) to the, State or
officer of the State, and, therefore, that clause must have a limited content,
proceeds upon an obvious fallacy. Those powers cannot be delegated under Art.
258(1) because they are not (2) 1964] 5 S.C.R. 294 at pp. 307 to 308. the
powers of the Union, and not because of their special character. There is a
vast array of other powers exercisable by the President-to mention only a
few-appointment of Judges: Arts. 124 & 217, appointment of Committees of
Official Languages Act; Art. 344, appointment of Commissions to investigate
conditions of backward classes; Art. 340, appointment of Special Officer for
Scheduled Castes and Tribes : Art. 338, exercise of his pleasure to terminate
employment: Art. 310, declaration that in the interest of the security of the
State it is not expedient to give to a public servant sought to be dismissed an
opportunity contemplated by Art. 311(2)-these are executive powers of the
President and may not be delegated or entrusted to another body or officer
because they do not fall within Art. 258." It seems to us that there is a
good deal of substance in the argument raised on behalf of the appellant. On
the principles which have been enunciated by this Court, the function in clause
(c) of the proviso to Art. 311(2) cannot be delegated by the President to anyone
else in the case of a civil servant of the Union. In other words he has to be
satisfied personally that in the interest of the security of the State, it is
not expedient to hold the inquiry prescribed by clause (2). In the first place,
the general consensus has been that executive functions of the nature entrusted
by the Articles, some of which have been mentioned before and in particular
those Articles in which the President has to be satisfied himself about the
existence of certain fact or state of affairs cannot be delegated by him to any
one else. Secondly even with regard to clause (c) of the proviso, there is a
specific. observation in the passage extracted above from the case of
Jayantilal Amrit Lal Shodhan that the powers of the President under that
provision cannot be delegated. Thirdly, the dichotomy which has been
specifically introduced between the authority mentioned in clause (b) and the
President mentioned in clause (c) of the proviso cannot be without
significance.
The Constitution makers apparently felt that
a matter in which the interest of the security of the State had to be
considered should receive the personal attention of the President or the head
of the State and he should be himself satisfied that an inquiry under the
substantive part of clause (2) of Art. 3 1 1 was not expedient for the reasons
stated in clause (c) of the proviso in the case of a particular servant.
We are not impressed with the reasoning of
the High Court with reference to Art. 77(2). If the function or the power
exercisable under clause (c) of the proviso under consideration could not be
delegated or allocated to anyone else by the President. Art.
468 77(2) will not stand in the way of the
Court in the matter of examining the validity of the order.
For all the above reasons this appeal is
allowed and the judgment of the High Court is set aside. The impugned order by
which the appellant was dismissed from service shall stand quashed on the
ground that it was illegal, ultra vires and void. The appellant shall be
entitled to costs in this court and the High Court.
G.C. Appeal allowed.
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