Patel Rambhai Bacharbhai & ANR Vs.
Patel Dahyabhai Becharbhai & ANR [1966] INSC 100 (4 April 1966)
04/04/1966 SUBBARAO, K.
SUBBARAO, K.
RAMASWAMI, V.
CITATION: 1967 AIR 162 1966 SCR 146
ACT:
Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act (28 of
1947), ss.46 and 56-Scope of.
HEADNOTE:
The father of the first respondent sold his
lands to the second respondent but continued to be in possession. The second
respondent sold them to the appellants who were put in possession in 1934. In
August 1945, the first respondent filed a petition against the second
respondent, before the Debt Adjustment Board, under Ss. 17, 18 and 45 of the
Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act, 1939, within the time prescribed by S.
17, alleging that the transaction with the second respondent was a mortgage andthat
the debt was liable to be adjusted under the Act. The first appellant was
impleaded as a party to the petition in December 1945, beyond the time
specified in S. 17. No appeal was filed against that order, and in 1947, the
Board disposed of the petition for adjustment of debt by directing the second
respondent to render accounts. He appealed and, pending the appeal, the 1939
Art was repealed by the Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act of 1947. In
1949, the appellate Court set aside the Board's order and remanded the case to
the Civil Judge, for deciding the nature of the transaction, because, under the
1947 Act, the Board was dissolved and its jurisdiction was vested in the Civil
Judge. In 1950, the first respondent's application to the Civil Judge for
impleading the second respondent also as a party to the petition for adjustment
of the debt, was allowed, and thereafter, the matter was disposed of on merits.
On the questions: (i) Whether the orders
impleading the appellants were without jurisdiction. and (ii) whether the
appellants had acquired title to the lands by adverse possession, HELD: (i) The
orders were not without jurisdiction.
Under the repealed Act, if a party was added
beyond the period prescribed under S. 17 of the Act, if he was added as a
necessary party to a petition filed in time, the said order might be improper
but not without jurisdiction. [151 C-D] Under S. 56 of the 1947 Act, original
and appellate proceedings initiated under the repealed Act but pending at the
time the 1947 Act came into force will have to be disposed of in accordance
with the substantive and procedural sections of the 1947 Act. Under S. 46 of
the 1947 Act, the court is empowered. in a suitable case, to add Parties under
0.1, r. 10, Civil Procedure Code, and they may be added irrespective of the
time limit prescribed under the repealed Act, or the time specified in Ss. 4
and 24 of the 1947 Act. [152 A-C] Case law referred to.
(ii) The appellants had not acquired any
title by adverse Possession, as the petition for adjustment of debt was filed
within 12 years from the date of their occupation of the suit lands. [153 F]
147
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 386 of 1964.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated January 10, 1962 of the Gujarat High Court in Civil Revision
Application No. 158 of 1960.
S. V. Gupte, Solicitor-General, S. H. Sheth
and M. V. Goswami, for the appellants.
G. L. Sanghi and A. G. Ratnaparkhi, for
respondent No. 1.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Subba Rao, J. This appeal by special, leave is directed against the order of
the Gujarat High Court in Civil Revision Application No. 158 of 1960 confirming
that of the District Judge, Kaira, holding that the 1st respondent herein was a
debtor and directing the Civil Judge, Kapadvanj, to adjust the debt under the
provisions of the Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act.
The relevant facts may be briefly stated. The
father of the first respondent owned three pieces of land bearing Survey Nos.
93, 102/3 and 125/1 in village Chikhlod, Taluka Kapadwanj, District Kaira in
the State of Gujarat. On June 9, 1933, he sold the same by an oral vardi to
respondent No.
2 for a sum of Rs. 2,701 / but continued to
be in possession thereof. On April 7, 1934, the 2nd respondent sold the said
lands to the 1st appellant by an oral vardi for Rs. 2,521 / and the 1st
appellant got possession thereof on the said date. In a partition that was
effected in the joint family of the 1st appellant, survey No. 93 went to the
share of the 2nd appellant and the remaining two lands fell to the share of the
1st appellant. The appellants have been in possession of the said lands from
April 7, 1934. On August 3, 1945, the 1st respondent filed an application
before the Debt Adjustment Board under s. 17, read with s. 18 and s. 45 of the
Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act, 1939. To that application only the 2nd
respondent was made a party. His case was that his father had money dealings
with the 2nd respondent and in consideration of past debts his father had sold
the said lands to the 2nd respondent in 1933 by way of an oral sale with a
condition of reconveyance of the said lands to the vendor and, therefore, the
said debt was liable to be adjusted under the provisions of the said Act. The
2nd respondent denied that he had any money dealings with the father of the 1st
respondent and stated that the lands were not in his possession. On December 4,
1945, the respondent made an application before the Debt Adjustment Board for adding
the appellants as respondents to the petition. It appears from the record that
only the 1st appellant was made a party-respondent to 148 that application. On
April 29, 1947, the said Board held that the sales in favour of the 2nd
respondent and the appellants were invalid and directed the 2nd respondent to
render the accounts. Against that order, the 2nd respondent preferred an appeal
to the District Judge at Nadiad. On May 27, 1947, Bombay Agricultural Debtors
Relief Act 28 of 1947, hereinafter called the new Act, came into force and
under s. 56(2) thereof the Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act, 1939,
hereinafter called the repealed Act was repealed. On April 14, 1949 the learned
District Judge, Kaira, set aside the order of the Board and remanded the case
to the court of the Civil Judge (Junior Division) at Kapadwanj with a direction
to decide afresh the question of the nature of the said transaction in
accordance with law. It was remanded to the said Civil Judge as under the new
Act the Debt Adjustment Board was dissolved and its jurisdiction was vested on
the Civil Judge. On April 24, 1950, the 1st respondent made an application
before the Civil Judge for adding the 2nd appellant as a party respondent and
that petition was allowed on August 21, 1950. On September 29, 1953, the Civil
Judge dismissed the petition as not maintainable; but on appeal the District
Judge, Kaira, allowed the appeal and remanded the matter to the Civil Judge for
disposal according to law. The appellants and the 2nd respondent preferred a
revision to the High Court, but that was summarily rejected. After the remand,
the Civil Judge held that the transaction was not a mortgage and the appellants
had acquired title to the lands by adverse possession. Against that order the
1st respondent preferred an appeal to the District Judge, who, by his order
dated October 16, 1958, held that the mortgage subsisted and that the
appellants had not acquired title to the said lands by adverse possession. In
hat view, he remanded the case to the Civil Judge for adjustment of the debts.
On revision the High Court of Gujarat accepted the finding of the learned
District Judge and dismissed the revision. Hence the present appeal.
The learned Solicitor-General, appearing for
the appellants, raised before us the following four points: (1) Under the
repealed Act the Board would have jurisdiction to entertain an application for
adjustment of debts, if 'it was filed within 18 months from the date of the
appointment of the Board under s. 4 of the said Act, i.c., on or before October
31, 1945, and, as no such application was filed either against the 1st
appellant or against the 2nd appellant before that date, the order of the Board
adding the 1st appellant on December 4, 1945, and the order of the Civil Judge
adding the 2nd appellant on August 21, 1950 were without jurisdiction and,
therefore, void; as the said orders were without jurisdiction, the appellants
had acquired a vested interest in the property and the new Act does not affect
the said right. (2) The appellant had acquired a right to the said lands by
adverse possession.
(3) The application to the 149 Board to
investigate the nature of the transaction was not competent. And (4) The
benefit under s. 55(6)(b) of the Transfer of Property Act is available only to
a buyer under a valid transaction and not to a buyer under a transaction which
is void at the very inception.
At the outset it may be mentioned that the
4th point was sought to be raised before the High Court for the first time and
the High Court refused to go into that matter. We cannot, therefore, allow the
appellants to raise that point before us.
The third point was also not raised before
the High Court and we do not see any justification for allowing the appellants
to press the same before us.
We shall, therefore, confine our judgment to
the first two points raised.
To appreciate the rival contentions of the
parties it will be convenient to read at this stage the relevant provisions of
both the repealed and new Acts.
The Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act,
1939.
Section 17. (1) Within eighteen months from
the date on which a Board is established under section 4, any debtor may make
an application to the Board for the adjustment of his debts under this Act as
hereinafter provided:
. . . . . .
(3) An application under this section shall
be made to the Board established for any local area if the debtor or any of the
debtors who is a party to the application ordinarily resides in such area, or
to the Board established for the class of debtors, if the debtor or any of the
debtors who is a party to the application belongs to the said class.
Section 7. (1) Subject to the provisions of
this Act and any rules, the Board shall have the same powers as are vested in
civil courts under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, when trying a suit and in
particular in respect of the following matters:(a) joining any necessary or
proper parties.
The Bombay Agricultural Debtors Relief Act,
1947.
Section 4. (1) Any debtor ordinarily residing
in any local area for which a Board was established under section 4 of the
repealed Act on or after the 1st February 1947, or his creditor may make an
application before the 1st August 1947 to the Court for the adjustment of his
debts.
150 Section 46. Save as otherwise expressly
provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908,
shall apply to all proceedings under this Chapter.
*Provided that the Court may in a proper case
and on such terms as may appear to it to be just, exercise its powers to add or
strike out parties under rule 10 of Order 1 of the said Code in any proceeding
pending before it under section 4 or 24, notwithstanding the fact that such
addition, or striking out of parties is to be made after the date specified in
section 4 or 24, as the case may be, has elapsed.
(*This proviso was added by Bombay Act 37 of
1950, S. 9).
Section 56. (2) The Bombay Agricultural
Debtors Relief Act, 1939, is repealed.
All Boards established under section 4 of the
repealed Act shall be dissolved: Provided that(a)all proceedings pending before
any such Board at the date when this Act comes into force shall be continued
and disposed of by the Court under this Act as if an application under section
4 had been made to the Court in respect there for;
(b) all awards made, confirmed or modified
under the repealed Act shall be deemed to have been made, confirmed or modified
under this Act as if this Act was in force at the date when the said awards
were made, confirmed or modified, as the case may be;
. . . . .
(c) all appeals pending before any Court
under the repealed Act against the decision, order or award of such Board shall
be continued and disposed of as if the said appeals were filed under the
provisions of this Act; and (d)all appeals which could have been filed under
the repealed Act against any decision, order or award of such Board but which
could not be filed only by reason of the fact that the said 'Act was repealed
by this Act shall when filed before a competent court be deemed to have been
filed under the provisions of this Act and shall be disposed of accordingly.
The impact of the provisions of the new Act
on those of the repealed Act in the context of the present enquiry may be
stated thus: Under the repealed Act an application could be filed before the
appropriate Board for the adjustment of a debt within the time prescribed under
s. 17 thereof. Under s. 7 thereof the 151 Board had the power to join any
necessary or proper parties.
The said power was coterminus with that of a
civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure. Order 1, r. 10, of the Code of
Civil Procedure enables the court in a suitable case to strike out or add
parties; and under sub-s. (5) thereof, subject to the provisions of s. 22 of
the Indian Limitation Act, 1877, the proceedings as against any person added as
defendant shall be deemed to have begun only on the service of the summons.
Under the repealed Act therefore, if a party was added, the proceedings as
against him should be deemed to have been taken only on the service of summons.
If a party was added subsequent to the period
prescribed under s. 17 of the repealed Act, it could be objected that the
proceedings against the party so added was beyond the period prescribed under
s. 17. But nonetheless if he was added as a necessary party to a petition filed
in time, though the said order might be improper, it could not be said that the
court acted without jurisdiction. If it was an illegal order, it could be set
aside by an appropriate order in appeal. Under s. 56(2) of the new Act the 1939
Act was repealed and all the Boards established under the repealed Act were
dissolved. The three provisos to sub-s. (2) of s. 56 of the new Act prescribed
for the continuity of the proceedings initiated under the repealed Act. Under
the first proviso, all proceedings pending before any such Board shall be
continued before the court as if an application under s. 4 of the said Act had
been made to the court. This proviso introduces a fiction; and under that
fiction, if an application filed before the Board under s. 17 of the repealed
Act was pending at the time the new Act came into force, it shall be continued
as if it were an application filed under s. 4 of the new Act. Under the third
proviso, which deals with pending appeals, appeals pending before any court
under the repealed Act shall be continued and disposed of as if they were
appeals under the new Act. This proviso also introduces a fiction, namely, the
appeal should be deemed to be an appeal under the new Act. The expression
"under the Act" means under the provisions of the Act. This
expression emphasizes the fact that pending appeals shall be deemed to be
appeals under the (new) Act and, therefore, shall be disposed of by applying
the provisions thereof.
The fourth proviso deals with appeals to be
filed against the orders under the 'repealed Act; under the said, proviso those
appeals when presented after the new Act came into force shall be deemed to be
appeals from the decision or orders or awards of courts under the new Act and
shall be disposed of accordingly. In short, the old Act was repealed and the
proceedings, original or appellate, are all deemed to be proceedings under the
new Act and they should be disposed of in accordance with the substantive and
procedural sections of the new Act. If that be the interpretation of s. 56 (2)
of the new, Act, to such a proceeding s. 46 is immediately attracted. Under
L/S5SCI-12 152 s. 46 of the new Act, the court is empowered in a suitable case
to add parties under Order 1, rule 10, of the Code of Civil Procedure,
notwithstanding the fact that the addition of parties is made after the dates
specified in s. 4 or 24, as the case may be, have expired. By reason of the
aforesaid fiction, a proceeding taken under the repealed Act is deemed to be a
proceeding under the new Act and, therefore, a party may be added after the
prescribed period.
To summarize: After the new Act was passed
there are two types of proceedings, namely, (i) proceedings initiated under the
repealed Act but pending at the time the new Act came into force; and (ii)
proceedings taken under the new Act. Both the proceedings will have to be
disposed of under the provisions of the new Act, that is to say, both the
substantive and the procedural sections of the new Act would equally apply to
both classes of proceedings.
Some of the decisions cited at the Bar have a
direct bearing on the question raised before us. A division Bench of the Bombay
High Court in Vishwanath Mahadev Adhikari v. Krishnaji Ramchandra Bodas(1)
construed the scope of the three provisos to s. 56(2) of the new Act. It was
contended before the said Bench that proviso 2 had no retrospective effect and
the appeals which were pending should be disposed of according to the repealed
Act and not according to the new Act. Chagla, C. J., adverting to that
argument.
speaking for the Court, observed thus:
"Further, in our opinion, the language
used in proviso 2 is fairly clear and explicit and makes this proviso
retrospective in its effect. What the Legislature says is that the appeals
shall be continued and disposed of as if they were appeals under this Act,
which clearly means that all the provisions of this Act shall apply to the
appeals which are pending. The appeal Court is asked to treat the appeals as if
the new Act was in force and not the old Act, and in disposing of those appeals
the appeal Court has to consider the substantive law as well as the procedural
law brought into force by Act XXVIII (28) of 1947." Another division Bench
of that Court in Hiraman Ratan v. Purshottam Deorao(2) expressed the same view.
Therein it held that the language of the provisos to s. 56(2) of the new Act
clearly gave retrospective effect to all the provisions of the new Act
including the substantive provisions and not merely to the procedural
provisions thereof. In Basavanappa Shivappa V. Neelappa Adiveppa(3),
Gajendragadkar, J., construed s. 46 of the new Act and held that parties could
be added in a proper case without considerations of delay.
(1) A.T.R. 1949 Bom. 390, 391.
(2) A.I.R. 1953 Bom. 260.
(3) A.I.R. 1956 Bom. 201.
153 The views expressed in these decisions
accord with those expressed by us earlier.
With this legal position in mind, let us look
at the facts of the present case. The application was filed by the 1st
respondent against the 2nd respondent under s. 17 of the repealed Act before
the prescribed time, i.e., October 31, 1945. The 1st appellant was added by the
Board itself on December 4, 1945; and the 2nd appellant was added by the Civil
Judge on August 21, 1950. As the appeal against the order of the Board was
pending at the time the new Act came into force, under proviso (c) to s. 56(2)
of the new Act that appeal had to be disposed of under the provisions of the
new Act and after remand the application had likewise to be disposed of under
the provisions of the new Act. At that time the civil Court had ample
jurisdiction to add the appellants as parties irrespective of the time limit
prescribed under the repealed Act. If so, it cannot be said that the Civil
Judge acted without jurisdiction in disposing of the petition as if it was
filed under the new Act. There are, therefore, no merits in the first
contention.
There are no merits in the second contention
either. Some relevant facts may be recapitulated. The father of the 1st
respondent sold the lands to the 2nd respondent on June 9, 1933. The 2nd respondent sold the same to the 1st appellant on April 7, 1934, and he was put in possession on the same day. From June 9, 1933 to April 7, 1934 the father of the 1st respondent was in possession. The application for
adjustment of the debt was made on August 3, 1945. From April 7, 1934 to August 3, 1945 the appellants were in possession of the disputed lands
and the said period of occupation of the lands by the appellants was less than
12 years. But it was contended that the 1st respondent was in possession of the
lands as a tenant of the 1st appellant between June 9, 1933 to April 7, 1934
and, therefore, the said period should be tacked on to the period of adverse
possession by the appellants. But the High Court found, agreeing with the
District Judge, that the appellants failed to prove that the 1st respondent was
in possession of the lands as a tenant during that period. If so, it follows
that the appellants had not acquired any title to the suit property by adverse
possession.
In the result, the appeal is dismissed with
costs.
Appeal dismissed.
Back