Payare Lal Vs. State Of Punjab [1961]
INSC 258 (30 August 1961)
SARKAR, A.K.
SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR P.(CJ) MUDHOLKAR, J.R.
CITATION: 1962 AIR 690 1962 SCR Supl. (3) 328
CITATOR INFO:
R 1962 SC1198 (30) D 1977 SC1066 (30)
ACT:
Criminal Trial--Transfer of Special
Judge--Successor, if can try on evidence partly recorded by him and partly by
predecessor--Special Judge, if a magistrate--Want of competency, if can be
cured--Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952 (46 of 1952). s. 8, sub-ss. (1), (3)
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (V of 1898), ss. 251 to 259, 350, 537.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant and another were prosecuted'
for offences under s. 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947.
The trial commenced before the special judge
who heard the evidence but before he could deliver judgment was transferred and
was succeeded by another special judge. The latter did not recall the witnesses
and did not hear the evidence over again, but proceeded with the trial without
any objection from either side from the stage at which his predecessor had
left. He convicted both the accused.
On appeal, the Punjab High Court held that s.
350 Criminal procedure Code applied to the trial before a special judge in view
of s. 8(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952, and the succeeding special
judge was entitled to proceed on the evidence recorded by his predecessor.
The controversy is whether s. 330 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure is applicable to a special judge under sub-s.(1) ,of s. 8
of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952, though it is not applicable under
sub-s. (3) of the Act. Therefore the question is what is meant by the words
"The procedure prescribed by the court...... for the trial of warrant
cases by magistrate" in sub-s.(1) of s. 8 of the Act, and whether s. 350
of the Code prescribe one of the rules of such procedure.
The Act was since amended and therein it is
expressly provided that s.350 of the Code applies to the proceedings before a
special judge. The amendment does not govern the present proceeding as the
impugned part of the proceedings was concluded before the amendment.
Held, that the Criminal Law Amendment Act,
1952, did not intend that s. 350 of the Criminal Procedure Code would be
available as a rule of procedure prescribed for the trials of warrant cases, to
a special judge as the special Judge was not a magistrate for the purpose of
the Act not did the Act require before the amendment that he was to be deemed
to be such.
329 The Act in using the words
"procedure prescribed by the Code...... for the trial of warrant cases by
magistrate" meant only the ss. 251 to 259 of the Criminal Procedure Code
as expressly referred in the code as containing the procedure St specified for
the trials of warrant cases by magistrate and did not contemplate s. 350 of the
Code as a procedure so prescribed.
Held, further, that where in a case there is
want of competency and not a mere irregularity, s. 537 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure has no application. It cannot be called in aid to make what was
incompetent, competent.
Held, also, that it is the right of an
accused person that his case should be decided by a judge who has heard the
whole of it and that very clear words would be necessary to take away such an
important and well established right.
In the present case the succeeding special
judge had no authority under the law to proceed with the trial of the case from
the stage at which hi-, predecessor in office left it, and the conviction of
the appellant cannot be supported as he had not heard the evidence in the case
himself. The proceeding before the succeeding special judge were clearly
incompetent. There has been no proper trial of the case and there should be
one.
In re-Vaidyanatha Iyer, (1954) 1 M.. I,.
cable.
Pulukuri Kotayya v. King Emperor, (1947) L.
R. 74 I A. 65 and Kimbray v. Dapper, (1868) 3 Q. B. 160, referred to In
re-Fernandez. (1958) 11 M. L. J.294, approved,.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No. 240 of 1960.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and-order
dated November 25, 1958, of the Punjab High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 114 of
1954.
Jai Gopal Sethi, C. L. Sareen and R. L.
Kohli, for the appellant.
N. S. Bindra, R. H. Dhebar and D. Gupta, for
respondent.
1961. August 30. The Judgment of the Court
was delivered by SARKAR, J. The appellant Payare Lal was the Tehsildar of
Patiala. He and Bishan Chand, a Patwar. clerk of the Tehsil Office, were
prosecuted for offences under s.5(2) of the Prevention of 330 Corruption Act,
1947. The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952 (Act XLVI of 1952), to which it will
be convenient hereafter to refer as the Act, required the trial to be held by a
special Judge appointed under it and in accordance with certain provisions of
the Code of Criminal Procedure mentioned in s. 8 of the Act. The Principal
question in this appeal turns on the construction of sub-s. (1) of this
.section which we will later set out.
The trial commenced before S. Narinder Singh
the special Judge, Patiala. He heard the evidence but before he could deliver a
judgment he was transferred and was succeeded by S. Jagjit Singh. S. Jagjit
Singh did not recall the witnesses and hear the evidence over again, but
proceeded without any objection from either side, with the trial from the stage
at which his predecessor had left it and having heard the arguments of the
advocates for the parties, delivered his judgment convicting both the accused
of the offences with which they had been charged and passed certain sentences
on them.
The accused appealed against their conviction
to the High Court of Punjab. The appeals came to be heard by Mehar Singh J.,
who,, though no point had been taken by the accused, himself felt considerable
difficulty as to whether S. Jagjit Singh had the power to decide the case on
the evidence recorded by his predecessor and referred the matter to a larger
bench taking the view that-if the course followed was defective, the defect
would be one of jurisdiction of the Court and could not be cured by the consent
of parties.
The case was thereupon heard by a bench of
that High, Court constituted by Gurnam Singh and Mehar Singh JJ. who took
different views. Gurnam Singh J. held that s. 350 of the Code applied to the
trial before a special Judge in view of s. 8(1) of the Act and under the terms
of s. 350, which we will later set out, S. Jagjit Singh was entitled to proceed
on the evidence recorded by his predecessor 331 S. Narinder Singh, while Mehar
Singh J., was of the opinion that s. 8(1) of the Act did not make s. 350 of
that Code applicable to such a trial. He also held that what S.
Jagjit Singh had done was not a matter of
mere irregularity curable under s. 537 of the Code. The matter was then
referred to Passey J., who agreed with Gurnam Singh J. On the question of s.
537 of the Code, Gurnam Singh and Passey JJ. expressed no opinion in the view
that they had taken of s. 8(1) of the Act.
The appeals were thereafter heard on the
merits by Tek Chand J. who upheld the conviction of the appellant but reduced
the sentence passed on him. He,, however, acquitted the other accused Bishan
Chand giving him the benefit of doubt.
The appellant has now come up to this Court
in further appeal with special leave. There is no appeal by the State against
the acquittal of Bishan Chand.
There is no covntroversy that the general
principle of law is that a judge or magistrate can decide a case only on
evidence taken by him. Section 350 of the Code is a statutory departure from
this principle. That section so far as material was at the date S. Jagjit Singh
decided the case in these terms :
S. 350. Whenever any Magistrate, after having
heard and recorded the whole or any part of the evidence in an inquiry or a
trial, ceases to exercise jurisdiction therein, and is succeeded by another
Magistrate who has and who exercises such jurisdictions, the Magistrate so
succeeding may act on the evidence so recorded by his predecessor, or partly
recorded by his predecessor and partly recorded by himself or be may resumption
the witnesses and recommence the inquiry or trial It is only if this provision
was available to S. Jagjit Singh that the course taken by him can be supported.
332 As we have said earlier, s. 8 of the Act
makes certain provisions of the Code applicable to the proceedings before a
special Judge The question is whether s. 350 of the Code.
was one of such provisions. The answer to
this question will depend on the construction of sub ss.(1) and (3) of s.
8 of the Act the material portions of which
we now set out.
S. 8 (1)-A special judge may take cognizance of
offences without the accused being committed to him. for trial, and in trying
the accused persons, shall follow the procedure prescribed by the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1898 ... for the trial ofwarrant' cases by magistrates.
(3) Save as provided in sub-section (1)
........ the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, shall, so far
as they are not inconsistent with this Act, apply to the proceedings before a
special Judge ;
and for the purposes of the said provisions,
the Court of the special judge shall be deemed to be a Court of session trying
cases without a jury or without the aid of assessors........................
In substance these sub-sections provide that
a special Judge shall follow the procedure prescribed by the Code for the trial
of warrant cases by magistrates and save to this extent., the provision-,, of
the Code applicable to a Court of session, shall govern him as if he were such
a Court subject to certain qualifications which are not relevant for the
present case. There is no controversy that s. 350 of the Code is applicable
only to magistrates and not a Court of session and cannot therefore be applied
to a special Judge under sub-s. (3) as it makes only those provisions of the
Code applicable to him which would apply to a Court of session. The only
controversy is whether that section is applicable to a special Judge under
sub-s.(1) of s. 8 of the Act. If it is so applicable, it must be applied 333
though under sub-s. (3) it is not applicable, for this subsection, is to have
effect "'Save as provided in subsection (1)".
The real question is, what is meant by the
words "the procedure prescribed by the Code .................. for the
trial of warrant cases by magistrates" In s. 8(1) of the Act ? Does s. 350
of the Code prescribe one of the rules of such procedure ? It is necessary
however to point out that by an amendment made in the Act after judgment had
been delivered in this case by S. Jagjit Singh, it has been expressly provided
that s. 350 of the Code applies to the proceedings before a special Judge. On
the amended Act, therefore, the question that has arisen in this case, would no
longer arise. For reasons to be hereafter stated, this amendment clearly does
not govern the proceedings before S. Jagjit Singh and this case has to be
decided without reference to the amendment.
Is was once held by the Madras High Court in
re, Vaidyanatha Iyer (1) that s. 350 of the Code prescribed a rule of procedure
for the trial of warrant cases as mentioned in s. 8 (1) of the Act. This seems
to be the only reported decision taking that view. All other decisions which
have been brought to our notice take the contrary view. Even in Madras, in re
Fernandez (2), a Full Bench of the High Court has now hold that s. 350 of the
Code was not applicable to a special Judge and has overruled In re Vaidyanatha
Iyer (1). That appears to be the position on the authorities.
It is true that s. 350 of the Code is a
provision applying to all magistrates and therefore, also to a magistrate
trying a warrant case. That however does not in our opinion decide the
question. We think it 'relevant to observe that it is a right of an accused
person that his case should be decided by a judge who has heard the whole of it
and we agree with the view expressed in Fernandez's case(2) (1) (1954) 1 M.L.J.
15; A.I.R. (1954) Mad. 350.
(2) (1958) 11 M.L.J. 294.
334 that very clear words would be necessary
to take away such an important and well 'established right. We find no such
clear words here.
We turn now to the word used. When sub-s. (1)
of s. 8 of the Act talks of a procedure prescribed by the Code for the trial of
warrant cases by magistrates it is reasonable to think that it has the
provisions and the language of the Code in view. When we look at the Code, we
find that ch.
XXI is headed "of the. Trial of Warrant
Cases by Magistrates". This chapter consists of ss. 251 to 259. Section
251 is in these terms :
S. 251 In the trial of warrant cases by
Magistrates, the Magistrate shall,(a) in any case instituted on a police
report, follow the procedure specified in section 251A; and (b) in any other
case, follow the procedure specified in the other provisions of this Chapter.
The Code, therefore, expressly refers to ss.
251-259 as containing the procedure specified for the trial of warrant cases by
magistrates; this then,, is the procedure it prescribes for the trial of such
cases. It would be legitimate, therefore, to think that the Act in using the
words "procedure prescribed by the Code...... for the trial of warrant
cases by magistrates" also meant only these sections of the Code and did
not contemplate s. 350 of the Code as a procedure so prescribed, though that
section is applicable to the proceedings before a magistrate trying a warrant
case. It does not seem to us that the words "the procedure prescribed by
the Code......... for the trial of warrant cases by magistrates" meant a
procedure which may be followed by magistrates in all cases. Furthermore s. 350
occurs in a chapter of the Code which deals with general provisions relating to
inquiries and trials and is not a provision which has been specifically
prescribed by the Code for application to the 335 trial of warrant cases by
magistrates, as are ss. 251 to 259.
Again, s. 350 of the Code cannot, without
doing violence to the language used in it, be applied to the proceedings before
a special Judge Clearly it cannot be, applied where its terms make such
application impossible. Now the section can be applied only when one magistrate
succeeds another.
It lays down what the succeeding magistrate
can do. Now suppose one special Judge succeeds another. How can he exercise the
powers conferred by the section ? The section applies only when the predecessor
is a magistrate. The predecessor in the case assumed is however a special
Judge.
Such a Judge is not a magistrate for the
purpose of the Act, nor does the Act require that he is to be deemed to be
such.
Section 8 (1) of the Act which only requires
a special Judge to follow the procedure for the trial of a warrant case, cannot
justify the creation of a fiction making the predecessor special Judge, a
magistrate. It is of some interest to note here that the amendment to the Act
which expressly makes s. 350 of the Code applicable to proceedings before a
special Judge also provides that for the purposes of so applying the section,
"a special Judge shall be deemed to be a magistrate". Clearly, the
legislature thought that unless such a fiction was created, the application of
the section to the proceedings before a special Judge would create difficulties
or anomalies. Therefore also, the Act could not in our view, have intended that
s. 350 of the Code would be available to a special Judge as a rule, of
procedure prescribed for the trial of warrant cases.
For all these reasons, we would prefer the
opinion expressed by Mehar Singh J. We think that under the Act, as it stood
before its amendment as aforesaid, s. 350 of the Code was not available when
one special Judge succeeded another. 'we hold that S. Jagjit Singh had no
authority 336 under the law to proceed with the trial of the case from the
stage at which S. Narinder Singh left it. The conviction by S. Jagjit Singh of
the appellant cannot be supported as he had not heard the evidence in the case
himself The proceedings before him were clearly incompetent.
It is then said that this defect was a mere
irregularity and the conviction of the appellant can, if sustainable on the
evidence, be upheld under EA. 537 of the Code. In regard to this section, it
was said by the Privy Council in Pulukuri Kotayyam v. King Emperor (1),
"When a trial is conducted in a manner different from that prescribed by
the Code (as in N. A. Subramania Iyer's case, 1901 L.R. 28 I.A. 257), the trial
is bad, and no question of curing an irregularity arises but if the trial is
conducted substantially in the manner prescribed by the Code, but some
irregularity occurs in the course of such conduct, the irregularity can be
cured under section 537, and none the less so because the irregularity involves,
as must nearly always be the case, a breach of one or more of the very
comprehensive, provisions of the Code".
It seems to us that the case falls within the
first category mentioned by the Privy Council. This is not a case of
irregularity but want of competency. Apart from s. 350 which, as we have said,
is not applicable to the present case, the, Code, does not conceive of such a
trial. The trial offends the cardinal principle of law earlier stated, the
acceptance of which by the Code is clearly manifest from the fact that the Code
embodies an exception to that principle in s. 350. Therefore, we think that s.
.537 of the Code has no application. It cannot be called in aid to make what
was incompetent, competent. There has been no proper trial of the case and
there should be one.
(1) (1947) L.R. 74 I.A. 65, 75.
337 'Then it is said or,. behalf of the
appellant that we should not send the case back for a fresh trial but decide it
ourselves on the evidence on the record. Coming from the appellant, it is a somewhat
surprising contention.
According to him, a point which we have
accepted, there has really been no proper trial of the case. It would follow
from this that there has to be one. In the absence of such a trial we cannot
even look at the evidence on the record.
Lastly, we have to say a few words on the
amendment of the Act expressly making s. 350 of the Code applicable to the
proceedings, before a special Judge. The amendment came long after the decision
of the case by S. Jagjit Singh and had not expressly been made retrospective.
It was said on behalf of the respondent, the prosecutor, that the amendment
being 'in a procedural provision was necessarily retrospective, and, therefore,
no exception can now be taken to the action taken by S. Jagjit Singh. Assuming
that the rule contained in s. 350 of the Code is only a rule of procedure, all
that would follow would be that it would be presumed to apply to all actions
pending as well as future :
Kimbray v. Draper (1). Such a retrospective
operation does not assist the respondent's contention.
Nor do we think it an argument against
sending the case back for retrial that the special Judge now hearing the case
would be entitled to proceed on the evidence recorded by S.
Narinder Singh in view of the amendment. Whether
he would be entitled to do so or not would depend on whether the amended Act
would apply to proceedings commenced before the amendment. It has to be noted
that the impugned part of the proceedings was concluded before the amendment.
On this question, we do not propose to express any opinion. In any event, under
s. 350 as it now stands a succeeding magistrate (1) [1868] 3 Q.B. 100.
338 liar, power to resummon and examine a
witness further. We cannot speculate what the special Judge who tries the case
afresh will think fit to do if s. 350 of the Code is now applicable to the
proceedings before him. For all these considerations, we think it fit to send
the case back for retrial.
We therefore, allow the appeal and set aside
the conviction of the appellant and the sentence passed on him. The case will
now go back for retrial According to law.
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