Maharaja Shree Umaid Mills Ltd. Vs.
Union of India [1962] INSC 337 (27 November 1962)
DAS, S.K.
KAPUR, J.L.
SARKAR, A.K.
HIDAYATULLAH, M.
DAYAL, RAGHUBAR
CITATION: 1963 AIR 953 1963 SCR Supl. (2) 515
CITATOR INFO :
F 1964 SC 888 (6) R 1964 SC1043 (96,133) D
1964 SC1495 (12) R 1964 SC1793 (14) R 1964 SC1903 (17,23) R 1967 SC 40 (5,7) R
1971 SC 846 (9)
ACT:
Excise Duty- Agreement with Ruler-Exempting
payment of duty- If amounts to law-Whether agreement binding on Government of
India-Power of Parliament to alter agreement-Constitution of India, Art. 295.
HEADNOTE:
A formal agreement executed in 1941, between
the Ruler of jodhpur and the appellant provided that the State would exempt the
appellant from State or Federal excise duty and income-tax, super-tax,
surcharge or any other tax on income and that if the appellant had to pay any
such duty or tax, the State would refund the same to the appellant. After India
had attained independence, jodhpur joined the United State of Rajasthan on
April 7, 1949. On January 26, 1950, Rajasthan became a Part B State. The Central
Excises and Salt Act, 1944, was extended to Rajasthan from April 1, 1950, and
the Union of India recovered excise duty from the appellant for the period
1-4-1950 to 31-3-1952. Similarly, the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was extended
to Rajasthan and the Union sought to assess and recover income-tax from the
appellant. The appellant contended that it was not liable to pay any excise
duty or income-tax on the grounds that the agreement of. 1941 with, the Ruler
of jodhpur under which the exemptions were granted was law which continued in
force and that even if the agreement was purely contractual, the rights and
obligations there under were accepted by each succeeding Sovereign and under
Art. 295 (1) (b) of the Constitution they became the rights and obligations of
the Government of India which could not be abrogated by any law.
The appellant further contended that under
the agreement it was entitled to a refund from the State of Rajasthan of the
excise duty paid by it.
Held, that the appellant was liable to pay
the excise duty and income-tax.
The 1941 agreement was not law and did not
have the force of law. I Every order' of a Sovereign Ruler cannot be treated as
law irrespective of the nature or character thereof, 516 The true nature of the
order has to be considered and the order, to be law must have the
characteristics of 'law,' that is of a binding rule of conduct as' the
expression of the will of the Sovereign, which does not derive its authority
from a mere contract. An agreement which is based solely on the consent of the
parties is different from a law which derives its sanction from the will of the
Sovereign.
The 1941 agreement was entirely contractual
in nature and was not law, as it had none of the characteristics of law.
Ameer-un-nissa Begum v. Mahboob Begum, A. I.
R. (1955) S. C. 352, Director of Endowments, Government of Hyderabad v. Akram
Ali, A. 1. R. (1956) S.C. 60, Madharo Phalke v. The State of Madhya Pradesh,
[1961] I S. C. R..957 and Promode Chandra Dev v. State of Orissa, [1962] Supp.
I S. C. R. 405, referred to.
The 1941 agreement contained no term and no
undertaking as to exemption from excise duty or income-tax to be imposed by the
Union Legislature in future. As such the question of succeeding Sovereigns
accepting such a term and an obligation arising there from under Art.295 (1)
(b) did not arise. Apart from this, the correspondents showed that neither the
United State of Rajasthan nor the Part B State of Rajasthan affirmed this
agreement. Even if the obligation under the agreement continued and Art. 295
(1) (b) was applicable to it, there was nothing in Art. 295 which Prohibited
Parliament from enacting a law as to excise duty or income-tax altering the
terms of the agreement.
Maharaj Umeg Singh v. State of Bombay, A. r.
R. (1953) S. C. 540, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal
No. 214/56.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated
October 19, 1953 of the Rajasthan High Court in D. B. Civil Misc. Writ No. 47
of 1953 WITH Civil Appeal No. 399 of 1960. Appeal from the judgment and decree
dated May 7, 1959, of the Rajastan High-Court in D.B. Civil Regular First
Appeal No. 10 of 1955.
517 G. S. Pathak, Rameshwar Nath, S. N.
Andley and P. L.' Vohra, for the appellants.
M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India,
H. N.Sanyal, Additional Solicitor General of India, -K. N. Rajagopal Sastri and
R. N. Sachthey, for the respondents (in C. A. No. 214/56) and respondents Nos.
1, 3 and 4 (in C. A. No. 399/6O), G. C. Kasliwal, Advocate-General, Rajasthan,
M. M. Tiwari, S. K. Kapur, Kan Singh, S. Venkatakrishnan and K. K. Jain, for
respondent No. 2 (in C. A. No. 399/60.) 1962. November 27. The judgment of the
Court was delivered by S. K. DAS, J These two appeals on certificates granted
by the High Court of Rajasthan have been heard together, because they raise
common questions of law and fact, and this judgment will govern them both.
Shortly put, the main question in C. A.
No.399 of 1960 is' whether the appellant, the Maharaja Shree Umaid '.Mills
Ltd., is liable to pay excise duty on -the cloth and yam manufactured and
produiced by it, in accordance with the provisions of the Central Excises and
Salt Act, 1944 which provisions were extended to the territory of the State of
Rajasthan on April 1, 1950. The main question in C. A. No. 214/1956 is whether
the same appellant is liable to pay income-tax in accordance with the
provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 from the date on which those
provisions were extended to the territory of the State of Rajasthan. C. A.
No.399 of- 1960 arises out of a suit which the appellant had filed in the court
of the District Judge, Jodhpur . That suit was dismissed by the learned
District Judge. Then there was an appeal to the High 518 Court of Rajasthan.
The High Court of Rajasthan dismissed the appeal. The Court was then moved for
a certificate under Arts.132 (1) and 133(1) of the Constitution. Such
certificate having been granted by the High Court, the I 'appeal has been
preferred to this court.
C. A. Xi 214 of 1956 arises out of a writ
petition which the appellant had filed for the issue of writ of mandamus or any
other appropriate writ restraining the respondents from assessing or recovering
income-tax from the appellant. This writ petition was dismissed by the High
Court on the preliminary ground that the appellant had another remedy open to
it under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1922.
The appellant moved the High Court and
obtained a certificate in pursuance of which it has filed C. A. No. 214 of
1956. As we arc deciding both the appeals on merits, it is unnecessary to deal
with the preliminary, ground on which the High Court dismissed the writ
petition.
We have already stated that in both the
appeals the Maharaja Shree Umaid Mills Ltd. Pali, is the . appellant. In C. A. No.
399 of 1960 the respondents are the Union of India, the, State of Rajasthan,
the Collector of Central Excise, New Delhi and the Superintendent, Central
Excise, jodhpur. In C. A. No. 214 of 1956 the respondents are the Union of
India, the State of Rajasthan, the Commissioner of Income- tax, Delhi and the
Income-tax . Officer, Jodhpur.
We may now state the facts which are relevant
to these two appeals. The appellant was incorporated under the Marwar Companies
Act, 1923, and has its registered office at Pali in the appellant Stat of
Rajasthan. It has been manufacturing cloth and yarn since 1941. The case of the
appellant was that the then Ruler of the State of Jodhpur was earnestly
desirous of having a cotton mills started at pali and for that purpose agreed to
give certain 519 concessions by way of immunity from payment of taxes and
duties then 'in force in the Jodhpur State or likely to come into force in view
of the con template federation of the Indian States and Provinces under the
Government of India Act, 1935. There were negotiations and- correspondence
about the concessions which were to be finally a formal deed of agreement
incorporating the concessions and immunities granted was executed between the
Government of His Highness the Maharaja of. jodhpur on one side and the
appellant on the other on April 17, 1941.
Clause 6 of 'this agreement, in so far as it
is relevant for our purpose said "The State will exempt or remit the
following duties and royalties:
(a) xx xx (b) xx xx (c) xx xx (d) xx xx (c)
State or Federal Excise duty on goods manufactured in the mill premise. If any
such duty his. To be paid by the Company the State will refund the same wholly
to the Company.
(f) State or Federal Income, Tax or Super Tax
or surcharge or any other tax on, income If any such tax has to be paid by the
company the State will refund the- same wholly to the company.
(g) xx xx." In consideration of the
concessions given the appellant agreed to pay to the State of jodhpur, a
royalty 520 of 7 1/2 per cent on the net profits of the company in each of its
financial years, such payments to be made within three months after the close
of each financial year. This agreement, it was stated, was acted upon by the
State of Jodhpur and the appellant enjoyed an immunity from excise duty and
income-tax. The Indian Independence Act, 1947 brought into existence as from
August 15, 1947, a Dominion of India. The Ruler of Jodhpur acceded to the
Dominion of India by means of an Instrument of Accession in the form referred
to in Appendix VII at pages 165 to 168 of the White Paper on Indian States. Jodhpur
was one of the Rajputana States. The integration of these States was completed
in three stages. Firstly, a Rajasthan Union 'was formed by a number of smaller
kajaputana States situated in the south- east of that region. Later, there was
formed the United State of Rajasthan. The Ruler of jodhpur joined the united
State of Rajasthan and on Apri 17,1949, made over the administration of his
State to the Rajpramukh of the United State of Rajasthan. The Covenantby which
this was done IS appendix XL `at pages 274 to 282 of the white is paper. On the
same day was promulgated the Rajasthan Administration Ordinance, 1949
(Ordinance No. 1 of 1949), s. 3 whereof continued all the laws in force in any
Covenanting State until altered or repealed or amended by a competent
legislature or other competent authority, etc. There was a fresh Instrument of
Accession on April 15 , 1949, on behalf of the United State of Raj as than by
which the United State of Rajasthan accepted all matters enumerated in List I
and List III of -the Seventh Schedule to the Government of India Act, 1935 as
matters in respect of which the Dominion Legislature might make laws for the
United State of Rajasthan, there was a proviso, however, which said that
nothing in the said. Lists shall be deemed to empower the Dominion Legislature
to -impose any tax or duty in the territories of the United State of Rajasthan
or to prohibit 521 the imposition of any duty or tax by the legislature of the
United State' of Rajasthan in the said territories. On September 5, 1949, was
promulgated the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance, 1949 (Ordinance No. XXV of
1949). 'This Ordinance was published on September 19, 1949, and s. 30 thereof
-said that all laws dealing with matters covered by the Ordinance in force at
its commencement in any part of Rajasthan were repealed. One of the questions
before' us is whether this section had the -effect of abrogating the agreement
dated April 17, 1941, in case that agreement had the force of -law in the State
of Jodhpur. On November 23, 1949, the United State of Rajasthan made a
proclamation to the effect that the Constitution of India shortly to be adopted
by the Constituent Assembly of India shall be the Constitution for the
Rajasthan State. The Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950,
and as from that date Rajasthan became a Part B State.
For the purpose of these two appeals, we have
to notice the three stages of evolution- in the constitutional position.
First, we have the State of Jodhpur whose
Ruler had full sovereignty and combined in himself all functions, legislative,
executive and judicial. Then we have the United State of Rajasthan into which.
Jodhpur was integrated as from April 7, 1949, by the Covenant, Appendix XL at
pages 274 to 282 of the White Paper. Lastly, we have the Bart B State of
Rajasthan within the framework of the Constitution of India which came into
force on January 26, 1950. Jodhpur then became a part of the Part B State of
Rajasthan.
Both duties of excise (except alcoholic
liquors etc.) and taxes on income other than agricultural income fall within
List I of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
By s. 11 of the Finance Act 1950, the
provisions of the Central Excises and 522 Salt Act,1944 and all rules and
orders made there. under were extended to the territory of Rajasthan as from
April 1, 1950. The Excise officers of the Union of India recovered a sum of Rs.
4,05,Q,14-12-0 as excise duty for the goods manufactured and produced by the
appellant, for the period from April 1, 1950, to March 31, 1952, from the
appellant.
The appellant said that it paid the amount
under protest.
On April 16, 1952, the appellant instituted a
suit by means of a plaint filed in the court of the District judge, jodhpur. In
the plaint the appellant made several averments on the basis of- which it
claimed that' the respondents were not entitled to realise excise duty from the
appellant by reason of the agreement dated April 17, 1941. The appellant asked
for the following-reliefs (a)a declaration that the agreement dated April 17,
1941, is binding on all the respondents;
(b)that the amount of excise duty already
realised be refunded with interest at 6% per annum;
(c)that the Union of India and the State of
Rajasthan and their servants., agents and officers be permanently restrained by
means of an injunction from realising any excise duty from the appellant; and
(d)that the State of Rajasthan be directed to refund from time to time as and
when the appellant is to pay excise duty to the Union of India, by reason of
the indemnity clause in the agreement of April 17, 1941.
Several issues were framed by the learned
District judge who on a trial of those issues substantially held that the
agreement of April 17, 1941, was 523 not binding on the respondents. He further
held that the agreement itself stood frustrated by reason of subsequent events
which happened and was therefore unenforceable.
There was an appeal to the High .Court which
affirmed the ;main findings of the learned District Judge.
The facts in C.A.No.214 of 1956 are the same
as those given above, the only point of distinction being that this appeal
relates to income-tax while the other relates to excise duty. Here again the
appellant bases its 'claim on the agreement dated April 17 1941, and contends
that the agreement is binding on the respondents and the appellant cannot be,
asked to pay income-tax by reason of the provisions of the Indian Income-tax
Act, 1922 which were extended to the whole of India except the State of Jammu
and' Kashmir as a result of certain amendments inserted in.
the said Act by the Finance Act, 1950.
On behalf of the appellant two main lines of
argument have been presented before us in support of the contention that the
agreement dated April 17, 1941, is binding on the respondents and the finding
to the contrary by the courts below is incorrect. The first, line of argument
is that agreement of April 17, 1941, is itself law, being the command of the
Ruler of Jodhpur who was a sovereign Ruler at that time and combined in himself
all legislative, executive and judicial functions. This law, or legislative
contract as learned counsel for the appellant has put,it, continued in force
when. Jodhpur merged into the United State of Rajasthan by reason of s. 3 of
the Rajasthan Administration Ordinance, 1949 which continued all existing laws
in any covenanting ..State in force immediately before the commencement of the
Ordinance. It is -pointed out that for the .purpose' of s. 3 a resaid,
"law" means any rule, order or bye-law which having been made by a
524 competent authority 'in a covenanting State has the force of law in that
State' The agreement of April 17, 1941, it is argued, was sanctioned by the
'Ruler and was his order;
therefore, it had the force of a special law
in Jodhpur-and@ this law continued to be in force by reason of s.3 of the'
Ordinance referred to above. When the Raipramukh of the United State of
Rajasthan promulgated the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance, 1949 (Ordinance
XXV of 1949), s. 30 thereof did not abrogate the special law embodied in the
agreement. the coming into force of the Constitution on January 26, 1950, when
Rajasthan became a Part B State, Art.
372 of the Constitution applied and the
special law continued in force. The finance Act, 1950 did not abrogate the
special law. Therefore, the special law still continues in force and binds the
respondents. This is the first line of argument.
The second line of argument proceeds on the
footing that the agreement of April 17, 1941, is purely contractual in nature
and' is not law. Even on that footing, learned counsel for the appellant
argues, the contract in question gives rise to rights in one party and obligations
on the other. These rights and obligations, -it is stated, were accepted-by
each succeeding sovereign (1) Jodhpur State (2) United State of Rajasthan and
(3) the' Part B State of Rajasthan It contended that the finding to the
contrary by the courts below is wrong. As the rights and obligations were
accepted by each succeeding Sovereign, 'Art. 295 (i) (b), of the Constitution
came into play as from January 26, 1950,and the rights and liabilities of the
Jodhpur State or of the United State of, Rajasthan' -became the rights, and
liabilities of the Government of India in so far as these rights and
liabilities were for the purposes of the Government of India relating to any of
the matters enamored in the Union List. Learned counsel for the appellant argues
that Art.295 525 is of the nature of a constitutional guarantee and any law
made in violation thereof must be void to the extent that it violates, the
Article.
Apart from the, aforesaid two main lines of
argument, learned counsel for the appellant has also submitted that the
contract in question being a right to property the appellant could not be
deprived of it in violation of its guaranteed rights under Arts. 19 and 31 of
the Constitution that there was no frustration of the contract as found by, the
learned District Judge; and that in any view the appellant is entitled to a
refund of the duty or tax paid by it to the Union Government from the State of
Rajasthan by reason of clause 6 of the agreement.
We proceed now to deal with -these arguments
in the order in which we have stated them. As to the first line of argument we
have come to the conclusion that the agreement of April 17, 1941, rests solely
on the consent of the parties; it is entirely contractual in nature and is not
law, because it has none of the characteristics of law. Learned counsel for the
appellant has relied on the decisions of this court in Ameer-un-nissa Begum v.
Mahboob Begum (1) Director of Endowments, Govt. of Hyderabad v. Akram Ali (2),
Madhaorao Phalke v. The State of Madhya Bharat (3) and Promod Chandra Deb v.
The State of Orissa (4). We do not think that these decisions help the
appellant. It was pointed out in Madhaorao Phalke's Case (3) that in
determining the question whether a particular order of a sovereign Ruler in whom
was combined all legislative, executive and judicial functions, it would be
necessary to consider the character of the orders passed. Their Lordships then
examined the Kalambandi under consideration before them, and pointed out that
"the nature of the provisions contained in this document unambiguously
impresses upon in the character of a statute or a regulation having the force
of a statute." (1) A.I.R. (1955) S.C. 352.
[1961].S.C.R. 957.
(2) A.I.R. (1956) S.C. 60.
(4) [1962] Supp. I.S.R. 405.
526 Same was the position in Ameer-un-nissa's
case and the case of the Director of Endowments," Govt. of Hyderabad (2)
where this court had to deal with the effect of Firmans issued by the Nizam who
was at the time an absolute Ruler.' It was held that such Firmans had the
effect of law because in,, all domestic matters, the Nizam issued Firmans to
determine the rights of his subjects." The Firmans were not based on
consent, but derived their authority from the command of the Sovereign viz.,'
the Nizam, expressing his sovereign will.:
For example, in Ameer-un-nissa's case, (1)
the Firmam set aside the decision of a Special Commission in respect of certain
claimants and though a subsequent Firman revoked the earlier Firman, it did not
restore the decision of the Special 'Commission. It was in these circumstances
that this court observed "The determination of all these questions depends
primarily upon the meaning and effect to be gives to the various'
'Firmans" of the, Nizam which we have set out already. .'It cannot be
disputed that prior to the integration of Hyderabad State with the Indian Union
and the coming to force of the Indian Constitution, the Nizam of Hyderabad
enjoyed uncontrolled sovereign powers. He was the supreme legislature, the
supreme judiciary and the supreme head of the executive, and there were no
constitutional limitations upon his authority to act in any of these
capacities.
The 'Firmans' were: expressions of the
sovereign will of the Nizam and they were binding in the same way as any other
law;...nay, they would. Override all other laws which were in conflict. with
them. So long as' a particular 'Firman' 'held the field" that alone would
govern or regulate the. fights of the parties concerned, though it could 'be
annulled or (1) A.I.R. (1955) S.C. 352,(2) A.I.R. (1956) S. 60;
527 modified by a later 'Firman' at any time
that the Nizam willed." These observations do not support the extreme view
that any and every order of a sovereign Ruler is law. In Promod Chandra Deb's
case (1). the Khorposh grants were considered.
in the context of the rules laid down in
Order 31 of the Rules, Regulations and Privileges of Kha jnadars which were.
accepted by the Ruler of the State is the law
governing the rights of Khorposhdars. It was in these circumstances held that
the rules continued in force till they were changed; by a competent; authority,
and the grants made in accordance with those rules continued to be valid.
In our view, none of the aforesaid decisions
go the extent of laying down that any and every order of a Sovereign Ruler. who
combines in himself all functions must be treated as law irrespective of the
nature or character of the order passed. We think that the true -nature of the
order must be taken into consideration, and the order to be law must have the
characteristics of law, that is, of a binding rule of conduct as the expression
of the will of the sovereign, which does not derive its authority from mere
consensus of mind of two parties entering into a bargain. It is not necessary
for this purpose to go into theories of legal philosophy or to 'define law.
However law may be defined, be it the command of the supreme legislature as
some jurists have put it or be it a "body of rules laid down for the
determination of legal rights and duties which courts recognise there is an
appreciable distinction between an agreement which is based solely on consent
of parties and a law which derives its sanction from the will of the Sovereign.
A contract is. essentially a compact between two or more parties a law is not
an agreement between parties but is a binding rule of conduct deriving its
sanction from' the sovereign authority. From this (1) [1962] Supp . I S.C.R
405.
528 point of view, there is a valid
distinction between a particular agreement between two or more parties even if
one of the parties is the sovereign Ruler, and the law relating generally, to
agreements. The former rests on consensus of mind, and the latter expresses the
will of the Sovereign.
If one bears in mind this distinction, it seems
clear enough that the agreement of April 17, 1941, even though sanctioned by
the Ruler and purporting to be on his, behalf rests really on consent. We have,
been taken through the correspondence which resulted in the agreement and our.
attention was particularly drawn to a letter
dated April 22, 1938, in which the Ruler was stated to have sanctioned the
terms and concessions decided upon by his Ministers in their meeting of
February 25, 1938. We do not think that the correspondence to which we have been
referred advances the case of the appellant. On the contrary, the,
correspondence shows that there were prolonged negotiations, proposals and
counter-proposals, offer and acceptance of terms ... all indicating that the
matter-was treated even by the Ruler as a contract between his Government and
the appellant. That is why in the letter dated April 22, 1938, it was stated
that Messrs Crawford Bailey & Co. Solicitors, would draw up a formal
agreement embodying the terms agreed to by the parties. This resulted
ultimately in the execution of the agreement dated April 17,1941:. To call such
an agreement as law is in our opinion to misuse the term "law'.
It is also worthy of note in this connection
that clause 6 of the agreement purports to give the appellant exemption not
only from State Excise duty, but also from Federal Excise duty; similarly not
only from State Income-tax, but from Federal Income tax or Super-tax or
Surcharge. It is difficult to see what, authority the Jodhpur Ruler had to give
exemption from Federal Excise duty or Federal Income- tax. Such an exemption,
if it were to be treated as, law, would be beyond the competence of the Ruler.
A 529 Ruler can make a law within his own competence and jurisdiction. He
cannot make a law for some other sovereign. Such an exemption would be a dead
letter and cannot have the force of law. Learned counsel for the appellant
suggested somewhat naively that the Ruler might exercise his influence on the
other Sovereign (if and when Federation came into existence) so as to secure an
exemption from Federal tax for the appellant. Surely, an assurance of this kind
to exercise influence on another sovereign authority, assuming that the effect
of the relevant clause is what learned counsel has submitted, as to which we have
great doubt, will at once show that it has not the characteristics of a binding
rule of conduct. It is doubtful if such an, assurance to exercise influence on
another sovereign authority can be enforced even as a contract not to speak of
law.
Learned counsel for the respondents referred
us to several other clauses of the agreement which in his opinion showed that
the agreement read as a whole could not be treated as law, because some of the
clauses merely gave an assurance that the State would take some action in
future; as for example, clause 8 which gave an assurance to amend the law in
future. He contended that an assurance to amend the law in future cannot be
treated as present law. There is, we think, much force in this contention. When
these difficulties were pointed out to learned counsel for the appellant, he
suggested that we should separate the various clauses of the agreement and
treat only those clauses as law which gave the appellant a present right. We do
not see how we can dissect the agreement in the manner suggested and treat as
law one part of a clause and treat the rest as an agreement only.
We should notice here that clause 6 of the
agreement does not refer to excise duty or income-tax to be imposed by the
Union of India. As a matter of 530 fact, nobody could envisage in 1941 the
constitutional developments which took place in 1947-1950, and when the parties
talked of Federal excise duty and Federal income- tax, they had in mind the
scheme of Federation envisaged by the Government of India Act, 1935 ... which
scheme never came into operation. It is difficult to see how the agreement in
any view of the matter can be treated as law in respect of a tax or duty
imposed by the Union Government when there is no mention of it therein.
The argument if carried to a reduction ad
absurdum would come to this that every order of the Ruler would have to be
carried out by the succeeding Sovereign. That order may be almost of any kind,
as for example, an order to thrash a servant. We have no doubt in our minds
that the nature of the order must be considered for determining whether it has
the force of law. Art. 372 of the Constitution which continues existing law
must be construed as embracing those orders only which have the force of law...Iaw
as understood at the time.
There has been a lot of argument before us as
to what learned counsel for the appellant has characterised as 'legislative
contracts,' an expression used mostly in American decisions relating to the
limitation placed by the 'contract clause' in the American Constitution upon
action taken by the State legislature in respect of pre-existing contracts (see
Piqua Branch of the state Bank of Ohio v. Jacob Knoop (1)). We do not think
those decisions have any bearing on the question before us, which is simply
this :
does a compact between two or more parties,
purely contractual in nature, become law because one of the parties to the
contract is the Sovereign Ruler ? The American decisions throw no light on this
question. Learned counsel also referred us to the statement of the law in
Halsbury's Laws of England, Vol.8, Third Edition,, paragraph 252 at (1) (1853)
14L. Ed. 977.
531 page 146 relating to statutory
confirmation of void contracts by means of a local and personal Act of Parliament:
the effect of such a statute is to make the agreement valid in to. The
principle is that where an Act of Parliament confirms a scheduled agreement,
the agreement becomes a statutory obligation and is to be read as if its
provisions were contained in a section of the Act (see International Railway
Company v. N. P. Commission (1)). We fail to see how this principle has any
application in the present case. There is nothing to show that the agreement in
the present case was confirmed as a law by the Ruler; on the contrary, we have
shown earlier that it was always treated as a contract between two, parties.
There is no magic in the expression 'legislative contract'. A contract is a
compact between two or more parties and is either executory or executed. If a
statute adopts or confirms it, it becomes law and is no longer a mere contract.
That is all that a legislative contract' means. In the cases before us there is
no 'legislative contract'.
In view of our conclusion that the agreement
of April 17, 1941, is not law, it is perhaps unnecessary to decide the further
question as to whether s.3 of the Rajasthan Ordinance, 1949 (Ordinance I of
1949) continued it or whether s.30 of the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance,
1949 (Ordinance XXV of 1949) repealed it. We may merely say that with regard to
the effect of s.30, learned counsel for the appellant relied on the principle
that the presumption is that a subsequent enactment of a purely general
character is not intended to interfere with an earlier special provision for a particular
case, unless it appears from a consideration of the general enactment that the
intention of the legislature was to establish a rule of universal application
in which case the special provision must give way to the general (see paragraph
711, page 467 of Vol. 36, Halsbury's Laws of England, Third Edition, and
Williams v. Pritchard Eddington v. Borman (3)).
(1) A.I.R. (1937) P.C. 214.
(2) (1790) E.R. 862.
(3) (1799) E.R. 863.
532 On behalf of the respondents it was
submitted that s. 30 of the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance, 1949, in express
terms repealed all laws dealing with matters covered by the ordinance, and s. 3
thereof dealt with excise duties on goods produced or manufactured in Rajasthan
therefore, there was no room for the application of the maxim generalia
specialibus non derogant and s. 30 clearly repealed all earlier laws in the
matter of excise duties or exemption there from. It is perhaps unnecessary to
decide this question ; because we have already held that the agreement of April
17, 1941, was neither law nor had the force of law.
We may merely point out that the question is
really one of finding out the intention or the legislature, and in view of the
very clear words of s. 30 of the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance, 1949 and of
the repealing revisions in the Finance Act, 1950 it would be difficult to hold
that the earlier special law on the subject still continued in force.
We proceed now to consider the second line of
argument pressed on behalf of the appellant. So far as the Union Government and
its officers are concerned, there is, we think, a very short but convincing
answer to. the argument The agreement in question contains no term and no
undertaking as to exemption from excise duty or income-tax to be imposed by the
Union Legislature in future. We have pointed out earlier that the undertaking,
such as it was, referred to Federal excise duty and Federal income-tax and we
have further stated that the Federation contemplated by the Government of India
Act, 1935 never came into existence.
The Union which came into existence under the
Constitution of 1950 is fundamentally different from the Federation
contemplated under the Government of India Act, 1935.
Therefore, in the absence of any term as to
exemption from excise duty or income-tax to be imposed by the Union
Legislature, the question 533 of succeeding sovereigns accepting such a term
and an obligation arising there from on January 26, 1950, by means of Art. 295
(i) (b) of the Constitution cannot at all arise.
Surely, a term or undertaking which is
non-existent cannot give rise to a right or obligation in favour of or against
any party. On this short ground only, the claim of the appellant should be
rejected against the respondents in so far as the levy of excise duty or tax by
the Union is concerned, apart altogether from any question whether the Ruler of
jodhpur or even the United State of Rajasthan could legally bind the future
action of the Union Legislature.
It is now well settled by a number of
decisions of this court that an act of State is the taking over of sovereign
powers by a State in respect of territory which was not till then a part of it,
by conquest, treaty, cession or otherwise, and the municipal courts recognised
by the new Sovereign have the power and jurisdiction to investigate and
ascertain only such rights as the new sovereign has chosen to recognise or
acknowledge by legislation, agreement or otherwise ; and that such recognition
may be express or may be implied from circumstances. The right which the
appellant claims stems from the agreement entered into by the Ruler of jodhpur.
The first question is, did the succeeding sovereign, the United State of
Rajasthan, recognise the right . which the appellant is now claiming? The
second question is., did the next succeeding sovereign, the State of Rajasthan,
recognise the right ? As against the State of Rajasthan the main claim of the
appellant is based on that part of cl. 6 which says that if any such duty (or
tax) has to be paid by the company, the state will refund the same to the
company. The appellant claims as against respondent No. 2 a refund of the duty
or tax as and when it is paid to the Union Government by the appellant.
534 The learned District judge found that the
Ruler of jodhpur acted upon the agreement in the matter of customs concessions
granted to the appellant and accepted the royalty as per cl. 12 of the
agreement ; but the question relating to excise duty never came before the
Jodhpur State as no such duty was leviable in the State. In the High Court
jagat Narayan, J., dealt with the evidence on the point and gave a list of
documents bearing on it. He pointed out that the Director of Industries of the
United State of Rajasthan no doubt made demands for the payment of royalty not
only for the period since the formation of the United State of Rajasthan, but
also for arrears of royalty for the period prior to the formation of that
State. He found however that as to exemption from excise duty or the claim of
refund the United State of Rajasthan had in no way affirmed the agreement. The
learned Judge said :
"What has to be determined is whether on
the facts and circumstances appearing from the evidence on record it can be
said that the United State of Rajasthan affirmed the agreement. I am firmly of
the opinion that no such inference can be drawn. The state did not make up its
mind whether or not to abide by the agreement and pending final decision the
agreement was acted upon provisionally." So far as the Part B State of
Rajasthan is concerned, there is nothing in the record to show that it had
affirmed the agreement. Mr. Justice Bapna agreed with his learned colleague on
the Bench and refer-red specially to a letter dated January 20, 1950, which was
a letter from the Commissioner of Excise jodhpur, to the appellant. In that
letter the appellant was informed that it was liable to pay excise duty in
accordance with the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance, 1949. The appellant sent
a reply in which it stated that excise' duty was not leviable by 535 reason of
the agreement dated April 17, 1941. Further correspondence followed and finally
a reply was given on May 10, 1952, in which the Government of the State of
Rajasthan said that "the rights and concessions granted to the company and
the liabilities and obligations accepted by the former jodhpur State under the
agreement are extraordinary, unconscionable and disproportionate to the public
interest." The letter ended by saying that the claim of the appellant to
exemption could not be accepted. Another letter on which the appellant relied
was dated May 1, 1950. In this letter the Government of Rajasthan said that the
burden of excise duty on cloth produced by the appellant fell on the consumers
who purchased the cloth therefore the Government of Rajasthan did not consider
it necessary to exempt the appellant form from payment of excise duty. It is
worthy of note that all this correspondence started within a very short time of
the promulgation of the Rajasthan Excise Duties Ordinance, 1949. From this
correspondence Bapna, J., came to the conclusion that neither the United State
of Rajasthan nor the State of Rajasthan affirmed the agreements We see no
reasons to take a different view of the correspondence to which our attention
has been drawn.
What then is the position ? If the new
Sovereign, namely, the United State of Rajasthan or the Part B State of
Rajasthan, did not affirm the agreement so far as exemption from excise duty or
income tax was concerned, the appellant is clearly out of court. Learned
counsel for the appellant has relied on Art. 295 (1) (b) of the Constitution.
That Article is in these terms :- "295. (1) As from the commencement of
this 536 Constitution :- (a)all property and assets which immediately before
such commencement were vested in any Indian State corresponding to a State
specified in Part B of the First Schedule shall vest in the Union, if the
purposes for which such property and assets were held immediately, before such
commencement will thereafter be purposes of the Union relating to any of the
matters enumerated in the Union List, and (b)all rights, liabilities and
obligations of the Government of any Indian State corresponding to a State
specified in Part B of the First Schedule, whether arising out of any contract
or otherwise, shall be the rights, liabilities and obligations of the
Government of India, if the purposes for which such rights were acquired or
liabilities or obligations. were incurred before such commencement will
thereafter be purposes of the Government of India relating to any of the
matters enumerated in the Union List, subject to any agreement entered into in
that behalf by the Government of India with the Government of that State.
(2)Subject as aforesaid, the Government of
each State specified in Part B of the First Schedule shall, as from the
commencement of this Constitution, be the successor of the Government of the
corresponding Indian State as regards all property and assets and
all............... rights, liabilities and obligations, whether arising out of
any contract or otherwise, other than those referred to in clause (1)."
The argument is that the Article provides a constitutional guarantee in the
matter of rights, liabilities and obligations referred to in cl. (b) and no law
can be made altering those rights, liabilities 537 and obligations. in support
of this argument our attention has been drawn to Art. 245 which says that
subject to the provisions of the Constitution Parliament may make laws for the
whole or any part of the territory of India etc. The contention is that the
power of Parliament to make laws being subject to the provisions of the
Constitution, Art.
295 which is one of the provisions of the
Constitution controls the power of Parliament to make laws in respect of
rights, liabilities, obligations etc. referred to in Art.
295 (1) (b), and therefore Parliament cannot
pass any law altering those rights, liabilities and obligations.
We do not think that this is a correct
interpretation of Art. 295 of the Constitution. But before going into the question
of interpretation of Art. 295 It may be pointed out that if the United State of
Rajasthan did not affirm the agreement, then the appellant had no enforceable
right against either the United State of Rajasthan or the Part B State of
Rajasthan. Under Art. 295 (1) (b) there must be a right or liability on an
Indian State corresponding to a State specified in Part B of the First,
schedule which can become the right or liability of the Government of India
etc. If the right itself did not exist before the commencement of the
Constitution and could not be enforced against any Government, the question of
its vesting in another Government under Art. 295(1) (b) can hardly arise.
The scheme of Art. 295 appears to be this, It
relates to succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations.
Clause (a) states from the commencement of the Constitution all property and
assets which immediately before such commencement were vested in an Indian
State corresponding to a State specified in Part B of the First schedule shall
vest in the Union, if the purposes for which such property and assets were
held-be purposes 538 of the Union. Clause (b) states that all rights, liabili-
ties and obligations of the Government of' any Indian State corresponding to a
State specified in Part B of the First Schedule, whether arising out of any
contract or otherwise shall be the rights, liabilities and obligations of the
Government of India if the purposes for which such rights were acquired or
liabilities- and obligations were incurred be purposes of the Government of
India. There is nothing in the Article to show that it fetters for all time to
come, the power of the Union Legislature to make modifications or changes in
the rights, liabilities etc. which have vested in the Government of India. The
express provisions of Art. 295 (10) deal with only two matters, namely, (1)
vesting of certain, property and assets in the Government of India, and (2) the
arising of certain rights, liabilities and obligations on the Government of India.
Any legislation altering the course of vesting or succession as laid down in
Art. 295 will no doubt be bad on the ground that it conflicts with Article. But
there is nothing in the Article which prohibits Parliament from enacting a law
altering the terms and conditions of a contract or of a grant under which the
liability of the Government of India arises. The legislative competence of the
Union Legislature or even of the State Legislature can only be circumscribed by
express prohibition contained in the Constitution itself and unless and until
there is any provision in the Constitution expressly prohibiting legislation on
the subject either absolutely or conditionally, there is no fetter or
limitation on the plenary powers which the legislature enjoys to legislate on
the topics enumerated in the relevant Lists Maharaj Umeg Singh v. State of
Bombay (1). In our opinion, there is nothing in Art. 295 which expressly
prohibits Parliament from enacting a law as to income-tax or excise duty in
territories which became Part B States, and which were formerly Indian States,
and such a prohibition cannot be read into Art. 295 by virtue of (1) A.I.R.
(1955) S.C. 540, some contract that might have been made by the then Ruler of
an Indian State with any person.
There is another aspect of this question. The
rights, liabilities and obligations referred to in Art. 295 (1) (b) are, by the
express language of the Article, subject to any agreement entered into in that
behalf by the Government of India and the Government of the State. Such an
agreement was entered into between the President of India and Rajpramukh of
Rajasthan on February 25, 1950. It is necessary to explain how this agreement
came into existence.
A committee known as the Indian States
Finances Enquiry Committee was appointed by a resolution of the Government of
India dated October 22 1948, to examine and report upon, among other things,
the present structure of public finance in Indian States and the desirability
and feasibility of integrating Federal Finance in Indian States. This committee
submitted its report on October 22, 1949. The agreement between the President
of India and the Rajpramukh of Rajasthan said :
"The recommendations of the Indian
States Finance Enquiry Committee, 1948-49 (hereafter referred 'to as the
Committee) contained in Part I of its Report read with Chapters I, II and III
of Part II of its Report in so far as they apply to the State of Rajasthan
(hereafter referred to as the State) together with the recommendations
contained in Chapter VIII of Part II of the report, are accepted by the parties
hereto, subject to the following modifications." It is not necessary for
our purpose to set out the modifications in detail. It is enough to say that
there is nothing in the modifications which in any way benefits the appellant.
One of the modifications relates to State-owned and State-operated enterprises
which are to be exempt from income-tax etc.
540 The appellant is neither a State-owned
nor a State operate enterprise. Another modification states-
"State-sponsored Banks or similar State-sponsored enterprises in the State
now enjoying any explicit tax exemptions shall be treated as "Industrial
Corporations" for purposes of the continuance of the Income tax
concessions now enjoyed by them in accordance with paragraph 11 (3) (b) of the
Annexure to Part 1 of the Committee's Report." Now the appellant is
neither a State-sponsored bank nor a State-sponsored enterprise. So far as the
appellant is concerned the recommendations of the committee which were accepted
in the agreement inter alia said :
"Any special financial privileges and
immunities (affecting "federal" revenues) conferred by the State upon
other individuals and corporations should ordinarily be continued on the same
terms by the Centre, subject to a maximum period of ten (or fifteen) years, and
subject also to limiting in other ways any such concessions as may be
extravagant against the public interest." The recommendation quoted above
clearly shows that it was open to the Union to limit in any way it thought fit
any concessions as appear to the Union Government to be extravagant and against
the public interest. In view of this recommendation which was part of the
agreement entered into between the President of India and the Rajpramukh of
Rajasthan on February 25, 1950, the appellant can hardly plead it has a
constitutional guarantee to claim exemption from excise duty or income-tax.
This finishes the second line of argument
urged on behalf of the appellant. As to the pleas based on Arts. 1.9 and 31 of
the Constitution, it is enough to 541 say that on our findings the appellant
had no enforceable right either against the State Government of Rajasthan or
the Union Government on january 26, 1950. It is obvious, therefore, that the
appellant cannot invoke to its aid either Art. 19 or Art. 31 of the
Constitution. As to the claim of refund which the appellant preferred against
the State of Rajasthan, the appellant, s position is no better.
If neither the United State of Rajasthan nor
the Part B State of Rajasthan affirmed the agreement of April 17, 1941, the
appellant cannot enforce any right against respondent No. 2 on the basis of
that agreement.
In the trial court as also in the High Court
the question of frustration of the contract was canvassed and gone into.
The courts found that the contract was
frustrated. In view of the findings at which we have arrived. It is now
unnecessary to consider that question. Therefore we do not propose to deal with
it.
For the reasons given above, we have come to
the conclusion that the appeals are without any merits. We accordingly dismiss
them with costs, one hearing fee.
Appeal dismissed.
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