Bachhittar Singh Vs. The State Of
Punjab [1962] INSC 88 (7 March 1962)
07/03/1962 MUDHOLKAR, J.R.
MUDHOLKAR, J.R.
AIYYAR, T.L. VENKATARAMA SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR
P.(CJ) SUBBARAO, K.
AYYANGAR, N. RAJAGOPALA
CITATION: 1963 AIR 395 1962 SCR Supl. (3) 713
CITATOR INFO:
D 1964 SC 72 (50,57) R 1964 SC1823 (4,26,27)
R 1965 SC 596 (11) RF 1967 SC 459 (17) D 1969 SC 323 (9) RF 1970 SC 214 (13,14)
D 1977 SC 629 (15) R 1979 SC 220 (21) RF 1980 SC 383 (3) D 1984 SC1271 (27) F
1987 SC 331 (40) F 1987 SC1554 (17,29) RF 1988 SC 782 (45)
ACT:
Public Servant-Disciplinary
Proceeding-Dismissal--Appeal-Minister passing order on file-Order not
communicated-Whether binding-If order can be varied-Chief Minister passing
final order--Validity-Rules of Business of Punjab Government, rr. 4, 8, 25,
28-Constitution of India Arts.166, 311.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant was appointed a qanungo in
Pepsu and latter as Assistant Consolidation Officer. Complaints having been
received against him, an enquiry was held as a result of which he was dismissed
by the Revenue Secretary. Against this order he preferred an appeal to the
State Government.
The Revenue Minister Pepsu wrote on the file
'chat dismissal would be too hard and instead he should be reverted as qanungo
but no written order to that effect was served upon the appellant. After merger
of Pepsu with Punjab, the Revenue Minister Punjab sent up the file to the Chief
Minister with the remarks "C.M. may kindly advise". The Chief
Minister passed the order confirming the dismissal.
and the order was duly communicated to the
appellant. The appellant challenged the order of the Chief Minister Punjab on
the ground that the Chief Minister Punjab could not sit in review on the order
of the Revenue Minister Pepsu and that the Chief Minister was not competent to
deal with the matter as it pertained to the portfolio of the Revenue Minister.
Held, that the order of the Revenue Minister
Pepsu could not amount to an order by the State Government unless it was
expressed in the name of Rajpramukh as required by Art.
166(1) of the Constitution and was then
communicated to the appellant. Until the order was so communicated it was only
of a provisional character and could be reconsidered over and over again.
Before communication the order was binding neither on the appellant nor on the
State Government.
State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukdev Singh A.I.R.
(1961) 2 S.C.R.
3 71 referred to.
714 Held, further, that the Chief Minister
Punjab was competent to deal with the appeal and to pass the order which he
did. Under r. 25 of the Rules of Business of the Punjab Government the matter
undoubtedly related to the portfolio of the Revenue Minister. But since tinder
r.
28(1)(ii) and (xix) which provide that cases
involving questions of policy and cases of administrative importance and such
other cases or classes of cases as the Chief Minister may consider necessary
shall be referred to the Chief Minister, the case was properly referred to the
Chief Minister. Under r. 4 the order passed by the Chief Minister, even though
it pertained to the portfolio of the Revenue Minister, would be deemed to be an
order of the Council of Ministers. It would be the Chief Ministers advice to
the Governor, for which the Council of Ministers Would be collectively
responsible and action taken thereon would be the action of the Government.
Departmental proceedings cannot be divided
into two parts :
(i) enquiry and (ii) taking of action ; there
is one continuous proceeding though there are two stages. Any action decided to
be taken against a public servant found guilty misconduct is a judicial order
and as such it cannot be varied at-the will of the authority.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 155 of 1961.
Appeal by the special leave from the judgment
and order dated January 5, 1959, of the Punjab High Court in Civil Writ
Application No. 460 of 1957.
I. M. Lal, and M. L. Aggarwal, for the
appellant.
S. M. Sikri, Advocate-General for the State
of Punjab, N. S. Bindra and P. D. Menon, for the respondents.
1962. March 7. The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by MUDHOLKAR, J.-This is an appeal by special leave against the
judgment of the Punjab High Court dismissing the appellants petition under Art.
226 of the Constitution.
715 The appellant was appointed a qanungo in
the former State of PEPSU in the year 1950. On December 1, 1953 he was
appointed Assistant Consolidation Officer. Certain complaints having been
received regarding tampering with official records he was suspended and an
enquiry was held against him by the Revenue Secretary of PEPSU Government.
As a result of that enquiry the Revenue
Secretary dismissed him by order dated August 30, 1956, on the ground that the
appellant was not above board and was not fit to be retained in service.
""his order was duly communicated to the appellant. Thereupon the
appellant preferred an appeal before the State Government.
It would appear that he had submitted an
advance copy of his appeal to the Revenue Minister of PEPSU who called for the
records of the case immediately. After perusing them he wrote on the file that
the charges against the appellant were serious and that they were proved. He
also observed that it was necessary to stop the evil with a strong band.
He, however-, expressed the opinion that as
the appellant was a refugee and bad a family to support, his dismissal would be
too hard and that instead of dismissing him outright he should be reverted to
his original post of qanungo and warned that if be does not behave properly in
future he will be dealt with severely. On the next day the State of PEPSU
merged in the State of Punjab.
According to the appellant the aforesaid
remarks amount to an order of the State Government and that they were orally
communicated to him by the Revenue Minister. This is denied on behalf of the
State. It is, however, common ground that the aforesaid remarks or order,
whatever they be, were never communicated officially to the appellant.
After the merger of PEPSU with the State of
716 Punjab the file was put up before the Revenue Minister of Punjab,
Mr.Darbara Singh. On December 1/4, 1956, Mr. Darbara Singh remarked on the file
"Serious charges have been proved by the Revenue Secretary and Shri
Bachhittar Singh was dismissed. I would like the Secretary i/c to discuss the
case personally on 5th December, 1956." Then on April 2/8, 1957 the
Minister noted on the file "C.M. may kindly advise." With this remark
the file went up before the Chief Minister, Punjab, who on April 16/18, 1957,
passed an order, the concluding portion of which reads thus :
"Having regard to the gravity of the
charges proved against this official, I am definitely of the opinion that his
dismissal from service is a correct punishment and no leniency should be shown
to him merely on the ground of his being a displaced person or having a' large
family to support. In the circumstances, the order of dismissal should
stand." This order was communicated to the appellant on May 1, 1957.
Thereafter he preferred petition under Art.
226 of the Constitution which, as already stated, was dismissed by the Punjab
High Court.
The validity of the order of the Revenue
Secretary dismissing the appellant was not challenged before us. The point
urged before us is that the order of the Revenue Minister of the PEPSU having
reduced the punishment from dismissal to reversion, the Chief Minister of
Punjab could not sit in review over that order and set it aside. Two grounds
are urged in support of this point. The first is that the order of the Revenue
Minister of PEPSU was the order of the State Government and was not open to
review.
The second ground is that in any case it was
not within the competence of the Chief Minister of Punjab to deal with the
matter 717 inasmuch as it pertained to the portfolio of the Revenue Minister.
Before we' deal with the grounds we may state
that the High Court was of the opinion that proceedings taken against the
appellant were made up of two parts : (a) the enquiry (which involved a
decision of the question whether the allegations made against the appellant
were true or not) and (b) taking action (i.e., in case the allegations were
found to be true, whether the appellant should be punished or not and if so in
what manner.) According to the High Court the first point involved a decision
on the evidence and may in its nature be described as judicial while the latter
was purely an administrative decision and that in so far as this was concerned
there was no reason why the State Government was incompetent to change its
decision "if it thought administratively advisable to do so". We
cannot accept the view taken by the High Court regarding the nature of what it
calls the second part of the proceedings. Departmental proceedings taken
against a Government servant are not divisible in the sense in which the High
Court understands them to be. There is just one continuous proceeding though
there are two stages in it. The first is coming to a conclusion on the evidence
as to whether the charges alleged against the Government servant are
established or not and the second is reached only if it is found that they are
so established. That stage deals with the action to be taken against the
Government servant concerned. The High Court accepts that the first stage is a
judicial proceeding and indeed it must be so because charges have to be framed,
notice has to be given and the person concerned has to be given an opportunity
of being heard. Even so far as the second stage is concerned Art. 311(2) of the
Constitution requires a notice to be given to the person concerned' as also an
opportunity of being heard.
718 Therefore, this stage of the proceeding
is no less judicial than the earlier one. Consequently any action decided to be
taken against a Government servant found guilty of misconduct, is a judicial
order and as such it cannot be varied at the will of the authority who is
empowered to impose the punishment. Indeed, the very object with which notice
is required to be given on the question of punishment is to ensure that it will
be such as would be justified upon the charges established and upon the other
attendant circumstances of the case. It is thus wholly erroneous to
characterise the taking of action against a person found guilty of any chargo
at a departmental enquiry as an administrative order.
What we have now to consider is the effect of
the note recorded by the Revenue Minister of PEPSU upon the file. We will
assume for the purpose of this case that it is an order. Even so the question
is whether it can be regarded as the order of the State Government which alone,
as admitted by the appellant, was competent to hear and decide an appeal from
the order of the Revenue Secretary. Art.
166(1) of the Constitution requires that all
executive action of the Government of a State shall be expressed in the name of
the Governor. Clause (2) of Art. 166 provides for the authentication of orders
and other instruments made and executed in the name of the Governor. Clause (3)
of that Article enables the Governor to make rules for the more convenient
transaction of the business of the Government and for the allocation among the
Ministers of the said business.
What the appellant calls an order of the
State Government is admittedly not expressed to be in the name of the Governor.
But with that point we shall deal later. What
we must first ascertain is whether the order of the Revenue Minister is an
order of the State Government i.e., of the Governor. In this 719 connection we
may refer to r. 25 of the Rules of Business of the Government of PEPSU which
reads thus :
"Except as otherwise provided by any
other Rule, cases shall ordinarily be disposed of by or under the authority of
the Minister in charge who may by means of standing orders give such directions
as he thinks fit for the disposal of cases in the Department. Copies of such
standing orders shall be sent to the Rajpramukh and the Chief Minister."
According to learned counsel for the appellant his appeal pertains to the
department which was in charge of the Revenue Minister and, therefore, he could
deal with it. His decision and order would according to him, be the decision
and order of the State Government. On behalf of the State reliance was,
however, placed on r. 34 which required certain classes of cases to be
submitted to the Rajpramukh and the Chief Minister before the issue of orders.
But it was conceded during the course of the argument that a case of the kind
before us does not fall within that rule. No other provision bearing on the
point having been brought to our notice we would, therefore, hold that the
Revenue Minister could make an order on behalf' of the State Government.
The question, therefore, is whether he did in
fact make such an order. Merely writing something on the file does not amount
to an order. Before something amounts to an order of the State Government two
things are necessary. The order has to be expressed in the name of the Governor
as required by cl. (1) of Art. 166 and then it has to be communicated.
As already indicated, no formal order
modifying the decision of the Revenue Secretary was ever made. Until such an
order is drawn up the State Government cannot, in our opinion, be 720 regarded
as bound by what was stated in the file. As along as the matter rested with him
the Revenue Minister could well score out his remarks or minutes on the file
and write fresh ones.
The business of State is a complicated one
and has necessarily to be conducted through the agency of a large number of
officials and authorities. The constitution, therefore, requires and so did the
Rules of Business framed by the Rajpramukh of PEPSU provide, that the action
must be taken by the authority concerned in the name of the Rajpramukh. It is
not till this formality is observed that the action can be regarded as that of
the State or here, by the Rajpramukh. We may further observe that, constitutionally
speaking, the Minister is no more than an adviser and that the head of the
State, the Governor or Rajpramukh,* is to act with the aid and advice of his
Council of Ministers.
Therefore, until such advice is accepted by
the Governor whatever the Minister or the Council of Ministers may say in
regard to a particular matter does not become the action of the State until the
advice of the Council of Ministers is accepted or deemed to be accepted by the
Head of the State.
Indeed, it is possible that after expressing
one opinion about a particular matter at a particular stage a Minister or the
Council of Ministers may express quite a different opinion, one which may be
completely opposed to the earlier opinion. Which of them can be regarded as the
"order' of the State Government? Therefore to make the opinion amount to a
decision of the Government it must be communicated to the person concerned. In
this connection we may quote the following from the judgment of this Court in
the State of Punjab v. Sodhi Sukhdev Singh (1).
"Mr. Gopal Singh attempted to argue that
before the final order was passed the Council *Till the abolition of that
office by the Amendment of the Constitution in 1956.
(1) [1961] 2 S.C.R. 371. 409.
721 of Ministers had decided to accept the
respondent's representation and to reinstate him, and that, according to him,
the respondent seeks to prove by calling the two original orders. We are unable
to understand this argument. Even if the Council of Ministers had provisionally
decided to reinstate the respondent that would not prevent the Council from
reconsidering the matter and coming to a contrary conclusion later on, until a
final decision is reached by them and is communicated to the Rajpramukh in the
form of advice and acted upon by him by issuing an order in that behalf to the
respondent." Thus it is of the essence that the order has to be
communicated to the person who would be affected by that order before the State
and that person can be bound by that order. For, until the order is
communicated to the person affected by it, it would be open to the Council of
Ministers to consider the matter over and over again and, therefore, till its
communication the order cannot be regarded as anything more than provisional in
character.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the
remarks or the order of the Revenue Minister, PEPSU are of no avail to the
appellant.
Now as regards the next contention, Learned
counsel for the appellant contends that since his appeal was not decided by the
Revenue Minister of Punjab, Mr. Darbara Singh but by the Chief Minister Mr.
Pratap Singh Kairon, who had no jurisdiction to deal with it, the appeal must
be deemed to be still pending. In this connection he relied upon r. 18 of the
Rules of Business framed by the Governor of Punjab which corresponds to r. 25
of the PEPSU rules, which reads thus:
"'Except as otherwise provided by any
other Rule., cases shall ordinarily be disposed 722 of by or under the
authority of the Ministerin-charge who may, by means of standing orders give
such directions as he thinks fit for the disposal of cases in the Department.
Copies of such standing orders shall be sent to the Chief Minister and the
Governor." Now, unquestionably the matter here did pertain to the portfolio
of the Revenue Minister. But it was he himself who, after seeing the file
submitted it to the Chief Minister for advice. Learned counsel, however,
contends that the Chief Minister could, therefore, only give him advice and not
asurp the jurisdiction of the Revenue Minister and decide the case himself. But
this argument ignores r.28 (1) of the Punjab Rules of Business, the relevant
portions of which run thus:
"28 (1) The following classes of cases
shall be submitted to the Chief Minister before the issue of orders :x x x (ii)
Cases raising questions of policy and Cases of administrative importance not
already covered by the Schedule.
x x x (vii) Proposals, for the prosecutions,
dismissal, removal or compulsory retirement of any gazetted officer.
x x x (xix) Such other cases or classes of
cases as the chief Minister may consider necessary.
The learned Advocate-General contends that
the case would be covered by every one of these clauses. In our opinion,
cl.(vii) cannot assist him because it is not the contention of the State that
the appellant is a gazetted officer. We, however, think that 723 cl. (ii) would
certainly entitle the Chief Minister to paw an order of the kind which he has
made here. The question to be considered was whether though grave charges had
been proved against an official he should be removed from service forthwith or
merely reduced in rank. That unquestionably raises a question of policy which
would affect many cases all and the departments of the State-The Chief Minister
would, therefore, have been within his rights to call up the file of his own
accord and pass orders thereon. Of course, the rule does not say that the Chief
Minister would be entitled to pass orders but when it says that he is entitled
to call for the file before the issue of orders it clearly implies that he has
a right to interfere and make such order as he thinks appropriate. Finally
there is cl.
(xix) which confers a wide discretion upon
the Chief Minister to call for any file and deal with it himself.
Apart from that we may refer to r. 4 of the
Rules of Business of the Punjab Government, which reads thus :
"The Council shall be collectively
responsible for all executive orders issued in the name of the Governor in
accordance with these Rules whether such orders are authorised by an individual
Minister on a matter pertaining to his portfolio or as the result of discussion
it a meeting of the Council, or howsoever otherwise." Thus the order
passed by the Chief Minister even though it is on a matter pertaining to the
portfolio of the Revenue Minister, will be deemed to be an order of the Council
of Ministers. So deemed its contents would be the Chief Minister's advice to
the Governor, for which the Council of Ministers would be collectively
responsible. The action taken thereon in pursuance of r. 8 of the Rules of
Business made by the Governor under Art. 166(3) of the Constitution 724 would
then be the action of the Government. Here one (if the Under Secretaries to the
Government of Punjab informed the appellant by his letter dated May, 1, 1957
that his representation "had been considered and rejected", evidently
by the State Government. This would show that appropriate action had been taken
under the relevant rule.
The appeal is thus without substance and is
dismissed. In view of the fact that the appellant is a displaced person with
heavy responsibilities and with limited or possibly hardly any means we direct
that the costs shall be borne by the parties concerned.
Appeal dismissed.
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