Jagannath Sonu Parkar Vs. State of
Maharashtra [1962] INSC 283 (11 October 1962)
SHAH, J.C.
SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR P.(CJ) GAJENDRAGADKAR,
P.B.
WANCHOO, K.N.
GUPTA, K.C. DAS
CITATION: 1963 AIR 728 1963 SCR Supl. (1) 573
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1980 SC1382 (111)
ACT:
Criminal Trial-Special Judicial
Magistrates-Notification constituting and conferring powers on-Change In venue
of trial and appeal-If discriminatory-Notification dated December 29, 1961, of
Bombay Government-Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), s.
14-Bombay Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions Act, 1951 (Bom. 23 of
1951)Constitution of India, Art. 14.
HEADNOTE:
Section 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
as amended by Bombay Act 23 of 1951, empowered the State Government to appoint
a qualified person as a special Magistrate and to confer upon him powers
conferrable upon a judicial Magistrate in respect of a particular case or a
particular class or classes of cases or in regard to cases generally in any
local area. By a notification dated December 29, 1961, the Government appointed
Mr. G to be a Special Judicial Magistrate for the area comprising Greater
Bombay and Ratnagiri District and conferred upon him all the powers of a
Presidency Magistrate in respect of the trial of the Deogad Gold Seizure case.
The petitioners, who are accused in the case, moved the Supreme Court for a
writ of certiorari for quashing the notification on the ground that the
notification and the amended s.14 infringed Art. 14 of' the Constitution.
Held, that the amended s. 14 does not offend
Art. 14 and is valid. There is substantially no difference between the powers
conferrable by the unmended and by the amended s. 14.
M. K. Gopalan v. State of Madhya Pradesh,
[1955] 1 S.C.R.
168, relied on.
Held, further that the notification
constituting a Special Magistrate for the trial of the petitioners was not
discriminatory. Amended s. 14 contemplates both a case which is pending and one
which may be instituted after the date of the constitution of the Special
Magistrate. The constitution of a Special Magistrate does not amount directly
or indirectly to a transfer of any 574 case. The fact that Mr. G may hold the
trial at Bombay and not at Deogad while other similarly situated would be tried
at Deogod may result in inconvenience to the petitioners but this could not
sustain the plea of discrimination. The charge against the petitioners is in
respect of conspiracy at Bombay, Deogad and other places and the petitioners
could have been lawfully tried at Bombay. The notification constituted a
Special Magistrate and conferred jurisdiction on him both over the place where
the petitioners are alleged to have conspired and the place where the offences
are alleged to have been actually committed. It did not amount to
discrimination that from the judgment of the Special Magistrate an appeal would
lie to the High Court while if the petitioners were tried by a Magistrate at
Deogad, an appeal would lie to the Sessions judge and then a revision would lie
to the High Court. The difference of the venue results from the nature of the
jurisdiction exercised by the Magistrate trying the case and not from any
unequal dealing by the notification.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition No. 65
of 1962.
Petition under Art. 32 of the CoNstitution of
India for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
A. S. R. Chari, R. K. Garg avid K. R.
Chaudhri, for the petitioners.
N. S. Bindra and R. H. Dhebat, for the
respondents.
1962. October 11. The judgment of the Court
was delivered by SHAH, J.-Being in possession of evidence that the petitioners
and others were concerned in the commission of offences of conspiracy to
smuggle gold from foreign countries into thE port of Deogad in the District of
Ratnagiri, contrary to the provisions of the Sea Customs Act and the Foreien
Exchange Regulation Act, P. N.Kalyankar, Sub-Inspector.of Customs and Central
Excise, arrested the petitioners and produced them before the judicial
Magistrate F Class, 575 Deogad. On December 29, 1961, the Government of
Maharashtra promulgated a notification in exercise of the powers conferred by
s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (as amended by Bombay Act XXIII
of 1951 in its application to the State of Maharashtra) appointing Mr. V. M,
Gehani to be a Special judicial Magistrate having jurisdiction over the area
comprising Greater Bombay and Ratnagiri District, and conferred upon him all
the powers of a Presidency Magistrate in respect of the trial in the case
involving the seizure of approximately 49,990 tolas of foreign gold and known
as the "Deogad Gold Seizure Case.' On January 10, 1962, the Government of
Maharashtra gave consent in writing as required by s. 196-A sub-section (2) of
the Code of Criminal Procedure to the institution of criminal proceedings
against the petitioners and eight others for offences punishable "under s.
120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 read with s. 167(81) of the Sea Customs
Act, 1878 (as amended) and s. 120B of the Indian Penal Code read with s.
167(81) of the Sea Customs Act, 1878 (as amended) and s. 8(1) of the Foreign
Exchange Regulation Act.
1947 (as amended) and s. 120B of the Indian
Penal Code read s. 8(1) with and s. 23 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act,
1947 (as amended)". Thereafter H. R. Jokhi, Assistant Collector of Customs
& Central Excise, Marine & Prevention Division, Collectorate of Central
Excise Bombay instituted a complaint in the Court of the Special Magistrate
appointed under the Notification dated December 29, 1961, against 16 persons
(including the petitioners) alleging that they were parties to a conspiracy at
Bombay, janjira, Dabhol and Deogad (the latter three places being in the
District of Ratnagiri) and other places to smuggle large quantities of gold into
India, with a view to evade or attempt to evade payment of duty thereon and to
evade or attempt to evade the prohibition and 576 restrictions in force
relating thereto during the period from about October 1959 to the end of April
1961. or thereabout in breach of the provisions of the Sea Customs Act, 1878
and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947, and that the said persons had in
pursuance of the "conspiracy and with continuing purpose and design"
in or about the month of April 1961 acquired or were concerned in importing and
acquiring possession, contrary to the Sea Customs Act and the Foreign Exchange
Regulation Act, gold totalling 49,990 tolas valued at over Rs. 70,00,000/-. The
petitioners applied to the Special Magistrate that they be tried at Deogad or
at Ratangiri the headquarters of the District, for they were permanent
residents of Deogad carrying on their respective occupations at Deogad, that
they had already made their individual arrangements for their defence at Deogad
and that it would be just and convenient that their trial should take place in
the District of Ratnagiri. The Magistrate rejected their application. The
petitioners then moved the High Court of judicature at Bombay praying for an
order that the case against the petitioners be transferred for trial to the
court of some judicial Magistrate at Deogad or at Ratnagiri competent to try
the case : in the alternative the petitioners prayed that the Special
Magistrate Mr. Gehani be directed to try the said case either at Deogad or at
Ratnagiri at which place all 'facilities' were available.
The High Court dismissed their application.
The petitioners then moved this Court under Art. 32 of the Constitution for a
writ of certiorari or other appropriate writ or direction quashing the
Notification dated December 29, 1961., issued by the Government of Maharashtra
or in the alternative declaring s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure as
amended by the Bombay Act 23 of 1951 ultra vires and void and for an order that
the case be heard at Deogad or at Ratnagiri in the State of Maharashtra by any
Magistrate competent to enquire into or try the case. By this petition 577 the
petitioners submitted that s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure as amended
by the Bombay Legislature by Act 23 of 1951 and the Notification dated December
29, 1961, issued by the Government of Maharashtra appointing Mr. Gehani as
Special judicial Magistrate and investing him with the powers of a Presidency
Magistrate, infringed Art. 14 of the Constitution.
Sub-section (1) of s. 14 of the Code as
amended, in so far as it is material, provides "14. Special Magistrates.The
State Government may in consultation with the High Court, confer upon any
person who holds or has held any judicial post under the Union or a State, or
possesses such other qualifications as may, in consultation with the High
Court, be specified in this behalf by the State Government by notification in
the Official Gazette, all or any of the powers conferred or conferrable by or
under this Code on a judicial Magistrate in respect to particular cases or to a
particular class or classes of cases, or in regard to cases generally in any
local area." By s. 6-A which was also added by Bombay Act 23 of 1951 in
the Code, constitution of different classes of ,Judicial Magistrates was
provided, and under that head were included Presidency Magistrates. The State
Government was, under the amended Code, competent to appoint a person with the
requisite qualifications a Special Magistrate and to confer upon him the powers
conferred or conferrable under the Code on a judicial Magistrate in respect of
a particular case or a particular class or classes of cases or in regard to
cases generally in any local area. Section 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
as originally enacted prohibited the 578 appointment of a Special Magistrate to
function in any local area within the Presidency towns, but that limitation
upon the power of the State Government has, by the amendment made by Bombay Act
23 of 1951, been removed, and it is now open to the Government of Maharashtra
to constitute a Special judicial Magistrate with power to function in any local
area including Greater Bombay. The expression ,local area' includes any part of
a State, and it may cover more than one District. The Government of Maharashtra
therefore could appoint Mr. Gehani a Special,' judicial Magistrate, having
jurisdiction over Greater Bombay and the District of Ratnagiri and could confer
upon him the powers of a Presidency Magistrate in respect of the trial of the
case known as the Deogad Gold Seizure Case.
In M. K. Gopalan v. The state of Madhya
Pradesh the validity of s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 (V of
1898.) was challenged on the plea that it was void because it infringed the
fundamental right of equality before the law guaranteed by Art. 14 of the
Constitution. This Court held that a law vesting discretion in an authority to
appoint a Special Magistrate under s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to
try cases entirely under the normal Procedure cannot be regarded as
discriminatory and is not hit by Art.
14 of the Constitution. There is
substantially no difference between the powers conferrable by s. 14 of the Code
as originally enacted and s. 14 as amended by Bombay Act 23 of 1951. Apart from
certain procedural matters such as consultation with the High Court before
entrustment of the said powers, the only difference made by the Bombay Act is
that a Special Magistrate may be appointed even in respect of a Presidency
town. Section 14 contemplates that a Special 'Magistrate may be entrusted with
powers which are conferrable by or under the Code on a judicial Magistrate.
A Presidency Magistrate being a Judicial
Magistrate under (1) [1955] 1 S. C. R. 168.
579 s. 6-A as added by the Bombay
Legislature, powers conferrable on a Presidency Magistrate may lawfully be
conferred upon a Special judicial Magistrate who has been appointed for the
Presidency town with or without any additional locality. Section 20 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure provides that every Presidency Magistrate shall exercise jurisdiction
in all places within the presidencytown for which he is appointed, and within
the limits of the port of such town and of any navigable river or channel
leading thereto, as such limits are defined under the law for the time being in
force for the regulation of ports and port-dues. There is, however, nothing in
this section which detracts from the authority which may be exercised by the
State Government under s. 14 to appoint a Special judicial Magistrate in
respect of a Presidency Town nor is there any prohibition against the
investiture of powers of a Presidency Magistrate upon such Magistrate in
respect of a locality outside the Presidency town so long as he has
jurisdiction also over a Presidency Town. On the principle of M. K. Gopalan's
case (1), s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as amended, cannot be
regarded as infringing Art.
14 of the Constitution.
Validity of the Notification issued by the
Government of Maharashtra directing the trial by Mr. Gehani who had
jurisdiction both over the Greater Bombay area and the District of Ratnagiri
may now be considered. Relying upon the judgment of this Court in Bidi Supply
Company v. The Union of India (2), it was submitted that the impugned
Notification was unauthorised. That was a case where an assessee who was
ordinarily assessed to income-tax by Officers within the town of Calcutta was
informed by letter dated January 25, 1955, in pursuance of s. 5 (7-A) of the
Income-tax Act, 1922 (Xl of 1922) as amended by Act XL of 1940 the assessment
records of the assessee were transferred from the Income-tax Officer, Calcutta
to the Income(1) [1955] 1 S. C. R. 168.
(2) [1956] S. C. R. 267.
580 tax Officer, Special Circle, Ranchi in
the State of Bihar and that he do correspond in future regarding the assessment
proceedings with that Income-tax officer. The assessee had received no previous
notice of the intention of the Income tax authorities to transfer the
assessment proceedings from Calcutta to Ranchi, nor had he any opportunity to
make any representation against the said decision. The assessee challenged by a
petition to this Court the validity of the order of transfer contending that it
violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution. Section 64 of the
Income-tax Act provides for the normal place of assessment of assesses. By
subsection (1) it provides that where an assessee carries on a business,
profession or vocation at any place, he shall be assessed by the Income-tax
Officer of the area in which that place is situate, or, where the business,
profession or vocation is carried on in more places than one, by the Income-tax
Officer of tile area in which the principal place of his business, profession
or vocation is situate. In all other cases, in assessee shall be assessed by
the Income-tax Officer of the area in which he resides. By subsection (5) of s.
64 it is provided, inter alia, that the provisions of sub-s. (1) and (2) shall
not apply where by any direction given or any distribution or allocation of
work made by the Commissioner of Income-tax under sub-s. (5) of section 5, or
in consequence of any transfer made under sub-s. (7A) of s. 5, a particular
Income-tax Officer has been charged with the function of assessing that
assessee. This Court held in the Bidi supply Company's case (1) that sub-s. 5
(7A) of s. 5 as it stood at the material time contemplated transfer of a
pending case for a particular year. It was observed that "the provision
that such a transfer may be made 'at any stage of the proceedings' obviously
postulates proceedings actually pending, and 'stage' refers to a point in
between the commencement and the termination of those proceedings.
Further the provision that such transfer
shall not render necessary (1) [1956] S. C. R. 267.
581 the reissue of notice already issued by
the Income-tax Officer from whom the case is transferred quite clearly
indicates that the transfer contemplated by the sub-section is the transfer of
a particular case actually pending before an income-tax Officer of one place to
the Income-tax Officer of another place." The decision of the Court turned
on the meaning of the word 'case' used in sub-s. 5(7A) as enacted by the
Income-tax Act Amendment Act, 1940 and this Court held that the expression
'case' meant an assessment case of a particular year. After this decision the
Legislature intervened and by the Income-tax Amendment Act 26 of 1956 it added
an explanation that the word 'case' in relation to any person whose name is
specified in the order of transfer means all proceedings under the Income-tax Act
in respect of any year which may be pending on the date of the transfer, and
includes all proceedings under this Act which may be commenced after the date
of the transfer in respect of any year. The principle of the case in Bidi
Supply Company (1) has no relevance in considering the validity of the
Notification issued under s. 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure as amended by
the Bombay Act 23 of 1951. The assessee in the Bidi Supply Company's case (1)
obtained the benefit of a lacuna in the provisions of the Indian Incometax Act,
there being apart from a provision for transfer of a pending case, no general
power to transfer future assessment proceedings. A Notification Under s. 14 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure is an order constituting a Special Magistrate
with jurisdiction over a certain local area and with powers which are normally
exercisable by a Judicial Magistrate. The constitution of a Special Magistrate
does not amount either directly or indirectly to a transfer of any 'case': nor
are there any such considerations present in that order as were pointed out by
this Court in the Bidi Supply Company's case (1) relating to the meaning of the
word "case' used in the Income-tax Act, as would compel us to (1) [1956]
S. C R. 267.
582 hold that a "case' within the
meaning of s. 14 means a pending case only. Under s. 14 the State Government is
competent to appoint a special Judicial Magistrate in respect of 'any
particular case or a particular class or classes of cases or in regard to cases
generally in any local area'. The words used in s. 14 must mean a case which is
either pending or which may be instituted after the date of the constitution of
the Special Magistrate.
It was then submitted that the Notification
appointing a Special Magistrate, for trial of the intended complaint against
the petitioners, having regard to the circumstances of this case, and
conferring upon him the powers of a Presidency Magistrate operated
discriminatively against the petitioners, for, it was said, other persons similarly
situated as the petitioners were ordinarily liable to be tried by the
Magistrate within whose jurisdiction the offence was alleged to be committed,
and could not be required to go to a distance of more than three hundred miles
from their normal place of residence to defend themselves. It was urged that
Mr. Gehani being a Presidency Magistrate for the trial of the case against the
petitioners and others he would be sitting in Bombay where he normally
functions, and it would result in great inconvenience to the petitioners to be
called upon to attend the sittings of the Court in Bombay specially when there
are Magistrates available in Deogad who are competent to hear and decide the
case against the petitioners. By the Notification Mr. Gehani has been invested
with the powers over Greater Bombay and Ratnagiri District. His jurisdiction
therefore extends over the whole of the Greater Bombay area and the District of
Ratnagiri. There is no provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure which
enjoins upon a Magistrate the duty to hold his sitting in any particular place.
Under s. 9(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure the State Government is
required to direct at what place or 583 places the Court of Session shall
ordinarily hold its sitting, but if, in any particular case, the Court of
Session is of opinion that it will tend to the general convenience of the
parties and witnesses to hold its sitting at any other place in the sessions
division, it may with the consent of the prosecution and the accused, sit at that
place for the disposal of the case or the examination of any witness or
witnesses therein. There is, however, no similar provision in respect of the
sittings to be held by Magistrates. The Special judicial Magistrate Mr. Gehani
having the power therefore to sit at any place within his local area as defined
by the terms of his appointment, this Court cannot speculate as to what place
Mr. Gehani will function in the exercise of his jurisdiction. The question is
one for his discretion. It may be remembered that the petitioners had moved the
High Court of Bombay asking for the transfer of the case from the Court of Mr.
Gehani to any Magistrate functioning in the District of Ratnagiri, because of
the alleged ground of inconvenience, and that application was rejected by the
High Court. It cannot be now urge by the petitioners that the trial at Bombay
is inconvenient to them and may prejudice a fair trial. It is true that under
the Code of Criminal Procedure "every offence shall ordinarily be enquired
into and tried by a Magistrate of the local area in whose jurisdiction it was
committed" but the charge in this case against the accused is in respect
of a conspiracy at Bombay, Deogad, Dabhol, janjira and other places to commit
offences under the Sea Customs Act and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act and
also of commission in pursuance of the conspiracy of substantive offences under
those Acts. It is the prosecution case that importation of gold contrary to law
took place in the area of Deogad port whereas the offenders conspired at
different places including Bombay. By designating a Special Magistrate who
would have jurisdiction both over the place where the offenders are alleged to
have conspired and the place where offences were 584 actually committed, the
State has taken care to see that the trial of the case is held by a Magistrate
who has territorial jurisdiction in both areas. It is not suggested that the
Notification was issued for any ulterior purpose. The State has having regard
to the special circumstances constituted a Special Magistrate, as it was
entitled to, and the Notification does and even suggest the place where the
Magistrate is to hold his sittings. The ground of inconvenience in support of
the plea of discrimination cannot therefore be sustained.
It is urged that against the order of
conviction which may be passed by Mr. Gehani whole is invested with the powers
of a Presidency Magistrate an appeal would lie only to the High Court whereas
if the case were tried before a Magistrate of Ratnagiri District an appeal
would lie to the Court of Session and a further revision application to the
High Court. This it was pointed out made a substantial difference of procedure
between persons similarly situated.
It is true that if the complaint was filed in
the Court of Magistrate having jurisdiction over Deogad alone, as it could
lawfully be filed, an appeal would, against an order of conviction, lie to the
Court of Session, Ratnagiri and an application in the exercise of revisional
jurisdiction to the High Court from the order of the Court of Session. But it
is difficult to hold that this amounts to any discrimination. Apart from the
fact that the trial by a special Magistrate and an appeal directly to the High
Court against the order of the Magistrate may be regarded normally as more
advantageous to the accused persons, the distinction between Courts to which
the appeal may lie arises out of the constitution of the Special Magistrate and
not any special procedure evolved by the Notification. On the allegation made
in the complaint, the complainant could lawfully institute proceedings in the
Court of a Presidency Magistrate at Bombay or of any competent Magistrate in
the District of Ratnagiri.
585 Such Magistrates would by virtue of s.
182 of the Code of Criminal Procedure entertain the complaint and appeals from
orders of conviction recorded by them would lie to the High Court, or the Court
of Session, according as the Magistrate, trying the case was a Presidency
Magistrate, or a judicial Magistrate of the First Class. The difference of the
venue results from the nature of the jurisdiction exercised by the Magistrate
trying the case, and not from any unequal dealing by the' executive constituting
the Courts of the Magistrates. It is because Powers exercisable by a Presidency
Magistrate are conferred upon the Special Magistrate, as they may lawfully be
conferred, that the incidental right of appeal, which is prescribed, by the
statute is exercisable in the High Court and not in the Court of Session. We do
not think that there is any discrimination practised by the Notification
constituting a Special Magistrate for the trial of the case against the
petitioners and others.
The petition therefore fails and is
dismissed.
Petition dismissed.
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