Sita Ram Jhunjhunawala Vs. Bombay
Bullion Association Ltd. & Ors [1964] INSC 273 (25 November 1964)
25/11/1964 AYYANGAR, N.
RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR, N. RAJAGOPALA SARKAR, A.K.
MUDHOLKAR, J.R.
CITATION: 1965 AIR 1628 1965 SCR (2) 249
CITATOR INFO:
RF 1991 SC1579 (7)
ACT:
Banking practice-- Cheque--"Certified as
good for payment", Scope of.
HEADNOTE:
The members of the Bombay Bullion
Association, respondent herein, were permitted under the Forward Contracts
Control Act (Bom. Act 64 of 1947) to carry on forward dealings in bullion
subject to the bye-laws framed by the Association.
The appellant who was a member of the
Association and was carrying on business as bullion merchant, defaulted in
performing his obligation to tender silver of which he was the forward seller,
on the settlement day, and so the Association, purporting to act under its
bye-laws, purchased a quantity of silver at the risk of the appellant and
claimed from him the difference in price. The appellant paid the amount and
challenging the legality of his being treated as in default filed a suit for
its refund. The suit was dismissed by the High Court. In appeal to the Supreme
Court it was contended that the Association should not have made the purchase
because the purchasers had not fulfilled the terms of their obligations under
the bye-laws in making their payments to the Association. The contentions were
that : (i) certain of the purchasers who had made payments into the Clearing
House of the Association by cheques, drawn on their account in the Clearing
House, had not had the cheques certified as good for payment as required by
bye-law 137-B, and (ii) one payment was made by a purchaser, by a cheque drawn,
not on the Clearing House but on a branch of the Clearing House in the city,
and which besides was not certified good for payment as required by the
bye-law.
HELD : (i) Where a payment was made by a
cheque drawn on in account with the Clearing House and the amount represented
by that cheque was transferred to the Clearing House Account of the
Association, it is virtually a payment in cash, though in form a payment by
cheque. Since payment in cash is one of the modes of payment recognised by the
byelaw it satisfied the requirement of a valid payment. [255 E-F; 262 G-H]
Arsene A. Larocque v. Hyacinthia Beauckemin, (1897) A.C.
358, referred? to.
(ii)Where the Clearing House had accepted the
cheque and credited it to the Association after ascertaining from the branch on
which it was drawn, that the drawer of the cheque had enough funds at that
branch for meeting of the cheque, the cheque need not be certified as good for
payment. The position with respect to such a cheque is the same as when the
cheque is drawn on an account in the same branch, because the certificate of
the banker that is referred to in the bye-law is the certificate of a bank
different from that into which the cheque is being paid. In any event, when the
staff of the Clearing 1-louse ascertained from the branch that the cheque was
backed by sufficient funds to the credit of the customer in the branch on which
it was drawn, it satisfied the requirements of a cheque certified as good for
payment within the bye-law. [260 B; 262 A-C; 263 G-H] up./ 65-17 250
CIVIL APPELLATE` JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 56 of 1962.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
decree dated March 3, 4, 1958 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 27 of
1957.
Purshattam Tricumdas, J. B. Dadachanji, O. C.
Mathur and Ravinder Narain, for the appellant.
H.N. Sanyal, Solicitor-General, N. P. Nathwani,
AtiqurRehman and K. L. Hathi, for respondents Nos. 1-3, 5, 6, 8-17, 19 and 20.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Ayyangar, J. This appeal, by special leave, raises for con- sideration a very
short point regarding the proper construction of bye-law 137-B of the Bombay
Bullion Association Ltd., which will hereafter be referred to as the
'Association' and in particular whether on the facts established in this case
the requirements of the said bye- law has been satisfied.
The appellant is a member of the first
respondent-the Association and carries on business as a bullion merchant.
By a notification dated March 14, 1949, the
Government of Bombay in exercise of the powers conferred by s. 6 of the Bombay
Forward Contracts Control Act, 1947 (Bombay Act LXIV of 1947) sanctioned by the
bye-laws framed by the Association. Under the said Act the members of the
Association were permitted to carry on forward dealings in bullion subject to
the said bye-laws. The appeal is concerned with the regularity of a purchase
effected by the Association purporting to act under its bye-laws, of a quantity
of silver at the risk of the appellant, on the footing that he had defaulted in
performing his contract as a seller on February 3, 1953 which was a settlement
day.
The Association made this purchase treating
the appellant as a defaulter and claimed from him the difference which amounted
to Rs. 1,37,880-12-0. The appellant paid this sum when demanded on the 5th
February under protest but on the next day he filed the suit out of which the
present appeal arises against the Association and its Directors for its refund
on the ground that the purchase at his risk by the Association was invalid as
contrary to the bye-laws and was, therefore, not binding on him. The appellant
did not dispute that he defaulted in performing his obligation to tender the
bullion of which he was the forward seller on the settlement day as he was
bound to do under the relevant bye- laws but the point on which he attacked the
purchase was that no purchase could be made unless the forward purchasers for
that settlement had fulfilled the terms of their 251 obligations under the
bye-laws and that as they had failed to do so, the Association had no right to
effect a purchase on behalf and for the benefit of such defaulting purchasers.
The suit was tried before Coyajee J. on the
Original Side of the Bombay High Court. The learned Judge recorded a finding
that there had been no default on the part of the purchasers and he, therefore,
dismissed the suit. An appeal preferred by the appellant to a Division Bench
also failed and it is the correctness of this decision of the High Court that
is challenged in this appeal.
Though the evidence went into minute details
as to the things that happened on the Vaida day-February 3, 1953 and in
particular whether the several parties who figured as purchasers on the Vaida
day had or had not paid in their cheques into the Clearing House of the
Association on February 3, 1953 as they were bound to do under the bye- laws,
it is not necessary for us to go into this matter because there is a concurrent
finding of fact of both the Courts that each one of the cheques of the several
purchasers was, paid into the Clearing House on February 3, 1953, though it is
now clear from the evidence that entries in regard to some of these
transactions which took place on February 3, 1953 were made by the receiving
bank or by the Clearing House only on the 4th. It is on the basis of this
finding which could not be and was not challenged before us that we propose to
deal with the points urged before us in this appeal.
There is also one other matter which is
referred to in the pleadings as well as in the judgments of the High Court
which also we are putting aside. This relates to a plea by the appellant that
the Director-, of the Association had acted mala fide in permitting certain
infractions of bye- laws on the 3rd February by purchasers who would otherwise
be in default and treating them is if they had fulfilled their obligations. The
suggestion was that some of the members of Board of Directors had, in their
individual capa- city, figured as purchasers at the said settlement and that it
was this personal interest of theirs that led to their favouring the group of
purchasers as against the sellers at this Vaida. There was nothing in the
evidence in support of this plea and Coyajee, J. having negatived it, the same
does not appear to have been pressed before the Division Bench.
Mr. Purshotam-learned Counsel for the
appellant did not seek to reagitate this matter, as indeed he could not, and
hence this aspect also might be excluded from consideration.
This leads us to the main question which it
would be apparent from the above narrative is whether those who made forward
252 purchases for this Vaida had fulfilled their obligations under the
bye-laws. Now, the first matter that requires to be noticed is that the
settlement for the Maha Vaida was originally fixed to February 2, 1953. Bye-law
32 of the Association empowers the Board to fix the days of settlement in these
terms :
"32. (1) The settlement days shall be
fixed by the Board or the Sub-Committee appointed by it keeping in mind the
provisions or these Rules and bye-laws." but el. (3) of the same bye-law
empowers the Board :
"if of opinion that circumstances exist
which require an alteration of days so fixed [by cl.
(1)] the Board -may postpone such settlement
day for a period not exceeding 5 days." It was in exercise of this power
that the Vaida day was postponed from February 2, 1953 to February 3, 1953. No
dispute was raised by the appellant regarding the competence of the Board to
effect this change of date or to the validity of the change effected thereby.
Bye-law 120 makes provision for the
establishment of a Clearing House for effecting a settlement on the Vaida days.
This bye-law reads :
" 120. Clearing House :-A Clearing House
shall be established under the jurisdiction of the Board to act as an ordinary
agent of the members for settling forward transactions effected between members
in gold, silver and sovereigns by exchanging delivery orders as also for making
payment of the amounts of difference through the Clearing House." Under
the powers thus conferred the Bank of Baroda which opened a branch at the
premises of the Association were appointed as the Clearing House. Bye-law 125
provides for the appointment of a Clearing House Committee by the Board of
Directors of the Association. Bye-law 127 specifies the powers and duties of
the Clearing House Committee and this runs :
"127. Powers and duties of the Clearing
House Committee :- (1) The Clearing House Committee shall settle forms of
clearing sheets, delivery forms, "Kaplis" (slips) relating to payment
of differences and delivery of goods and other necessary documents for being
used for the work relating to the Clearing House and every member shall have to
use the said forms or other forms of the same size and with 253 similar
writing. The said Committee shall from time to time fix charges for the said
forms.
(2) It shall issue instructions with regard
to the work of the Clearing House and every member shall act according to the
same.
(3) If any member does not act according to
any such instructions or commits any error or mistake in filing in any form or
other document or writes so illegibly that it cannot be deciphered or makes
delay in submitting, any such form or document to the Clearing House, then in
every such case, the Clearing House Committee can impose on any member a
penalty not exceeding Rs. 500. Sub-Committee can be appointed for attending to
the work relating to this sub- clause.
(4) It shall fix Havala rates in respect of
outstanding transactions (transactions, which are not squared up) between two
members and all members shall enter Havalas in respect of such outstanding
transactions (which are not squared up) at these rates and also prepare
statement of differences at those rates. Delivery orders also shall be issued
at these very rates. The Havala rates in respect of transactions are given to
facilitate the settlement. That does not in any way reduce the liability in
respect of transactions.
(5) The Clearing House Committee may declare
any member as a defaulter and for that purpose, it shall have power to pass
such resolutions and orders as it deems proper and necessary.
(6) If, in connection with any forward
settlement, the Clearing House-- finds, it difficult to make settlement on the
days fixed for settlement, then the Clearing House Committee shall have power
to make a change` of 48 hours at the maximum in all or any settlement days
relating to that forward settlement." Bye-law 134(1) reads "134. (1)
The member who wants to have his transactions settled through the Clearing
House shall have to send to the Clearing House a clearing sheet in the settled
form (form No. 1) on the days fixed for that purpose (which day will hereafter
be known as he Clearance Day).
254 Bye-law 137 specifies the obligations of
members of the Association who give delivery and it reads:
"137. The member who has to give
delivery shall have to submit to the clearing house as many delivery orders
signed by him as there would be, upon a calculation on the basis of every
delivery order being either for five bars of silver or for 1,000 totals of gold
bar, or for 1,000 sovereigns. If any member has sent delivery orders without
signing he shall attend the Clearing House at 10 A.M. in the morning on the
date fixed for giving delivery orders by the Clearing House and shall sign the
delivery orders. If the Clearing House finds it necessary it can call for
further delivery orders from any member, and the member shall have to furnish
the same forthwith but if the goods are with a bank he shall have to give
delivery orders on the bank directly as mentioned above." Bye-law 137-A(1)
deals with the obligations of a member whose clearance sheet shows outstanding
sales and it reads :
"137-A(1). A member whose Clearance
Sheet shows outstanding sales shall submit to the Clearing House with his delivery
orders a complete list of bars(gold or silver) in his possession or in the
possession of his Banker in Bombay with their number and marks, to be delivered
against such delivery orders." As stated earlier, it is now common ground
that the appellant did not carry out his obligations under this bye- law.
Bye-law 137-B whose proper construction is raised by this appeal deals with the
obligations of members whose Clearance Sheet shows outstanding purchases. It
reads :
"137-B. A member whose Clearance Sheet
shows outstanding purchases will submit to the Clearing House with his Clearance
Sheet a cheque certified "good for payment" or a demand draft on a
Bank or a Bank's payslip or cash for an amount sufficient to pay for all his
outstanding purchases at the rate fixed by the Association. Failing payment as
aforesaid the purchases outstanding in the Clearance Sheet or a part thereof
will be auctioned at the purchaser's risk on the same day.
The cheques, demand drafts etc., so received
by the Clearing House will be paid into the Clearing House Account in the Bank
of Baroda Ltd., Bullion Hall Subbranch, and crossed cheques payable to bearer
or payslips 255 of the said Bank in favour of the sellers whose delivery orders
are given by the Clearing House to the purchasers will be handed over by the
Clearing House to the said purchasers. The sellers shall give delivery of the
goods covered by the delivery order to the said purchasers against such cheques
or payslip issued by the said bank. Refusal by a seller to give delivery of
goods covered by his delivery order to the purchaser against such a cheque or
payslip during the time fixed for giving delivery, will amount to failure to
give delivery and consequences in Bye-law 147 will ensue." It was not
contested that if by the transactions to which we shall refer presently,
members whose Clearance Sheets showed outstanding purchases had fulfilled their
obligations under Bye-law 137-B, the Association was entitled to effect the
purchases at the risk and cost of the appellant under the succeeding bye-laws
which confer upon the Association this power to effect purchases or sales to
square the transactions of defaulting members.
An analysis of the bye-law 137-B would show
that a member whose Clearance Sheet showed outstanding purchases had, on the
Vaida day, to file his Clearance Sheet and to make a payment into the Clearing
House of an amount sufficient to pay for all his outstanding purchases at the
rate fixed by the Association. This payment had to be made along with the
Clearance Sheets and had to be in one of four forms: (a) a cheque certified good
for payment, or (b) a Demand Draft on a bank, or (c) a bank's pay-in-slip, or
(d) cash. The question raised in this appeal, relates to whether certain of the
purchasers had made payments into the Clearing House of the amounts payable by
them in any of the permitted modes. Before proceeding further we might add that
the Bank of Baroda which was the Clearing House admitted that the amounts
required to be paid by the several purchaser-members had been received by it on
the 3rd and the total amounts represented by these payments were credited to
the Association.
Before setting out the matters in controversy
as regards the form of payment adopted by certain purchasers under bye-law
137-B, it is necessary to premise the narrative by a few facts. As already stated,
the Bank of Baroda Ltd. had been appointed as the Clearing House of the
Association under bye-law 120 in or about 1949 and had been functioning as such
ever since. To facilitate payments by and between members the Bank had opened a
special branch called the 'Bullion Hall Sub-branch' in the premises of the 256
Association itself. Bye-law 174(3) required every member to open an account in
the Bank, so that it might be convenient to pay or draw cheques for effecting
clearance. All the members had, in pursuance of and in obedience to this bye-
law, opened such accounts.
The Bank issued special pay-in-slips for
doing its business as a Clearing House. These slips were in triple foil, all of
which had to be filled in by the member making the payment. When a member made
a payment into the Bullion Exchange Branch of the Bank the extreme right of the
three parts which recited the payment to the credit of the Clearing House of
the Association by the member named and of the amount, also specifying the
particulars of the payment would be signed or initialled by the Cashier and
Ledger Keeper and be retained with the Bank. The paying-in-slip consisting of
the other two parts in which similar entries were made and bearing the
signature or initials of the Bank authorities was handed over to the member
making the payment. He had thereafter to present this slip to the Clearing
House along with the Valan or the Clearance Sheet, and thereupon the Clearing
House department would endorse receipt on the part to the extreme left which
would be returned to the member-the other part being retained by the Clearing
House.
The settlement for the Vaida on February 3,
1963 appears. to have been an exceptionally heavy one on account of the very
large volume of sales and purchases for that settlement and there was a total
outstanding sale of 1897 bars of silver with, of course, corresponding
purchases of the same number.
Sellers of 1,004 bars gave delivery orders as
required by bye-laws 137 and 137-A but the appellant who had an outstanding
sale of 853 bars failed to submit to the Clearing House the necessary delivery
orders. The purchasers of the 1,897 bars had, under the bye-laws, to submit
their Clearance Sheets and make payments into the Clearing House in the manner
provided by bye-law 137-B of a total sum of Rs. 88,31,050 by February 3, 1953.
By reason of the extraordinary situation created by the heavy payments having
to be made coupled with a strike of the Clerks of the members on the previous
day, the Directors of the Association passed a resolution extending the time
for payment and delivery of Clearance Sheets beyond the usual banking hours to
7 P.m. on the 3rd February.
The point in controversy in the appeal is
whether this amount had been paid into the Bank on the 3rd February to the
credit of the Clearing House in the manner provided by bye-law 137-B. Out of
the Rs. 88,31,050, some amount was paid in cash, 257 Rs. 42,99,400 by cheques
drawn by members on their respective accounts with the Bullion Hall Sub-branch
of the Bank of Baroda Ltd. in favour of the Association's Clearing House
account, Rs. 24,64,050 by four pay slips of other banks in favour of the Bank
of Baroda Ltd., Rs. 15,30,150 by transfers by two members from their accounts
with the Jhaveri Bazar branch of the Bank of Baroda Ltd., to the Bullion Hall
Sub-branch for payment to the Association, Rs. 4,65,000 was by a cheque drawn
by a member on his account with the Fort Branch of the Bank of Baroda Ltd., in
favour of the Association, Clearing House Account. Of these, the submission of
the appellant was that only the cash payment was a proper one and that the rest
were not made in accordance with bye-law 137-B. Before dealing with it,
however, it might be stated that the Bank of Baroda Ltd.
Clearing House submitted a statement on
February 4, 1953 stating that all the payments totalling Rs. 88,31,050 had been
received by it as a Clearing House and had been credited to the Association.
Now, taking first the amounts paid by cheques
drawn by mem- bers on their accounts in the Bullion Hall Sub-branch, several
points were urged in support of the contention. The first was this : On
February 3, 1953 the banking hours ended at 2.30 P.m. and several of the
payments into the Clearing House Account by cheques drawn on the Banking account
at this branch were made after that hour. It was, therefore, contended that
even if there was enough money in the accounts of the several members to meet
the cheques drawn by them, still their cheques could not be treated as cash as
the banking hours had passed. This was answered by the Division Bench by
pointing out that there was nothing illegal in the bank functioning for the
purpose, of the members of the Clearing House after 2.30 P.m. that day.
There was evidence before the Court that the
ledgers and other books of account in the bank were available for being looked
into to ascertain whether a member's account had sufficient funds to meet the
cheques which had been drawn.
There was also evidence that the state of the
member's account was ascertained before the triplicate form was accepted by the
bank and the two left side foils passed on to the depositing member for being
handed over to the Clearing House and, as we stated earlier, on the next day
the bank submitted a statement acknowledging receipt of the amount of the
several cheques and showed their amounts to the credit of the Association. In
these circumstances, the learned Judges of the High Court came to the
conclusion that there had been a payment as required by the bye law 137-B on
February 3, 1953.
L3Sup./65 258 We entirely agree with the High
Court as regards the alleged illegality said to have been caused by the Bank
accepting cheques after the close of the usual Banking hours. It would be
noticed that the extension of the banking hours from 2.30 P.m. to 7 p.m. that
day was not in contravention of any statute and whatever the position might
have been, if such extension acted to the detriment of a constituent of the
bank, in the case on hand it was really for the benefit of the customer. In
those circumstances, there was nothing illegal and, of course, nothing improper
in the banking business having continued so long as the work of the bank as a
Clearing House continued.
There were also other objections raised to
support the argument that these payments were contrary to bye-law 137-B.
To appreciate them it would be necessary to
state a few more facts. From the analysis that we have made of payments that
were made into the Clearing House by the purchasers in satisfaction of the
amounts due by them for the settlement, Rs. 42,99,400 were by way of cheques
drawn on the Bullion Hall Sub-branch of the bank. We have also stated that the
staff of the bank to whom the cheques were presented had endorsed on the slips
that there were sufficient funds in the account to enable the cheque to be
cleared and that it was after this process that the pay-in-slips were presented
to the Clearing House with the Clearance Sheets in fulfilment of their
obligations under the bye-law. In regard to these payments by transfer entries
to the credit of the Association it was urged (1) That several of the members
numbering about 17 or so, did not, in fact, have enough funds in their accounts
before 7 P.m. that day to enable the cheques which they drew in favour of the Clearing
House to be honoured and that in consequence notwithstanding the acceptance of
the cheques by the bank, such a payment could not be deemed within bye-law
137-B.
It was common ground that at 2.30 P.m. on the
3rd of February the amount to the credit of several of these members was not
sufficient to enable the cheques which they issued later in the day to be
cleared. But before the cheques were actually presented the purchaser-members
paid into their accounts (a) refunds which they obtained of margin moneys which
they had deposited with the Association and to which they were entitled under
the bye-laws and (b) other cheques in favour of the Bank of Baroda. Taking up
first the margin money refunds, purchasers had, under the bye-laws, to pay
margin moneys on their purchases and these had to be refunded to them on
fulfilment of certain conditions. 'Me amounts 259 originally paid as margin by
the purchasers had been credited to the Association and when the amount had to
be refunded payment orders were made out by the Association on the 3rd of
February of the amounts due to be refunded and these refund orders were paid by
the respective purchasers to the credit of their accounts and their accounts
were so credited with the Bullion Hall Subbranch. It was not the case of the
appellant that the members were not entitled to the refund granted by the
Association but what was objected to was that the refunds were really not due
that day and had been improperly paid over by the Association in advance of the
time when it was due Bye-law 33-C(2) deals with the refund of margin money and
it reads:
"Where the conditions described in
clause (a) or (b) as the case may be, cease to exist, the Association shall
return the margin amount to the members concerned on the day following the next
clearance day after making the necessary adjustment." On this the
appellant's case was that the margin money could have been returned only on the
4th and that the Association acted improperly in refunding the amounts to the
purchasers on the 3rd itself to enable them to utilise that money for the
purpose of making their payments towards the settlement.
We do not see any sub. stance in this
complaint, nor do we see any relevance of this to the point now in controversy,
viz., whether there had been a compliance with bye-law 137- B. As already
pointed out, the Vaida was originally fixed for the 2nd of February and if that
had stood the amount would have been refundable on the 3rd. It was, however,
owing to a strike of the Gumashtas of the members that a situation had arisen
by reason of which the Vaida had to be postponed by a day. Whether as urged by
Mr. Purshottam, that upon the proper construction of bye-law 33-C that when a
Vaida day is shifted the day fixed for the refund of the margin money also gets
shifted or whether it would be payable on the day originally fixed, would, in
our opinion, make no difference to the result. The bye-law imposes an
obligation on the Association to refund the margin money on the day next after
the Vaida. On its terms, however, if the conditions of cls. (a) & (b) cease
to exist, and obviously they ceased to exist in the present case even on the
2nd, there is nothing in the bye-law to preclude the Association from refunding
the margin money. Again, even if the margin money were returned before such
refund could be legally enforced, the propriety or impropriety of the refund
would have no bearing on the only point for consideration relevant to the
question whether bye-law 137-B was 260 complied with or not viz., whether the
accounts of the members were in credit at the time the cheques were presented.
(2) The next category of objection under this
head was in relation to the bank having given credit to one of the members for
the amount of a cheque of Rs. 2,00,000/- which was drawn on the Bank of India,
Australia and China. Now, the evidence in the case was that this
constituent-Khimji Poonja & Co. had to pay Rs. 4,65,000/- as a purchaser.
He had a credit balance at 2.30 P.m. on the 3rd of Rs. 1,93,215/13/5. To enable
him to meet the cheque for Rs. 4,65,000/- which he drew on the Bullion Hall
Sub-Branch he paid into his account Rs. 1,05,500/- as refund of margin money.
Besides, he drew a cheque for Rs. 2,00,000/on his account with the Bank of
India, Australia & China in favour of the Bank of Baroda and paid this
cheque to the credit of his account with the Head Office of the Bank of Baroda.
The Head Office intimated this credit to the Bullion Exchange Branch and when
he presented his cheque for Rs. 4,65,000/- to the Bullion Exchange Branch the
same was honoured and the amount credited to the Association. The learned
Judges accepted this evidence and the explanation and held that this
constituent had enough funds with the Bank to meet the cheque of Rs. 4,65,000/-
which he drew. Mr. Purshottam challenged the credibility of this evidence. We
do not, however, propose to go into it for the reason that if, as a matter of
fact, the Bank of Baroda as a Banking Institution gave Khimji Poonja & Co.
credit for Rs. 2 lakhs that was a matter between those two parties and is not a
matter which bears upon the validity of the payment for Rs. 4,65,000/- which
Khimji made. It is not disputed, or rather it cannot be disputed that the Head
Office of the bank credited Khimji Poonja & Co. with the sum of Rs.
2,00,000/- and there is evidence as to the intimation of this credit by the
Head Office. Of course, the cheque by Khimji on the Chartered Bank was not
certified "good for payment" but that was not a payment under bye-law
137-B. The Head Office accepted it and therefore nothing follows from their not
having insisted on that cheque being certified. The fact remains that the Head
Office accepted that cheque; we shall take it in anticipation of being cleared,
and as a fact it was cleared the next day. With the propriety of the Head
Office of the Bank crediting the constituent with the amount of that cheque
before actual realisation neither the Bullion Exchange Branch nor the
Association to whose account the sum of Rs. 4,65,000/- represented by the cheque
drawn in their favour was credited, nor the appellant are concerned. When once
the Bank credited that sum into the account there was enough 261 credit for
meeting the cheque of Rs. 4,65,000/- which is the only point we are concerned
with.
(3) The third head of objection that was
raised, and this was the one which was the subject of strenuous contest in the
High Court and before us, was whether the cheques on the Bullion Exchange
Sub-branch which were paid in with the Clearance Sheets were "certified
good for payment" within bye-law 137-B. It was urged that only four modes
of payment were recognised and that a cheque even on the customer's account in
the same bank was still a cheque and that unless 'It was certified good for
payment it did not satisfy the requirement of a valid payment within bye-law
137-B. In this connection it was stressed that having regard to the
consequences flowing from a payment or non-payment on the terms of the bye-laws
a strict and literal construction of the bye-law was called for and that the
Courts should so construe the bye-law and hold that a literal and not merely a
substantial compliance with it in the sense of the Clearing House having
received payment would satisfy the rule. In connection with the submission that
cheques drawn against the customer's account in the same branch of the bank
could not be "cheques certified good for payment" even though there
were enough funds to meet the cheques, learned Counsel drew our attention to
the fact that certification of a. cheque was a well known form of commercial
procedure which bankers adopted for the purpose of clearance by which the
certifying and the Clearing bank became bound to each other. Reliance was, in
this connection, placed on the observations of the Privy Council in Gaden v.The
Newfoundland Savings Bank(1) where it is stated :
"The only effect of the certifying is to
give the cheque additional currency by showing on the face that it is drawn in
good faith on funds sufficient to meet its payment, and by adding to the credit
of the drawer that of the bank on which it is drawn." Reference was also
made to the judgment of Lord Wright in Bank of Baroda v. Punjab National
Bank(2) where the histroy of certification or marking of cheques in India is
dealt with. We do not, however, derive any assistance from these decisions on
the point now in controversy. The first thing to be noticed about this
objection as to certification is that there is no question of certification
where a cheque drawn on an account in a branch of a bank is paid into the same
branch to the credit of another party who has an account in that branch.
Certification is a method adopted when a (1) [18991 A.C. 281 at p. 285.
(2) 71 I.A. 124.
262 bank on which a cheque is drawn verifies
the customer's account on which it is drawn and indicates on the cheque that
there are enough funds in his account to meet that cheque. It is obvious that
there could be no question of such -a certification by a bank of a cheque
,drawn on an account in a branch when the drawer pays it to the credit of a
different account in the same branch. The verification of the account of the
constituent for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is enough credit to
meet the cheque which precedes a certification takes place at the very moment
when the cheque is cleared. There is therefore no question then of two banks-a
certifying bank on which the cheque is drawn and a clearing bank into which
that cheque is paid. In such circumstances, we should consider- that the proper
view to take of the payment would be that it is really a payment in cash. The
Privy Council had, in Arsene A. Larocque v. Hyacin the Beauchmin,(1) to
consider whether the payment a company by receipts given by it on account of
the purchase price of the property which they sold was a payment in cash. In
dealing with this question Lord Macnaghten quoted with approval the following
from the judgment of James L. J. in Spargo's(2) case :
"It was said by the Lord Chancellor, and
we entirely concurred with him, that it could not be right to put any
construction upon that section (s. 25 of the Companies Act, 1867) which would
lead to such an absurd and un- justifiable result as this, than in exchange of
cheques would not be payment in cash, or that an order upon a banker to transfer
money from the account of a company would not be a payment in cash." and
another passage from the judgment of Mellish, L.J.
"It is a general rule of law that in
every case where a transaction resolves itself into paying money by A to B and
then handing it back again by B to A, if the parties meet together and agree to
set one demand against the other, they need not go through the form and
ceremony of handing the money backwards and forwards." We consider these
observations apposite and hold that where a payment was made by a cheque drawn
on an account with the Bullion Exchange Sub-branch and the amount represented
by that cheque was transferred to the Clearing House Account of the Association
it is virtually a payment in cash, though in form a payment by cheque.
(1) [1897] A.C. 358.
(2) L.R. 8 Ch. 407.
263 The next transaction to which objection
was taken was a payment into the Bullion Hall Sub-branch of a sum of Rs.
4,65,000/- by one Sri Bansilal & Sons.
The evidence was that the cheque was drawn not on his account on the Bullion
Hall Sub-branch of the Bank of Baroda but with the branch of the Bank at the
Fort, Bombay. The evidence which the Court accepted was that on the
presentation of the cheque the staff ascertained that the constituent had
enough funds in the bank for the cheque to be cleared and accepted it and
credited the same to the account of the Bullion Exchange Association. The
objection raised to the receipt of this payment was also founded on the cheque
not being certified as good for payment. It will be noticed that the only point
of difference between this cheque and the cheques which were drawn on accounts
of members with the Bullion Hall branch which we have dealt with just now is,
that the cheque for Rs. 4,65,000/was not drawn on the drawer's account with the
Bullion Hall Subbranch but on an account in the same bank at the Fort branch.
For the purpose of considering this point it is not necessary to enter on any
examination of the question as to what extent the two branches of the same bank
are separate entities. There is no doubt that a customer cannot claim to draw
cheques except on the branch where his moneys are deposited and on the account
in respect of which the cheque is issued. But that is not what is in
controversy in the present case. Here a cheque drawn on the Fort Branch is paid
into the Bullion Hall Sub-branch to the credit of the Association. The Bullion
Hall Sub-branch of the bank accepts that cheque and credits it to the
Association after ascertaining that the drawer of the cheque has enough funds
at the Fort branch for meeting that cheque.
The only question is whether the payment
could be treated as by a cheque which is certified as good for payment. We
consider that what we have stated earlier as to the position in regard to a
cheque drawn on an account in the same branch would also apply to the present
case and that a certificate of the banker that is referred to in the bye-law is
a certificate of a bank different from that into which the cheque is being
paid. Even if there be any doubt in this matter we are satisfied that when once
the staff at the Bullion Hall Sub-branch ascertained that the cheque was backed
by sufficient funds to the credit of the customer in the account on which it is
drawn, it satisfies the requirements of a cheque certified as good for payment
within bye-law 137-B. The learned Judges of the High Court, therefore,, rightly
held that this payment was not outside the payments permitted by the said
bye-law.
The last of the cases concerns a payment by
one Jethalal Sangji Shah of a cheque for Rs. 1.16,250/-. The cheque was 264
made in favour of the Bank of India Ltd. not certified good for payment and was
paid into the Bullion Hall Sub-branch.
The Clearing House received this cheque from
Jethalal Sanagi Shah after obtaining a declaration from him that he had enough
credit in his account with the Bank of India for meeting that cheque. It was
stated that the Directors of the Association were approached by the Bank as to
whether this cheque could be received in payment and that it was on their
advice that a declaration in the form specified was taken from the member and
it was only thereafter that the payment was accepted as conforming to bye-law
137-B. Mr. Purshottam submitted that this payment could certainly not be within
bye-law 137-B. and we consider that learned Counsel is right. This, however,
does not help him because it concerns the price for 25 bars and, having regard
to the quantity of silver with which we are concerned, Mr. Purshottam could not
but concede that even if the payment by this constituent was irregular it would
not affect the validity of the purchase at the risk of the appellant. We thus
reach the conclusion that except the last payment which was not quite regular
but whose irregularity is not material, all the other payments were
substantially, if not literally, in accordance with the requirements of bye-law
137-B and in consequence the purchase made by the Directors at the risk of the
appellant was legal and justified under the bye-laws.
Before concluding it is necessary to advert
to the fact that both before the learned trial Judge as well as before the
Division Bench a detailed analysis was made of the several payments made by
about 17 members of the Association with a view to establish that those
payments were not, even if they were made on the 3rd. in accordance with
bye-law 137-B. The learned Judges considered the several objections which were
formulated to the validity of these payments and after discussing some of the
details of the individual cases which were placed before the Court, recorded
their finding that the payments satisfied the requirements of the relevant bye-
law. In view of the arguments addressed to us we have not examined in detail
each one of the objections but have dealt only with those specifically urged
before us and the tenability in general of the principles on which these
objections were based.
The appeal accordingly fails and is dismissed
with costs.
Appeal dismissed.
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