Commissioner of Income-Tax, Kerala and
Coimbatore Vs. L. W. Russel [1964] INSC 107 (1 April 1964)
01/04/1964 SUBBARAO, K.
SUBBARAO, K.
SHAH, J.C.
SIKRI, S.M.
CITATION: 1965 AIR 49 1964 SCR (7) 569
ACT:
Income Tax-Scheme to effect a policy of
insurance for the purpose of ensuring annuity to every employee on his
attaining age of superannuation or on happening of a specified contingency
Contributions to be made both by employer and employee-Whether amount paid by
the employer towards premium payable by employee taxable under s. 7(1)Meaning
of perquisite-Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922), s. 7(1).
HEADNOTE:
The respondent is an employee of the English
and Scottish Joint Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd. incorporated in England.
The Society established a superannuation scheme for the benefit of the male
European members of its staff employed in India by means of deferred annuities.
Under the terms of the scheme, the trustee has to affect a policy of insurance
for the purpose of ensuring an annuity to every member of the Society on his
attaining the age of superannuation or on the happening of a specific contingency.
The Society contributed one-third of the premium payable by each employee.
During the year 1956-57, the Society contributed Rs. 3333/towards the premium
payable by the respondent, an employee of the Society. The Income-tax Officer
included the said amount in the taxable income of the respondent for the year
1956-57 under s. 7(1), Explanation 1, sub-cl. (v) of the Act. The appeals of
the respondent were dismissed both by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of
Income-tax and the Income-tax Appellate 'Tribunal.
The Tribunal referred to the High Court the
following three questions of law:(1) Whether the contribution paid by the employer
to the assessee under the terms of a trust deed in respect of a contract for a
deferred annuity on the life of the assessee is a perquisite as contemplated by
s. 7(1) of the Income-tax Act? (2) Whether the said contributions were allowed
to, or due to the applicant by or from the employer in the accounting year? (3)
Whether the deferred annuity aforesaid is annuity hit by s. 7(1) and para (v)
of Explanation 1 thereto.
The High Court held that the employer's
contribution under the terms of the trust deed was not a perquisite as contemplated
by s. 7(1). The employer's contributions were not allowed to or due to the
employee in the accounting year.
The legislature not having used the word
"deferred" with annuity in s. 7(1) and the statute being a taxing
one, the deferred annuity would not hit para (v) of Explanation 1 to s. 7-(1)
of the Act. Against the decision of High Court, the appellant came to this
Court by special leave.
Dismissing the appeal, 570 Held: The answers
to the questions of law as given by the High Court were correct. Unless a
vested interest in the sum accrues to an employee, it is not taxable. In the
present case. no interest in the sum contributed by the employer under the
scheme vested in the employee, as it was only a contingent interest depending
upon his reaching the age of superannuation. it is not a perquisite allowed to
him by the employer or an amount, due to him from the employer within the
meaning of s. 7(1) of the Act. A perquisite is only that amount of money which
is allowed to the employee by or is due to him from the employer or is paid to
him to effect an insurance on his life.
Smyth v. Stretton, (1904), 5 T.C. 36, and
Edwards (H. M., Inspector of Taxes) v. Roberts, (1935), 19 T.C. 618, referred
to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 220/ 1963.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated January 9, 1961 of the Kerala High Court in I.T.R. Case No. 17 of
1959.
K. N. Rajagopal Sastri and R. N. Sachthey,
for the appellant.
The respondent did not appear.
April 1, 1964. The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by SUBBA RAO, J.-This appeal by special leave preferred against the
judgment of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam raises the question of the
interpretation of s. 7(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (Act No. XI of
1922), hereinafter called the Act.
The respondent, L. W. Russel, is an employee
of the English and Scottish Joint Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd.,
Kozhikode, hereinafter called the Society, which was incorporated in England.
The Society established a superannuation scheme for the benefit of the male
European members of the Society's staff employed in India, Ceylon and Africa by
means of deferred annuities. The terms of such benefits were incorporated in a
trust deed dated July 27, 1934.
Every European employee of the Society shall
become a member of that scheme as a condition of employment. Under the term of
the scheme the trustee has to effect a policy of insurance for the purpose of
ensuring an annuity to every member of the Society on his attaining the age of
superannuation or on the happening of a specified contingency. The Society
contributes 1/3 of the premium payable by such employee. During the year
1956-57 the Society contributed Rs. 3,333/towards the premium payable by the
respondent. The Income-tax Officer, Kozhikode Circle, included the said amount
in the taxable income of the respondent for the year 1956-57 under s. 7(1),
Explanation 1 Subcl. (v) of the Act. The appeal preferred by the respondent
against 571 the said inclusion to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of
Income tax, Kozhikode, was dismissed. The further appeal preferred to the
Income-tax Appellate Tribunal received the same fate. The assessee thereupon
filed an application under s. 66(1) of the Act to the Income-tax Appellate
Tribunal for stating a case to the High Court. By its order dated December 1,
1958, the Tribunal submitted a statement of case referring the following three
questions of law to the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam: (1) Whether the
contributions paid by the employer to the assessee under the terms of a trust
deed in respect of a contract for a deferred annuity on the life of the
assessee is a 'perquisite' as contemplated by s. 7(1) of the Indian Income-tax
Act? (2) Whether the said contributions were allowed to or due to the applicant
by or from the employer in the accounting year? (3) Whether the deferred
annuity aforesaid is an annuity hit by section 7(1) and para.
(v) of Explanation 1 thereto? On the first
question the High Court held that the employer's contribution under the terms
of the trust deed was not a perquisite as contemplated by s. 7(1) of the Act.
On the second question it came to the
conclusion that the employer's contributions were not allowed to or due to the
employee in the accounting year. On the third question it expressed the opinion
that the Legislature not having used the word 'deferred" with annuity in
s. 7(1) and the statute being a taxing one, the deferred annuity would not be
hit by para. (v) of Explanation 1 to s. 7(1) of the Act. The Commissioner of
Income-tax has preferred the present appeal to this Court questioning the
correctness of the said answers.
The three questions formulated for the High
Court's opinion are interdependent and the answers to them turn upon the true
interpretation of the relevant part of s. 7(1) of the Act.
Mr. Rajagopala Sastri, learned counsel for
the appellant, contends that the amount contributed by the Society under the
scheme towards the insurance premium payable by the trustees for arranging a
deferred annuity on the respondent's superannuation is a perquisite within the
meaning of s. 7(1) of the Act and that the fact that the respondent may not
have the benefit of the contributions on the happening of certain contingencies
will not make the said contributions any the less a perquisite. The employer's
share of the contributions to the fund earmarked for paying premiums of the
insurance policy, the argument proceeds, vests in the respondent as soon as 572
it is paid to the trustee and the happening of a contingency only 'operates as
a defeasance of the vested right. The respondent is ex-parte and, therefore,
the Court has not the benefit of the exposition of the contrary view.
Before we attempt to construe the scope of s.
7(1) of the Act it will be convenient at the outset to notice the provisions of
the scheme, for the scope of the respondent's right in the amounts representing
the employer's contributions there under depends upon it. The trust deed and
the rules dated July 27, 1934, embody the superannuation scheme. The scheme is
described as the English and Scottish Joint Co-operative Wholesale Society
Limited Overseas European Employees' Superannuation Scheme, hereinafter called
the Scheme. It is established for the benefit of the male European members 'of
the Society's staff employed in India, Ceylon and Africa by means of deferred
annuities.
The Society itself is appointed there under
as the first trustee. The trustees shall act as agents for and on behalf of the
Society and the members respectively; they shall effect or cause to be effected
such policy or policies as may be necessary to carry out the scheme and shall
collect and arrange for the payment of the moneys payable under such policy or policies
and shall hold such moneys as trustees for and on behalf of the person or
persons entitled thereto under the rules of the Scheme. The object of the
Scheme is to provide for pensions by means of deferred annuities for the
members upon retirement from employment on attaining certain age under the
conditions mentioned therein, namely, every European employee of the Society
shall be required as a condition of employment to apply to become a member of
the Scheme from the date of his engagement by the Society and no member shall
be entitled to relinquish his membership except on the termination of his
employment with Society; the pension payable to a member shall be provided by
means of a policy securing a deferred annuity upon the life of such member to be
effected by the Trustees as agents for and on behalf of the Society and the
members respectively with the Co-operative Insurance Society Limited securing
the payment to the Trustees of an annuity equivalent to the pension to which
such member shall be entitled under the Scheme and the Rules; the insurers
shall agree that the Trustees shall be entitled to surrender such deferred
annuity and that, on such deferred annuity being so surrendered, the insurers
will pay to the Trustees the total amount of the premiums paid in respect
thereof together with compound interest thereon; all moneys received by the
Trustees from the insurers shall be held by them as Trustees for and 'on behalf
of the person or persons entitled thereto under the Rules of the Scheme; any policy
or policies issued by the insurers in connection with the 573 Scheme shall be
deposited with the Trustees; the Society shall contribute one-third of the
premium from time to time payable in respect of the policy securing the
deferred annuity in respect of each member as therein before provided and the
member shall contribute the remaining two-thirds-, the age at which a member
shall normally retire from the service of the Society shall be the age of 55
years and on retirement at such age a member shall be entitled to receive a
pension of the amount specified in Rule 6; a member may also, after following
the prescribed procedure, commute the pension to which he is entitled for a
payment in cash in accordance with the fourth column of the Table in the Appendix
annexed to the Rules; if a member shall leave or be dismissed from the service
of the Society for any reason whatsoever or shall die while in the service of
the Society there shall be paid to him or his legal personal representatives
the total amount of the portions of the premiums paid by such member and if he
shall die whilst in the service of the Society there shall be paid to him or
his legal personal representatives the total amount of the portions of the
premiums paid by such member and if he shall die whilst in the service of the
Society or shall leave or be dismissed from the service of the Society on
account of permanent breakdown in health (as to the bona fides of which the
Trustees shall be satisfied,) such further proportion (if any) of the total
amount of the portions of the premiums paid by the Society in respect of that
member shall be payable in accordance with Table C in the Appendix to the
Rules; if the total amount of the portions of the premiums in respect of such
member paid by the Society together with interest thereon as aforesaid shall
not be paid by the Trustees to him or his legal personal representatives under
sub-s. (1) of r. 15 then such proportion or the whole, as the case may be, of
the Society's portion of such premiums and interest thereon as aforesaid as
shall not be paid by the Trustees to such member or his legal personal
representatives as aforesaid shall be paid by the Trustees to the Society; the
rules may be altered, amended or rescinded and new rules may be made in
accordance with the provisions of the Trust Deed but not otherwise.
We have given the relevant part of the Scheme
and the Rules.
The gist of the Scheme may be stated thus:
The object of the Scheme is to provide for pensions to its employees. It is
achieved by creating a trust. The Trustees appointed there under are the agents
of the employer as well as of the employees and hold the moneys received from
the employer, the employee and the insurer in trust for and on behalf of the
person or persons entitled thereto under the rules of the Scheme. The Trustees
are enjoined to take out policies of insurance securing a deferred annuity upon
the 574 life of each member, and funds are provided by contributions from the
employer as well as from the employees. The Trustees realise the annuities and
pay the pensions to the employees. Under certain contingencies mentioned above,
an employee would be entitled to the pension only after superannuation. If the
employee leave the service of the Society or is dismissed from service or dies
in the service of the Society, he will be entitled only to get back the total
amount of the portion of the premium paid by him, though the trustees in their
discretion under certain circumstances may give him a proportion of the premiums
paid by the Society.
The entire amount representing the
contributions made by the Society or part thereof, as the case may be, will
then have to be paid by the Trustees to the Society. Under the scheme the
employee has not acquired any vested right in the contributions made by the
Society. Such a right vests in him only when he attains the age of
superannuation. Till that date that amount vests in the Trustees to be
administered in accordance with the rules-, that is to say, in case the
employee ceases to be a member of the Society by death or otherwise, the amount
contributed by the employer with interest thereon, subject to the discretionary
power exercisable by the trustees, become payable to the Society.
If he reaches the age of superannuation, the said
contributions irrevocably become fixed as part of the funds yielding the
pension. To put it in other words, till a member attains the age of
superannuation the employer's share of the contributions towards the premiums
does not vest in the employee. At best he has a contingent right therein. In
'one contingency the said amount becomes payable to the employer and in another
contingency, to the employee.
Now let us look at the provisions of s. 7(1)
of the Act in order to ascertain whether such a contingent right is hit by the
said provisions. The material part of the section reads: Section 7(1)-The tax
shall be payable by an assessee under the head "salaries" in respect
of any salary or wages, any annuity, pension or gratuity, and any fees,
commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of, 'or in addition to, any salary
or wages, which are allowed to him by or are due to him, whether paid or not,
from, or are paid by or on behalf of................ a
company..................... Explanation I-For the purpose of this section
perquisite includes(v) any sum payable by the employer, whether directly or
through a fund to which the pro.
visions of Chapters IX-A and IX-B do not 575
apply, to effect an assurance on the life of the assessee or in respect 'of a contract
of annuity on the life of the assessees.
This section imposes a tax on the
remuneration of an employee. It presupposes the existence of the relationship
if employer and employee. The present case is sought to be brought under the
head "perquisites in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages,
which are allowed to him by or are due to him, whether paid or not, from, or
are paid by or on behalf of a company". The expression
"perquisites" is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as "casual
emoluments.
fee or profit attached to an office or
position in addition to salary or wages". Explanation 1 to s. 7(1) of the
Act gives an inclusive definition. Clause (v) thereof includes within the
meaning of "perquisites" any sum payable by the employer, whether directly
or through a fund to which the provisions of Chs. IX-A and IX-B do not apply,
to effect an assurance on the life of the assessee or in respect of a contract
for an annuity on the life of the assessee. A combined reading of the
substantive part of s. 7(1) and cl. (v) of Expl. 1 thereto makes it clear that
if a sum of money is allowed to the employee by or is due to him from or is
paid to enable the latter to effect an insurance on his life, the said sum
would be a perquisite within the meaning of s. 7(1) of the Act and, therefore,
would be eligible to tax. But before such sum becomes so exigible, it shall
either be paid to the employee or allowed to him by or due to him from the
employer. So far as the expression "paid" is concerned, there is no
difficulty, for it takes in every receipt by the employee from the employer
whether it was due to him or not. The expression "due" followed by
the qualifying clause "whether paid or not" shows that there shall be
an obligation on the part of the employer to pay that amount and a right on the
employee to claim the same.
The expression "allowed", it is
said, is of a wider connotation and any credit made in the employer's account
is covered thereby. The word "allowed" was introduced in the section
by the Finance Act of 1955. The said expression in the legal terminology is
equivalent to "fixed, taken into account, set apart, granted". It
takes in perquisites given in cash or in kind or in money or money's worth and
also amenities which are not convertible into money. It implies that a eight is
conferred on the employee in respect of those perquisites. One cannot be said
to allow a perquisite to an employee if the employee has no right to the same.
It cannot apply to contingent payments to which the employee has no right till
the contingency occurs. In short, the employee must have a vested right
therein.
If that be the interpretation of s. 7(1) of
the Act, it is.
not possible to hold that the amounts paid by
the Society 576 to the Trustees to be administered by them in accordance with
the rules framed under the Scheme are perquisites allowed to the respondent or
due to him. Till he reaches the age of superannuation, the amounts vest in the
Trustees and the beneficiary under the trust can be ascertained only on the
happening of one or other of the contingencies provided for under the trust
deed. On the happening of one contingency, the employer becomes the
beneficiary, and on the happening of another contingency, the employee becomes
the beneficiary. Learned counsel for the appellant strongly relied upon the
decision of the King's Bench Division in Smyth v. Stretton(1). There, one
Stretton, one of the Assistant Masters of Dulwich College, was assessed to
income-tax in the sum of pouns 385 in respect of his emoluments as Assistant
Master received from the Governors of Dulwich College for the year ended the
5th day of April, 1901. He objected to the assessment on the ground that it
included pound 35 not liable to taxation, being amount placed to his credit by
the Governors under the Provident Fund Scheme for the year 1900. Channell, J.,
with some hesitation, came to the conclusion that the said sum was taxable.
That case was dealing with a scheme for the establishment of provident fund for
the benefit of the Assistant Masters on the permanent staff of the Dulwich
College. Under para. 1 of the scheme the salaries of Assistant Masters were
increased. Clause (a) of para. 1 of the scheme provided that Assistant Masters
having not less than five years, but less than fifteen years' service, would be
allowed an increase of 5 per cent, in their salaries;
under cl. (b) thereof, Assistant Masters
having not less than 15 years' of service and over, would get an increase of
7-1/2 per cent. in their salaries; under cl. (c) thereof, a further addition in
their salaries, equal in amount to the above sums, should be granted from the
same date to the Assistant Masters alluded to in (a) and (b), such addition
being, however, subject to the conditions provided by para.
5. Paragraph 5 read:"That Assistant
Masters having less than ten years' service who may resign their appointments,
or from any other cause than ill-health cease to belong to the College, shall
be entitled to receive the total increase sanctioned by (a) and the accumulations
thereof, but shall not receive the additional increase sanctioned by (c), or
the accumulations thereof. In the event of any such Assistant Master retiring
from ill-health the Governors, in addition to the increase sanctioned by (a),
may grant him the further 5 per cent. sanctioned by (c), and the accumulations
thereof. In the event of death of any such Assistant Master whilst in (1)
(1904) 5 T. C. 36, 46.
577 the service of the College, the 5
percent. due by (c) as well as under (a), with the accumulations thereof, shall
be paid to his legal representatives".
It was contended that the amount payable
under cl. (c) of para. I was a contingent one without any vested character and,
therefore, could not be described as income in any way.
The learned Judge construed the provisions of
the scheme and rejected the contention. The main reason for his conclusion is
stated thus:"The result seems to me to be that I must take that sum as a
sum which really has been added to the salary and is taxable, and it is not the
less added to the salary because there has been a binding obligation created
between the Assistant Masters and Governors of the Schools that they should
apply it in a particular way".
No doubt it is possible for another court to
come to a different conclusion on the construction of the provisions of the
scheme; but the learned Judge came to the conclusion that cl. (c) of para. 1 of
the scheme provided for an additional salary to the Assistant Masters. Indeed,
the Court of Appeal in Edwards (H. M. Inspector of Taxes) v.
Roberts(1) construed a similar scheme and
came to the contrary conclusion and explained the earlier decision on the basis
we have indicated. There, the respondent was employed by a company under a
service agreement dated 'August 21, 1921, which provided inter alia, that, in
addition to an annual salary, he should have an interest in a "conditional
fund", which was to be created by the company by the payment after the end
of each financial year of a sum out of its profits to the trustees of the fund
to be invested by them in the purchase of the company's shares or debenture
stock. Subject to possible forfeiture of his interest in certain events, the
respondent was entitled to receive the income produced by the fund at the
expiration of each financial year, and to receive part of the capital of the
fund, (or, at the trustees' option, the investments representing the same) at
the expiration of five financial years and of each succeeding year, and, on
death whilst in the company's service or on the termination of his employment
by the company, to receive the whole amount then standing to the credit of the
capital amount of the fund (or the actual investments). The respondent resigned
from the service of the company in September, 1927, and at that date the
trustees of the fund transferred to him the shares which they had purchased out
of the payments made to them by the company in the years 1922 to 1927. He was
assessed to income-tax on the amount of the current market value of the (1) (1935)
19 T.C. 618, 638, 640.
LP(D)ISCI-17 578 shares at the date of
transfer. The assessee contended that immediately a sum was paid by the company
to the trustee& of the fund he became invested with a beneficial interest
in the payment which formed part 'of his emoluments for the year in which it
was made, and for no other year, and that, accordingly, the amount of the
assessment for the year 1927 -28 ought not, in any event, to exceed the
aggregate of the sums paid by the company to the trustees, the difference
between the amount and the value of the investments at the date of transfer
representing a capital appreciation not liable to tax for any year. The Court
of Appeal rejected the contention. Lord Hanworth, M. R., in rejecting the
contention. observed be said to have accrued to this employee a vested interest
in these successive sums placed to his credit, but only that he had a chance of
being paid a sum at the end of six years if all went well. That chance has now
supervened, and he has got it by reason of the fact of his employment, or by
reason of his exercising an employment of profit within Schedule E.".
Maugham. L. J., said much to the same effect
thus:
"The true nature of the agreement was
that lie was to be entitled in the events, and only in the events mentioned in
Clause 8 of the agreement, to the investments made by the Company out of the
net profits of the Company as provided in Clause 6.".
The decision of Channel], J., in Smyth v.
Stretton(1) was strongly relied upon before the appellate court. But the,
learned Judges distinguished that case on the -round that under the scheme
which was the subject-matter Of that decision the sums taxed were really
additions to the salary of the Assistant Master and that. in any view, that
decision should be confined to the facts of that case. The principle laid down
by the Court of Appeal, namely, that unless a vested interest in the sum
accrues to an employee it is not taxable. equally applies to the present case.
As we have pointed out earlier, no interest in the sum contributed by the
employer under the scheme vested in the employee. as it was only a contingent
interest depending upon his reaching the age of superannuation. It is not a
perquisite allowed to him by the employer or an amount due to him from the
employer within the meaning of s. 7(1) of the Act. We, therefore, hold that the
High Court has given correct answers to the questions of law submitted to it by
the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal.
In the result, the appeal fails and is
dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.
(1)(1904) 5 T.C 35. 46.
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