Krishnamurthi Vasudeorao Deshpande
& ANR Vs. Dhruwaraj [1961] INSC 220 (5 May 1961)
DAYAL, RAGHUBAR SUBBARAO, K.
CITATION: 1962 AIR 59 1962 SCR (2) 813
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1970 SC1730 (3) E&R 1974 SC 878 (15)
ACT:
Hindu Law-Joint family-Adoption-Rights
acquired by adoptive son relating back to date of death of adoptive fatherProperty-Collateral
succeeding to co-parcener-If inherits absolutely or subject to defeasance.
HEADNOTE:
Respondent was adopted by a widow after about
63 years of her husband's death. The husband had predeceased his father 'N'
leaving behind him the said widow and two sisters K. and S.On N's death K and S
inherited in equal shares. On K'sdeath her son succeeded and on his death his
two sons the present appellants succeeded to her share.
The respondent instituted the suit for the
recovery of the properties from the appellants, alleging that the immoveable
properties formerly belonged to the ownership of and were under the Vahiwat of
the joint family of his adoptive father and grandfather respectively. The
appellants denied the respondent's right to the properties contending that K
their grandmother was the full owner of the properties and thus became a fresh
stock of descent and that they, inherited the properties from their father to
whom they had been alienated by K their grandmother.
The High Court held that the alleged
alienation by K of her hare to her son was not binding on the. respondent, and
further held that tile respondent could divest the appellants of the properties
which belonged to the respondent's adoptive grandfather.
The question was whether the respondent on
his adoption, could divest the appellants of the properties of his adoptive
father and grandfather.
Held, that when a person is the owner of
property possessing a title defeasible all adoption, not only that title but
also the title of' all persons claiming under him will be extinguished on the
adoption.
The heir of a collateral succeeding to the
sole surviving co-parcener inherits the property absolutely, but subject to
defeasance, and the right in the property devolves on his 814 heirs who would
take that property absolutely, but still subject to defeasance, as no better
title could have been inherited, for the character of the property does not
change from the co-parcenary property to self acquired property, so long as
there was the possibility of the defeasance of the absolute title by a widow of
the family of the last surviving co-parcener adding a member to the coparcenary
by adopting a son to her deceased husband.
Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango v. Narayan Devji
Kango and Ors.
(1955) 1 S.C.R. 1, applied.
Ramchandra Hanmant Kulkarni v. Balaji Datto
Kulkarni, I.L.R. 1955 Bom. 837, disapproved.
Amarendra Mansingh v. Sanatan Singh, 60 I A.
242, discussed.
Anant Bhikappa Patil (Minor) v. Shankar
Ramchandra Patil, 70 I.A. 232, discussed.
CIVIL APPELLATE, JURISDICTION Civil Appeal
No. 499 of 1957.
Appeal from the judgment and decree dated the
August 17, 1954, of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 236 of 1950.
Purushottam Trikumdas, N. S. Anukhinda and
Mr. S. K. Sastri, for the appellants.
K. R.: Bengeri and A. G. Ratnaparkhi, for the
respondent.
1961. May 5. The Judgment of' the Court was
delivered by.
RAGHUBAR. DAYAL, J. This appeal, on
certificate under Art.
133 of the Constitution, raises the question,
whether Dhruvraj, respondent, on his adoption, divests the defendants-appellants
of the propertiesof his adoptive father and grandfather.
The facts giving rise to this question are as
815 follows Bandegouda, father of the respondent, died in 1882, predeceasing
his father Narasappa gouda, who died later in 1892. Bandegouda left his widow
Tungabai, who adopted Dhruvraj as her son on July 31, 1945.
Narasappagouda, on his death, left two
daughters, Krishnabai and Shyamabai alias Chamavva. The two sisters succeeded
to their father's property in equal shares. We are not now concerned with the
share of Shyamabai, the respondent's suit with respect to it having been
dismissed.
Krishnabai died on October 21., 1933. Her son
Vasappa, succeeded her and 'died on February 20, 1934, leaving two sons, the
appellants, Krisnamurti and Subbaji. Dhruvraj, respondent, instituted the suit
for the recovery of the property from the two appellants alleging that the
immovable properties formerly belonged to the ownership of and were under the
vahiwat of the joint family of the above-mentioned Narasappagouda Patil and
Bandegouda Patil. The suit also related to declaration that the plaintiff was entitled
to the 'Patilki' rights in respect of the village Hombal, as the near relative
of Narasappagouda. The appellants denied the respondent's rights to the
properties contending that Krishnabai was the full owner of the properties and
thus became a fresh stock of descent and thatthe appellants had inherited the
properties fromtheir father Vasappa to whom they had been alienated by
Krishnabai in 1930. TheHigh Court held that the alleged alienation by
Krishnabai of her share to Vasappa in 1930 was not binding on the respondent as
it amounted to a gift of immovable properties and was not made by, a registered
document. It further held that the respondent could divest the appellants 'of
the properties which belonged to the respondent's adoptive grandfather and
upheld the decree of the trial Court with respect to the property which had 816
gone in the possession of Krishnabai on. the death of her father.
This Court considered the rights of in
adopted son with respect to the property of his adoptive father and of the
collaterals, in Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango v. Narayan Deviji Kango and Ors(1).
The principles to be adduced from what was said in this case may be summarised
thus :
(i)An adopted son is held entitled to take in
defeasance of the rights acquired prior to his adoption. on the ground that in
the eye of law his adoption relates back, by a legal fiction, to the date of
the death of his adoptive father, he being put in the position of a posthumous
son.
(ii) As a preferential heir, an adopted son
(a) divests his mother of the estate of his adoptive father ; and (b) divests
his adoptive mother of the estate she gets as an heir of her son who died after
the death of her husband.
(iii) A, coparcenary continues to subsist so
long as there is in existence a widow of a coparcener capable of bringing a son
into existence by adoption; and if the widow made an adoption, the rights of
'the adopted son. are the same as if he had been in existence at the time when
his adoptive father died and that his title as coparcener prevails as against
the title of any person claiming as heir to the last coparcener.
(iv)The principle. of relation back applies
only when the claim made by the adopted son relates to the estate of his
adoptive father. The estate may be definite and ascertained, as when he is the
sole and absolute owner of the properties, or (1) (1955) 1 S.C.R. 1.
817 it may be fluctuating as when he is a
member of a joint Hindu family in which the interest of the coparceners is
liable to increase by death or decrease by birth. In either case, it is the
interest of the adoptive father which the adopted son is declared entitle to
take as on the date of his death. This principle of relation back cannot be
applied when claim made by adopted son relates not to the estate of his
adoptive father but to that of a collateral.
With reference to the claim with respect to
the estate of a collateral, the governing principle is that inheritance can
never be in abeyance, and that once it devolves on a person who is the nearest
heir under the law, it is thereafter not liable to be divested. When succession
to the properties of a person other then an adoptive father is involved, the
principle applicable is not the rule of relation back but the rule that
inheritance once vested could not be divested.
(v)The estate continues to be the estate of
the adoptive father in whosoever's hands it may be, that is, whether in the
hands of one who is the absolute owner or one who is a limited owner. Any one
who inherits the estate of the adoptive father is his heir, irrespective of the
inheritance having passed through a number of persons, each being the heir of
the previous owner. This Court considered the case of Amarendra Mansingh v.
Sanatan Singh (2) .which related to an impartible zamindari. The last of its
holder was Raja Bibhudendra. He died on December 10, 1922, unmarried. A
collateral, Banamalia, succeeded to the estate as the family custom excluded
females from succeeding to the Raj. On December 18, 1922 Indumati, mother of
Bibhudendra, adopted Amarendra to her husband, Brajendra. The question for
determination, in that ease-was whether Amarendra could divest Barnamalia of
the estate, and it was answered in the positive by the Judicial Committee. This
Court said at page 19:
(2) 1923 L.R. 60 I.A. 249.
818 "The estate' claimed was that' of
his adoptive father, Brajendra, and if the adoption was at all valid, it
related back to the date of Brajendra's death, and enabled Amarendra to divest
Banamalai." last holder of the estate was not Brajendra, the adoptive
father, but Bibhudendra, who may be said to be the adoptive brother. The estate
in his hands is described as the estate of Brajendra, the adoptive father. This
Court said about the decision in this case:
"This decision might be taken at the
most to be an authority for the position that when an adoption is made to A,
the adopted son is entitled to recover the estate of A not merely when it has
vested in his widow who makes the adoption but also in any other heir of his.
It is no authority for the contention that he is entitled to recover the estate
of B which had vested in his heir prior to his adoption to A." Banamalai,
heir of Bibhudendra, was considered to be the heir of Brajendra also.
In considering the case of Anant Bhikappa
Patil (Minor) v. Shankar Ramchandra Patil(3), this Court observed at page 24
"When an adoption is made by a widow of either a coparcener or a separated
member then the right of the adopted son to claim properties as on the date of
the death of the adoptive father by reason of the theory of relation back is
subject to the limitation that alienations made prior to the date of adoption
are binding on him, if they were for purposes binding on the estate. Thus,
transferees from limited owners whether they be widows or coparceners in joint
family, are amply protected. But no such safeguard exists in respect (3) 1933
L.K. 70 I.A. 232.
819 of property inherited from a collateral,
because if the adopted son is entitled on the theory of relation back to divest
that property the position of the mesne holder would be that of an owner
possessing a title defeasible on adoption, and the result of such adoption must
be to extinguish that title and that of all persons claiming under him.
The alienees from him would have no protection,
as there could be no question of supporting the alienations on the ground of
necessity or benefit." It follows from these observations that if A is an
owner of property possessing a title defeasible on adoption, not only that
title but also the title of all persons claiming under him, will extinguish on
the adoption.
In the present case, Krishnabai owned the
property as full owner on the death of her father Narasappagouda, according to
the Hindu law in the area in which the property in suit lay. But her title was
defeasible on Tungabai, widow of Bandegouda, adopting a son to her husband.
Vasappa and after him, his sons, inherited this property of Krishnabai and thus
the appellants claimed under Krishnabai. Their such claim is therefore
defeasible on the adoption of a son by Tungabai. The fact that Krishnabai
inherited the property of her father absolutely, does not affect this question
of title being defeated on the adoption of a son by Tungabai. The character of
the property does not change, as suggested for the appellants, from coparcenary
property to self-acquired property of Krishnabai so long as Tungabai, the widow
of the, family, exists and is capable of adopting a son who becomes a
coparcener.
The case of in adopted son's claiming to
divest the heir of a collateral, who died before the, adoption took place of
the property inherited from the collateral, is different from the case of his
820 claiming the property which originally belonged to the adoptive father but
had devolved on a collateral and, after the death of the collateral. which took
place before the adoption devolved on a hee of thir collateral. In the former
case, the claim is to the property of the collateral, while in the latter case
it is to the property of the adoptive father, which, by force of circumstances,
had passed through the hands of a collateral.
We may now consider the Full Bench Case of
the Bombay High Court, Ramchandra Hammant Kulkarni v. Balaji Datto Kulkarni,
(4) which overruled the judgment in the instant case. The question formulated
for the decision of the Full Bench was "If on the death of a sole
surviving coparcener his property has devolved upon his heir by inheritance and
on his death it has vested in his own heir, would the subsequent adoption in
the family of the sole surviving coparcener divest it from such heir?".
The facts having a bearing on the decision of
the question were as follows : Ramchandra and Balaji were brothers.
Ramchandra died on October 10, 1903, and his
widow Tarabai died two days later. Their son Hammant had died during
Ramchandra's lifetime, leaving behind him his widow Sitabai.
The Watan property of Ramchandra devolved on
Balaji after the death of Tarabai. On Balaji's death, it devolved on Datto his
son who died in 1916. On his death, the property devolved upon his son Balaji.
Sitabai, widow of Hanmant, adopted Ramchandra, the plaintiff, on. January 21,
1945.
Ramchandra thereafter instituted the suit
against Balaji, son of Datto, and claimed that property which originally
belonged to his a adoptive family on the ground that he was entitled to recover
it by virtue of his adoption which related (4) I.L.R 1955 Bom. 837.
821 back to the date of the death of his
adoptive father.
Chagla, C. J., delivering the judgment of the
Court in the above case said, in answer to the question formulated, that the
subsequent adoption in the family the sole surviving coparcener would not
divest the property, assuming that Ramchandra, the adoptive grandfather. was
the sole surviving coparcener of his own branch and that on his death the
property devolved upon Datto and then upon Balaji. The learned Chief Justice,
in considering the question on principle, said at page 851 :
" ... and therefore it is well settled
since the Privy Council decided Anant v. Shankar that Dattu inherited this
property subject to defeasance., the defeasance coming into operation in the
event of the potential mother Sitabai adopting a son into the family of
Ramchandra." He said at the page 852 "Balaji has succeeded to the
estate of his father Dattu and what the plaintiff is really claiming is not the
property of Ramchandra but the property of Dattu which Balaji has inherited as
his son.... Therefore, really, the plaintiff would have displaced Dattu as the
preferential heir to his own grandfather. But it is difficult to understand how
that principle can apply when we are dealing with property in the hands of
Dattu's heir' It cannot be said that qua the estate of Dattu the plaintiff is
an heir preferential to Balaji, and really what the plaintiff is claiming is to
displace Balaji and to contend that lie is heir of' Dattu." He therefore
expressed the view "'Therefore, ill our opinion, once the principle is
accepted, as indeed it must be accep822 ted, that the property which Dattu
inherited from Ramchandra was held by him absolutely as a full owner, then it
is impossible to accede to the plaintiff's contention that Balaji inherited to
that property subject to certain limitations. The possibility of there being a
defeasance only continued so long as Dattu was alive. When he died he left his
property, which was his absolute property, to his heir and there is no reason
in principle why that provision with regard to defeasance should continue after
the property had been inherited by Balaji as the heir of Dattu." We may
say at once that this conclusion goes against what had been said by this Court
in Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango's Case (1).
It has been overlooked that the heir of a
collateral succeeding to the sole surviving coparcener inherits the property
absolutely, but subject to defeasance, and that the right in the property
devolves on his heir, who must consequently take that property absolutely, but
still subject to defeasance, as no better title could have been inherited so
long as there was the possibility of the defeasance or the absolute title by a
widow of a family of the last surviving coparcener adding a member to the
coparcenery by adopting a son to her deceased husband, and in overlooking what
was stated in this connect ion by this Court in Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango's
Case (1), though not as a decision, but as a reasoning to come to a decision in
that case.
We are therefore of opinion that this appeal
should fail and accordingly dismiss it with costs of this appeal.
(1) (1955) 1 S.C.R. 1.
Appeal dismissed.
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