The Commissioner of Income-Tax, West
Bengal Vs. Kalu Babu Lal Chand [1959] INSC 89 (15 May 1959)
DAS, SUDHI RANJAN (CJ) BHAGWATI, NATWARLAL H.
HIDAYATULLAH, M.
CITATION: 1959 AIR 1289 1960 SCR (1) 320
ACT:
Income-tax-Income of the Hindu undivided
family-Manager of the joint family using family funds for Promoting company and
subsequent becoming managing director-Remuneration of the managing
director-Whether taxable as income of the undivided family.
HEADNOTE:
R was the karat of the Hindu undivided family
which became interested in a business concern which was then being carried on
by others. With a view to taking over the said business as a going concern, a
company was floated with R as one of the promoters. Pursuant to an agreement
with the vendors. of the business and in anticipation of the incorporation of
the company, R on behalf of the company, took over the concern, carried it on
and supplied the finance at all stages out of the joint family funds. On
December 19, 1930 the contemplated company was incorporated under the Indian
Companies Act as 321' a private company with limited liability, in which of the
total 950 ordinary shares, R had 326 shares and his brother 356 shares. The
Articles of Association of the company provided for the appointment of R as the
first managing director of the company. Prior to the accounting year relevant
to the assessment year I943-44 the amount received by R as managing director's
remuneration was credited in the books of the Hindu undivided family just as
the dividends on the shares held in the names of R and his brother had been
done. For the assessment year I943-44 it was claimed that the amount which R
received as the managing director's remuneration in the relevant accounting year
was his personal earnings and that it should not be added to the income of the
Hindu undivided family, but the Income-tax Officer rejected this claim. It was
contended for the assessee that under the Indian Companies Act a Hindu
undivided family cannot, by reason of the definition given in s. 2(9-A) be
appointed a managing agent of company and that the office of managing director
involves a personal element and the appointment of a managing director must
necessarily be of a particular person for his personal skill and other
qualities and therefore the remuneration received by him must be his personal
earnings.
Held, that though vis-a-vis the company the
managing director was undoubtedly the individual person who was appointed as
such and the company was not concerned with the managing director's Hindu
undivided family or the members thereof, the question whether the amount
received by the karta by way of managing director's remuneration was his
personal income or was the income of the Hindu undivided family arises as
between the karta and the members of his family and would depend on whether it
was earned with the help of joint family assets.
In the present case, on the facts found that
the promotion of the company, the taking over of the concern and the financing
of it were all done with the help of the joint family funds and that R did not
contribute anything out of his personal funds, held that the managing
director's remuneration received by R was, as between him and the Hindu
undivided family, the income of the latter and should be assessed in its hands.
Kaniram Hazarimal v. Commissioner of
Income-tax, West Bengal, (1955) 27 I.T.R. 294; V. D. Dhanwatay v. Commissioner
of Income-tax, Madhya Pradesh and Bhopal, (1957) 32 I.T.R. 682 In re Haridas
Purshottam, (1947) 15 I.T.R. I24 and Gokul Chand v. Humam Chand Nath Mal,
(192I) 48 I.A. 162, relied on.
Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. S. N.
N. Sankaralinga IYer,l (1950) 18 I.T.R. 194; Murugappa Chetty v. Commissioner
of Income-tax, Madras, (1952) 21 I.T.R. 311;
Sardar Bahadur Indra Singh v. Commissioner of
Incomc-tax, Bihar and Orissa, 41 322 (1943) 11 I.T.R. 16 and Commissioner of
Income-tax, Bihar and Orissa v.- Darsaram, (1945) 13 I.T.R. 419, distinguished.
Civil APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal
No. 431 of 1957.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated the September 8, 1955, of /the Calcutta High Court in Income-tax
Reference No. 77 of 1951.
C. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India,
R. Ganapathy Iye r and D. Gupta, for the appellant.
N. C. Chatterjee, B. Sen Gupta and D. N.
Mukherjee, for the respondent.
1959. May 15. The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by DAS C.J.-This appeal by special leave is directed against the
order of -the High Court of Calcutta passed or September 8, 1955, on a
reference made by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal under s. 66(1) of the
Indian Income-tax Act whereby the High Court answered the first question
referred to it in the negative and the second question in favour of the
respondent assessee. The facts leading up to the present appeal are briefly as
hereinafter narrated.
The respondent was at all material times a
Hindu undivided family of which one B. K. Rohatgi was the eldest male member
and as such its karta. It appears that in 1930 the said B.
K. Rohatgi became interested in a concern
called the India Electric Works carried on by Milkhi Ram and other persons none
of whom was a member of the assessee family. Evidently it was decided that a
Company would be floated, inter alia, for the purpose of acquiring and taking
over the said India Electric Works as a going concern. The said B. K. Rohatgi
was one of the promoters of that Company. Pursuant to an agreement with the
vendors of the business of India Electric Works the said B. K. Rohatgi, as such
promoter as aforesaid and on behalf of the said Company then to be formed, took
over the said business as a going concern on and from March 1, 1930, and
carried on the same since then until December 19, 1930, when the contemplated
323 Company was eventually incorporated under the Indian Companies Act as a
private company with limited liability under the name of India Electric Works
Ltd. (hereinafter called " the said Company ").
Article 132 of the Articles of Association of
the said Company provided that the first Managing Director would be the said B.
K. Rohatgi or " his assigns or successors in business whether under his
name or any other style or firm " and that the said B. K. Rohatgi would
continue to be the Managing Director until he would resign or be found guilty
of any act of fraud or dishonesty or be removed in the manner thereinafter
provided. Article 133 laid down the circumstances in which and the conditions
on which the Managing Director might be removed. Article 135 provided for the
remuneration of the Managing Director which was fixed at Rs. 6,000 per annum or
a commission of 15 per cent.
on the net profits of the Company to be
computed in the manner therein mentioned. The powers of the Managing Director
were enumerated in Art. 136 under twenty sub-heads.
Article 138 provided that the Company should
" forthwith enter into an agreement under the seal with Mr. Benoy Krishna
Rohatgi in terms of the draft which has been approved on behalf of the Company.
" For some reason or other, not apparent on the record, it was not till
January 31, 1934, that an agreement was actually entered into between the said
Company and the said B. K. Rohatgi. The terms and conditions contained in the
agreement and the powers and authorities conferred thereby on B. K. Rohatgi
were in substance the same as those mentioned in the Articles of Association
referred to above.
Of the total 950 ordinary shares of Rs. 500
each issued and subscribed, 326 shares stood in the name of the said B. K. Rohatgi,
356 shares in the name of his brother R. K. Rohatgi and 10 shares in the name
of one Laxminarain said to be an employee of the assessee family. There is no
dispute that prior to the accounting year relevant to the assessment year
1943-44 the Managing Director's remuneration received by the said B. K. Rohatgi
was credited in the books of the 324 Hindu undivided family just as the
dividends on the shares held in the names of his brother and of himself had
been done. In para. 6 of the Statement of the Case it is stated:- "It was
not denied by the Assessee that India Electric Works Limited was floated mainly
with the funds provided by the Assessee and Mr. Rohatgi made no contribution in
this respect. Further, all along its career India Electric Works Limited was
financed from time to time by the Assessee Hindu Undivided Family. It was
further found that it was for the first time in the year of assessment that the
Assessee claimed that the remuneration belonged to Mr. Rohatgi personally. Up
to 1942-43 assessment all along both Mr. Rohatgi and the Hindu Undivided Family
Assessee in their accounts treated the whole of the remuneration paid to Mr. Rohatgi
as the income of the Hindu Undivided Family. " In the accounting year
relevant to the assessment. year 1943-44 the Managing Director's remuneration
received by B. K. Rohatgi amounted to Rs. 61,282 and during the 1943-44
assessment proceedings it was claimed that the whole of it was the personal
earnings of the said B. K. Rohatgi and should not be added to the income of the
Hindu undivided family which is the respondent before us.
The Income-tax Officer rejected this claim.
On appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, the latter concurred with
the view of the Income-tax Officer. The assessee went up on further appeal to
the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal.
The Tribunal struck a middle course. It held
that Rs. 61,282 was made up of two kinds of remuneration, namely, (1)
remuneration for services rendered by the assessee family in the floatation and
financing of the said Company and (2) remuneration for the personal services of
the said B. K. Rohatgi. The Tribunal, therefore, apportioned the amount
received between the two categories of remuneration and allocated Rs. 30,000
computed at the rate of Rs. 2,500 per month to the personal services of the
said B. K. Rohatgi and the 325 rest to the remuneration due to the services of
the assessee family.
On the application of the respondent-assessee
the Tribunal made a reference under s. 66(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act and
the questions referred were as follows :- " (1) Whether on the facts and
in the circumstances of this case, the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal was
justified in apportioning the sum of Rs. 61,282 into two parts assessing one in
the hands of the Assessee Hindu undivided family and the other in the hands of
Mr. B. K. Rohatgi? (2) If the answer to the above question be in the negative,
whether the assessment of the said sum of Rs. 61,282 should be on Mr. Rohatgi
personally or on the Assessee Hindu undivided family?" When the reference
came up before the High Court for hearing, the learned judges felt that the
statement of case submitted by the Tribunal was inadequate and that it, would
not be possible for the Court to answer the questions unless certain other
facts were clearly stated. The High Court accordingly directed the Tribunal to
submit a further statement of case and to include therein answers to the
following questions:- " (a) With whose funds were the shares, on the
strength of which Mr. Rohatgi has been and is the Managing Director, purchased
and to whom do they really belong ? (b) Who has been in enjoyment of the
dividend paid on those shares ? (c) In what capacity was Mr. Rohatgi originally
appointed to and was holding, at the relevant time, the office of the Managing
Director of the India Electric Works Ltd., namely, whether in his personal and
individual capacity or otherwise? (d) Besides the qualifying shares, are there
any further shares of the Company standing in the name of Mr. Rohatgi and if
there, are such shares, with whose funds were such shares acquired and to whom
do they really belong ? 326 A further statement of case was accordingly
submitted by the Tribunal. The Tribunal concluded its findings and expressed
its opinion on the questions specifically as follows:- Questions (a), (b) and
(d).-All the shares in the India Electric Works Limited standing In the name of
Mr. B. K. Rohatgi (326 shares) and Mr. R. K. Rohatgi (356 shares) were acquired
with funds belonging to the assessee family and they belong to the family and
the family has been in enjoyment of the dividends paid on those shares. Besides
the 10 qualifying shares there are 316 more shares in the Company standing in
the name of Mr. B.K. Rohatgi and those shares also belong to the assessee family.
Question (c)-The answer is a matter of
inference from the facts above stated. The Tribunal's conclusion was that Mr. B.
K. Rohatgi was originally appointed to and was at the relevant time holding the
office of the Managing Director of the India Electric Works Limited in his
capacity as a member and karta of the assessee family." Learned counsel
appearing before the High Court did not make any attempt to support the
Tribunal in its choice of the middle path but conceded that the income was
either the income of the family or the personal income of the said B. K.
Rohatgi and that there could be no justification for ascribing a portion of it
to the remuneration of the said B.
K. Rohatgi as an officer of the Company and
ascribing the other portion to a return made by the Company to the family for
benefits received. The High Court accordingly answered the first question in
the negative. As regards the second question, the High Court thought that the
case was covered by the decision in the case of Commissioner of Income-tax,
Madras v. S.N.N. Sankaralinga Iyar (1) and expressed the opinion that the
assessment of the said sum of Rs. 61,282 should be on, Mr. Rohatgi personally.
Feeling aggrieved by the aforesaid answer,
the Commissioner of Income-tax applied for and obtained from this Court special
leave to appeal to this Court (1) [1950] 18 I.T.R. 194.
327 against the order of the High Court. The
learned Solicitor- General appearing before us in support of this appeal has
not challenged the correctness of the answer given by the High Court to the
first question and; therefore, we are now concerned only with the correctness
of the. answer given by the High Court to the second question.
It is now well settled that a Hindu undivided
family cannot as such enter into a contract of partnership with another person
or persons. The karta of the Hindu undivided family, however, may and
frequently does enter into partnership with outsiders on behalf and for the
benefit of his joint family.
But when he does so, the other members of the
family do not, vis-a-vis the outsiders, become partners in the firm. They
cannot interfere in the management of the firm or claim any account of the
partnership business or exercise any of the rights of a partner. So far as the
outsiders are concerned, it is the karta who alone is and is in law recognised
as, the partner. Whether in entering into a partnership with outsiders, the
karta acted in his individual capacity and for his own benefit or he did so as
representing his joint family and for its benefit is a question of fact. If
'for the purpose of contribution of his, share of the capital in the firm the
karta brought in monies out of the till of the Hindu undivided family, then he
must be regarded as having entered into the partnership for the benefit of the
Hindu undivided family and as between him and the other members of -his family
he would be accountable for all profits received by him as his share out of the
partnership profits and such profits would be assessable as income in the hands
of the Hindu undivided family. Reference may be made to the cases of Kaniram
Hazarimull v. Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal(') and Dhanwatay V. -D.
v. Commissioner of Income- tax, Madhya Pradesh and Bhopal (2) in support of
this view.
The same principle has been applied to the
case of a karta appointed as a Treasurer of a Bank and the remuneration
received by him for services rendered as such Treasurer has been treated (1)
[1955] 27 I.T.R. 294.
(2) [1957] 32 I.T.R. 682, 328 as the income
of the Hindu undivided family of which he was the karta and was assessed in its
hands. The same principle has been extended to the remuneration received by a
karta as the managing agent of a Company with limited liability. (See In re
Haridas Purshottam (1)). Stone, C.J, with whom Chagla, J., agreed, held that as
the managing agency was derived from or acquired with the assistance of the
joint family property, that is, the mills in which the assessee as karta was
beneficially interested, the income from the managing agency received by the
assessee must be treated as the income of the family of which he was the karta.
Reference is, however, made to certain
decisions in support of the contrary view; but those decisions appear to turn
on the facts found to be established in those particular cases.
Thus, in Murugappa Chetty v. Commissioner of
Income-tax, Madras (2) it had not been established either that the managing
agency agreement had, in fact, been obtained by the karta for and on behalf of'
the Hindu undivided family or that the income was earned by utilising the joint
family property or utilising it to its detriment. The case of R. Hanumanthappa
v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras(') simply follows Murugappa Chetty's
case(') and does not carry the matter any further. As will be seen hereafter,
to the facts established in the case now before us these two decisions can have
no application.
It is then stated that the position of a
Managing Director stands on a footing different from that of a partner or a
managing agent and, therefore, the principles applicable to the income derived
by a karta as a partner or managing agent cannot apply to the remuneration
received by the karta as the Managing Director of a Company. In the first place
it is said that under the Indian Companies Act, a Hindu undivided family cannot
by reason of the definition given in s. 2 (9-A) be, appointed a managing agent
of a Company. In the next place, the office of a managing director, it is
urged, involves a personal element and the appointment of a (1) [1947] 15
I.T.R. 124.
(2) [1952] 21 I.T.R 311 (3)[1952] 22 1,T.R.
364.
329 managing director must necessarily be of
a particular person for his personal skill and other qualities and therefore,
the remuneration received by him must be his personal earnings. Neither of
these two considerations appears to us to be tenable. Vis-a-vis the Company the
managing director is undoubtedly the individual person who is appointed as
such. The Company is not concerned with the managing direc- tor's Hindu undivided
family or the members thereof, just as the outside-partners know only the karta
in his individual capacity as their partner and are not concerned with his
Hindu undivided family or its members. The question whether the amount received
by the karta by way of managing director's remuneration in the one case or as
his share of profits in the partnership business in the other case is his
personal income or is the income of his Hindu undivided family cannot arise as
between the Company and the karta as the managing director or between the
outside partners and the karta as a partner. Neither the Company nor the
outside partners, as the case may be, is or are interested in such a question.
Such question can arise only as between the karta and the members of his family
and the answer to the question will depend on whether the remuneration or
profit was earned with the help of joint family assets. The case of Sardar
Bahaditr Indra Singh v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar and Orissa (1) is
clearly distinguishable in that it was expressly provided in the Articles of
Association of the Company in that case that the remuneration of the managing
director would be his personal income. In Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar and
Orissa v. Darsanram (2) the finding of fact was that the joint family property
had not been spent in earning the managing director's remuneration which was,
therefore, held to be the personal earnings of the karta who had been appointed
as the managing director. The case of Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. S.
N. N. Sankaralinga Iyer (3) does not help the respondent because of the facts
found in that case.
(1) [1943] 11 I.T.R. 16. (2) [1945] 13 I.T.R.
419.
(3) [1950] 18 I.T.R. 194.
42 330 In that case it was found that the
remuneration of the managing director was earned by him in consideration of the
services which he rendered to the bank and no part of the family funds had been
spent or utilised for acquiring that remuneration except that the necessary
shares to acquire the qualification of a managing director were purchased out
of the joint family funds. It was said that there was no detriment to the
family property in any manner or to any extent, as admittedly the shares earned
dividends which were included in the income of the family. Satyanarayana Rao,
J., took the view that on the facts of that case it was impossible to infer
that the appointment itself was on behalf and for the benefit of the family;
or, in other words, that he became the managing director as representing the
undivided family. Viswanatha Sastri, J., in a separate but concurring judgment
expressed the view that the mere fact that the assessee had a particular
quantity of shares as a manager of a joint family did not ipso facto enable him
to function as the managing director. His personal qualifications were mainly
responsible, in addition to the holding of shares, for his selection and
appointment as the managing director of the bank. The remuneration, according
to the learned Judge, was really quid pro quo for the work which he did under
the contract of service with the bank.
The managing directorship, he held, was in
fact a contract of service and it is not as if the family represented by the
manager was the managing director. It was the individual that was appointed and
that was functioning as the managing director. With great respect to the
learned judges, it appears to us that they overlooked the principles laid down
by the Judicial Committee in Gokul Chand v. Hukam Chand-Nath Mal (1) where it
was pointed out that there could be no valid distinction between the direct use
of the joint family fund and the use which qualified the member to make the
gains on his own efforts. The member of the joint family entered into the
Indian Civil Service no doubt by reason of his intelligence and other
attainments. He certainly entered into a personal agreement with the (1) [1921]
L.R. 48 I.A. 162.
331 Secretary of State in Council and he
received his salary for rendering his personal service. But all that was made
possible by the use of the joint family funds which enabled to him to acquire
the necessary qualification and that fact made his earnings part of the joint
family properties. That apart, those decisions do not clearly govern the case
now before us.
What are the facts here ? Here was the Hindu
undivided family of which B. K. Rohatgi was the karta. It became interested in
the concern then carried on by Milkhi Ram and others under the name of India
Electric Works. The karta was one of the promoters of the Company which he floated
with a view to take over the India Electric Works as a going concern. In
anticipation of the incorporation of that Company the karta of the family took
over the concern, carried it on and supplied the finance at all stages out of
the joint family funds and the finding is that he never contributed anything
out of his separate property, if he had any' The Articles of Association of the
Company provided for the appointment as managing director of the very person
who, as the karta of the family, had promoted the Company. The acquistion of
the business, the floatation of the Company and appointment of the managing
director appear to us to be inseparably linked together. The joint family
assets were used for acquiring the concern and for financing it and in lieu of
all that detriment to the joint family properties the joint family got not only
the shares standing in the names of two members of the family but also, as part
and parcel of the same scheme, the managing directorship of the company when
incorporated. It is also significant that right up to the accounting year
relevant to the assessment year 1943-44 the income was treated as the income of
the Hindu undivided family. It is true that there is no question of res
judicata but the fact that the remuneration was credited to the family is
certainly a fact to be taken into consideration. It appears to us that the case
is governed by the principles laid down in Haridas Purshottam's case (1). The
recitals in the agreement also clearly point to the fact of B.K. Rohatgi (1)
[1947] 15 I.T.B. 124.
332 having been appointed managing director
because of his being a promoter of the company and having actually taken over
the concern of India Electric Works from Milkhi Ram and others.
The finding in this case is that the promotion
of the Company and the taking over of the concern and the financing of it were
all done with the help of the joint family funds and the said B. K. Rohatgi did
not contribute anything out of his personal funds if any. Ill the
circumstances, we are clearly of opinion that the managing directors
remuneration received by B.K. Rohatgi was, as between him and the Hindu
undivided family, the income of the latter and should be assessed in its hands.
We, therefore, set aside the answer given by the High Court to the second
question and answer the same by saying that the assessment of the whole
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