Radha Sundar Dutta Vs. Mohd. Jahadur Rahim & Ors [1958] INSC 78 (18 September 1958)

AIYYAR, T.L. VENKATARAMA GAJENDRAGADKAR, P.B.

SARKAR, A.K.

CITATION: 1959 AIR 24 1959 SCR 1309

CITATOR INFO :

R 1973 SC2609 (21)

ACT:

Grant-Construction- Patni settlement-Chaukidari Chakaran lands-Resumption and transfer to Zamindar-Grant of the lands by the Zamindar on Patni to Person who held the village in Patni settlement-Distinct Patni-Sale of lands for arrears of revenue-Validity-Bengal Patni Taluks Regulation, 1819 (Ben. Regulation VIII of 1819), ss. 8, 14-Village Chaukidari Act, 1870 (Ben. VI of 1870), ss. 48, 50, 51.

HEADNOTE:

The lands in question are situate in lot Ahiyapur which is one of the villages forming part of the permanently settled estate of Burdwan and had been set apart as Chaukidari Chakaran lands to be held by the Chaukidars for rendering service in the village as watchmen. At the time of the permanent settlement the income from these lands was not taken into account in fixing the jama payable on the estate.

Some time before the enactment of the Bengal Patni Taluks Regulation, 1819, the entire village of Ahiyapur was granted by the then 1310 Zamindar of Burdwan, to the predecessors-in-title of the defendants on Patni settlement. In 1870 the Village Chaukidari Act came into force and acting under the provisions of that Act the Government put an end to the services of the Chaukidars resumed the lands and imposed an assessment thereon, and, subject to it, transferred the lands to the Zamindar. On June 3, 899, the Zamindar granted the suit lands on Patni to the predecessors-in-title of the defendants who were the then holders of the village in Patni. In proceedings taken by the Zamindar under the provisions of the Bengal Patni Taluks Regulation, 1819, the suit lands were brought to sale for arrears of rent and purchased by him. On February I3, 1941, the Zamindar sold the lands to the appellant who sued to recover possession thereof from the defendants. The defendants resisted the suit on the ground, inter alia, that the effect of the grant of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands on June 3, 1899, was to make them part and parcel of the Patni settlement of the village of Ahiyapur and that, in consequence, the sale of those lands, apart from the village of Ahiyapur, was bad as being a sale of a portion of the Patni.

Held, that when the Zamindar made a grant of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands which formed part of a village which had previously been settled in Patni, it was open to the parties to agree that those lands should form a new and distinct Patni and the result of such an agreement would be that while the grantee would hold those lands in Patni right, that is to say, that the tenure would be permanent, heritable and alienable, so far as his liability to pay jama and the corresponding right of the Zamindar to sell it under the Regulation if there was a default in the payment thereof were concerned, the new grant would be a distinct Patni, independent of the original Patni.

Held, further, that construing the grant dated June 3, 899, as a whole, the intention of the parties as expressed therein was that the Chaukidari Chakaran lands were to be treated as a distinct Patni and that, therefore, the sale of the lands for arrears of rent was valid.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 108 of 1954.

Appeal from the judgment and decree dated March 21, 1952, of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No. 971 of 1950, arising out of the judgment and decree dated August 29, 1950, of the Court of District Judge of Zillah Burdwan in Title Appeal No. 247/16 of 1948 against judgment and decree dated September 25, 1948, of the Court of Additional Sub-Judge, 1st Court, Burdwan, in Title Suit No. 7 of 1946/27 of 1947.

1311 N. C. Chatterjee and Sukumar Ghose, for the appellant.

J. N. Banerjee and P. K. Ghose, for the respondents.

1958. September 18. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMA AIYAR J.-This is an appeal by the plaintiff against the judgment of the High Court of Calcutta in a second appeal which, in reversal of the judgments of the Courts below dismissed his suit, which was one in ejectment.

The suit property is a Mahal of the extent of 84 Bighas 18 Cottas situated within lot Ahiyapur village, which is one of the villages forming part of the permanently settled estate of Burdwan Zamindari. This village was granted by the Maharaja of Burdwan in Patni settlement to the predecessors- in-title of defendants I to 7. The exact date of this grant does not appear, but it is stated that it was sometime prior to the enactment of the Bengal Patni Taluks Regulation, 1819 (Bengal Regulation VIII of 1819), hereinafter referred to as the Regulation, and nothing turns on it. The Mahal with which this litigation is concerned, had been at or prior to the permanent settlement set apart as Chaukidari Chakaran lands; that is to say, they were to be held by the Chaukidars for rendering service in the village as watchmen.

In 1870, the Village Chaukidari Act, 1870 (Ben. VI of 1870), hereinafter referred to as the Act, was passed, and s. 48 of that Act provides that all Chaukidari Chakaran lands assigned for the benefit of any village shall be transferred to the zamindar of the estate in the manner and subject to the provisions contained in the Act. Under s.

50, the Collector is authorized to make an order transferring those lands to the Zamindar after determining the assessment payable thereon, and s. 51 enacts that:

" Such order shall operate to transfer to such zamindar the land therein mentioned subject to the amount of assessment therein mentioned, and subject 1312 to all contracts theretofore made, in respect of, under, or by virtue of, which any person other than the zamindar may have any right to any land, portion of his estate, or tenure, in the place in which such land may be situate. " In accordance with the provisions aforesaid, the suit properties were transferred to the Maharaja of Burdwan, and on June 3,1899, he granted the same to the predecessors-in- title of defendants I to 7, who at that time held the Patni interest in respect of lot Ahiyapur. Under the grant which has been marked as exhibit B, the yearly rental for the area was fixed at Rs. 126-8 as., out of which Rs. 84-4 as., had to be paid to the Panchayat within the 7th of Baisakh for being credited to the Chaukidari Fund and the balance of Rs. 42-4 as., was to be paid to the Zamindar within the month of Chaitra. Exhibit B also provides that in default of payment of kist the lands are liable to be sold in proceedings taken under the Bengal Regulation VIII of 1819. Acting under this clause, the Maharaja applied under s. 8 of the Regulation to bring the suit lands to sale for realisation of arrears, and at the auction held on May 15, 1937, himself became the purchaser. On February 13, 1941, he granted the lands again on Patni to the appellant, who filed the suit, out of which the present appeal arises, in the Court of the Subordinate Judge, Burdwan, to recover possession thereof from the defendants alleging that they had trespassed thereon. The respondents contested the suit on the ground that, in fact, there were no arrears of rent due under Exhibit B, and that the sale was therefore void.

The Subordinate Judge held that there were arrears of rent due from the respondents, and that further as they had not sued to set aside the sale under s. 14 of the Regulation within the time limited by law, they could not set up its invalidity as a defence to the action in ejectment. The defendants preferred an appeal against this judgment to the District Court of Burdwan, and there raised a new contention that under the grant, Exhibit B, the suit lands became part of lot Ahiyapur, and that a sale of those lands was 1313 illegal as being a sale of a portion of the Patni. The District Judge after observing that the point was taken for the first time, held on a construction of Exhibit B that it created a new Patni, and that it could therefore be brought to sale, and he also held that s. 14 of the Regulation operated as a bar to the validity of the sale being questioned on the ground that the rent claimed was not, in fact, due. He accordingly dismissed the appeal. The respondents took the matter in second appeal to the High Court, and that was heard by a Bench consisting of Das Gupta and Lahiri JJ. who differed from the District Judge both on the construction of Exhibit B and on the bar of limitation based on s. 14 of the Regulation. They held that the effect of Exhibit B was merely to make the suit lands part and parcel of the Patni lot Ahiyapur, and that, therefore, the sale of those lands only was bad, as being a sale of a part of the Patni. They further held that as such a sale was void, s. 14 of the Regulation had no application. They accordingly allowed the appeal, and dismissed the suit. It is against this judgment that the present appeal has been brought on a certificate granted by the High Court under Art. 133(1)(a).

Mr. N. C. Chatterjee for the appellant urged the following contentions in support of the appeal: (1) The defendants did not raise either in the written statement or during the trial, the plea that under the sanad, Exhibit B, the Chaukidari Chakaran lands comprised therein became part of the Patni settlement of lot Ahiyapur, and, in consequence, their sale was bad as being of a part of the Patni, and the learned Judges should not have allowed that point to be raised in appeal. (2) Exhibit B properly construed must be held to create a new Patni distinct from lot Ahiyapur, and its sale is therefore valid. (3) Assuming that the sale is invalid as being of a part of a tenure, the only right of the defendants was to sue to have it set aside, as provided in s. 14 of the Regulation, and that not having been done, it is not open to them to attack it collaterally in these proceedings.

We see no substance in the first contention. It is 1314 true that the defendants did not put forward in the trial Court the plea that the effect of Exhibit B was to incorporate the suit lands in lot Ahiyapur Patni, and that, in consequence, the sale was illegal as being of a part of the Patni. On the other hand, the written statement proceeds on the view that Exhibit B created a new Patni unconnected with lot Ahiyapur, and the only defence raised on that basis was that no arrears of rent were due under Exhibit B, and that the sale was therefore invalid. But the true nature of the grant under Exhibit B is a matter to be decided on a construction of the terms of the document, and that is a question of law. It is argued for the appellant that it would be proper in determining the true character of the grant under Exhibit B to take into account surrounding circumstances, that to ascertain what those circumstances are, it will be necessary to take evidence, and that, in consequence, a question of that kind could not be permitted to be agitated for the first time in appeal. But it is well-settled that no evidence is admissible on a question of construction of a contract or grant, which must be based solely on the terms of the document, there being no suggestion before us that there is any dispute as to how the contents of the document are related to existing facts.

Vide Balkishen Das v. Legge (1) and Maung Kyin v. Ma Shwe La (2). It should, moreover, be mentioned that when the defendants sought to raise this contention in their appeal in the District Court, no objection was taken by the plaintiff thereto. Under the circumstances, the learned Judges were right in allowing this point to be taken. This contention must therefore be rejected.

The next point for determination is as to the true character of the grant under Exhibit B, whether it amounts to a new Patni with reference to the Chaukidari Chakaran lands as contended for by the appellant, or whether it incorporates those lands in the Patni of lot Ahiyapur, so as to make them part and parcel of the lands comprised therein, as is maintained by the respondents. To appreciate the (1) (1899) L.R. 27 I.A. 58, 65.

(2) (1917) L.R- 44 I.A. 236, 243.

1315 true position, it is necessary to examine what the rights of the Zamindar and of the Patnidar were with respect to Chaukidari Chakardan lands at the time of the grant, Exhibit B. These lands had been originally set apart as remuneration for the performance of services by the village chaukidars as watchmen, and for that reason when the village was granted to the Zamindar in permanent settlement, the income there from was not taken into account in fixing the jama payable by him, though they passed to him under the permanent settlement. Then came the Village Chaukidari Act, and under that Act the Government put an end to the services of the Chaukidars as village watchmen, resumed the lands and imposed assessment thereon, and, subject to it, transferred them to the Zamindar; and where the Zamindar had already parted with the village in which the lands were situate, by granting Patni, it became necessary to define the rights of the Zamindar and the Patnidar with reference to those lands.

Dealing with this matter, s. 51 of the Act provides that the title of the Zamindar on resumption and transfer by the Government shall be subject to " all contracts theretofore made ". Under this section, the Patnidar would be entitled to the Chaukidari Chakaran lands in the same right and on the same terms on which lie held the village in which they are situate. The nature of this right has been the subject of consideration in numerous authorities, and the law on the subject is well-settled. In Ranjit Singh v. Maharaj Bahadur Singh (1), it was held by the Privy Council that though the reservation under s. 51 is of rights under contracts made by the Zamindar and the word " contract " primarily means a transaction which creates personal obligations, it might also refer to transactions which create real rights, and that it was in that sense the word was used in s. 51, and that accordingly the Patnidar was entitled to institute a suit against the Zamindar for possession of those lands and was not obliged to suit for specific performance. But this does not mean that the Patnidar is (1) (1918) L.R. 45 I.A. 162.

167 1316 entitled to hold the lands free of all obligations. He is under a liability to pay to the Zamindar the assessment due thereon, when it is fixed under s. 50, and also a share of profits. Vide Bhupendra Narayan Singh v. Narapat Singh (1), where it was held by the Privy Council that when Chaukidari Chakaran lands included in a Patni settlement had been resumed and transferred to the Zamindar under s. 51 of the Act, he is entitled to the payment of a fair and equitable rent in respect thereof, and that the fixing of the rent is a condition to the Patnidar being put in possession. Vide also Rajendra Nath Mukherjee v. Hiralal Mukherjee (2) and Gopendra Chandra v. Taraprasanna (3).

These being the rights and obligations of the Zamindar and the Patnidar under s. 51 of the Act, a grant of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands by the former to the latter serves, in fact, two purposes. It recognises that the grantee is entitled to hold those lands by virtue of his title as Patnidar of the village of which they form part, and it fixes the amount payable by him on account of assessment and share of profits. The question then arises as to what the exact relationship is in which the new grant stands to the original Patni grant. Now, when s. 51 of the Act recognises and saves rights which had been acquired under contract with the Zamindar, its reasonable implication is that the rights so recognised are the same as under the contract, and that, in consequence, the settlement of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands in Patni must be taken to be a continuance of the Patni of the village in which they are included. But it is open to the parties to agree that the Chaukidari Chakaran lands should form a new and distinct Patni, and the result of such an agreement will be that while the grantee will hold those lands in Patni right, that is to say, the tenure will be permanent, heritable and alienable so far as his liability to pay jama and the corresponding right of the Zamindar to sell it under the Regulation if there is any default in the (1) (1925) L.R. 52 I.A. 355. (2) (1906) 14 C.W.N. 995.

(3) (1910) I.L.R. 37 Cal. 598.

1317 payment thereof are concerned, the now grant will be an entity by itself independent of the original Patni. That that could be done by agreement of parties is well-settled, and is not disputed before us. If that is the true position, then the real question to be considered is, what is the agreement of parties with reference to the Chaukidari Chakaran lands, whether they are to be constituted as an independent Patni or whether they should be treated as a continuation of the original Patni or an accretion thereto, and the answer to it must depend on the interpretation to be put on the grant.

It is now necessary to refer to the material terms of Exhibit B under which the Chaukidari Chakaran lands were granted to the predecessors of respondents I to 7. It begins by stating that the Patnidars of lot Ahiyapur appeared before the Zamindar and ,prayed for taking Patni settlement of the said 84 Bighas 18 Cottas of land at a yearly rental of Rs. 126/8 as.", and then provides how the amount is to be paid. Then there is the following clause, which is important:

"You will pay the rent etc., Kist after Kist according to the Kistbandi in accordance with law, and if you do not pay the same, I will realise the arrears together with interest and costs by causing the aforesaid lands to be sold by auction by instituting proceedings under Regulation VIII of 1819 and other laws which are in force or will come into force......" Then follow provisions relating to the transfer by the Patnidars of " the aforesaid lands ", succession by inheritance or by will to " the aforesaid lands " and the registration of the name of the transferee or successor in the Sherista, and it is expressly stated that "so long as the name of the new Patnidar is not recorded in the Sherista, the former Patnidar whose name is recorded in the Sherista will remain liable for the rent, and on a sale of the Mahal by auction on institution of proceedings against him under Regulation VIII of 1819 or any other law that will be in force for realisation of arrears of rent, no objection thereto on the Part of the new Patnidar can be entertained." 1318 Then ,there are two clause on which on the respondents rely, and they are in these terms:

" If in future it transpires that any other persons besides yourselves have Patni rights in the Patni interest of the, said lot Ahiyapur, such persons shall have Patni rights in these Chakaran lands also to the same extent and in the same manner as they will be found to have interests in the Patni of the aforesaid lot, and if for the said reason any person puts forward any claim against the Raj Estate and the Raj Estate has to suffer any loss therefor, you will make good the said claim and the loss without any objection. If in future the Patni interest in the said lot Ahiyapur be transferred for liability for arrears of rent or if the same comes to an end for any reason, then your Patni interest in these Chakaran lands also will be transferred or will come to an end alongwith the original Patni ,simultaneously." It is on these two clauses that the learned Judges in the Court below have based their decision that the intention of the par-ties was to treat the suit lands as part of the Patni of lot Ahiyapur. Now, it cannot be disputed that the two clauses aforesaid afford considerable support to the conclusion to which the learned Judges have come. The first clause provides that if besides the grantee under Exhibit B there were other persons entitled to Patni rights in lot Ahiyapur, those persons also shall have Patni rights in Chaukidari Chakaran lands to the same extent as in Patni Ahiyapur. That clearly means that the rights conferred on the grantees under Exhibit B have their roots in the Patni lot of Ahiyapur. Likewise, the provision in the last clause that the grantees will lose their rights to the Chaukidari Chakaran lands if their interest in Ahiyapur Patni was sold clearly suggests that the grant under Exhibit B is to be an annexe to the grant of Ahiyapur.

As against this, the appellant argues that the other clauses in Exhibit B quoted above strongly support his contention, and that when the document is read as a whole, it unmistakably reveals an intention to treat the suit lands as a distinct Patni. We must now 1319 refer to these clauses. Exhibit B begins by reciting that the grantees desired to take a Patni settlement of 84 Bighas 18 Cottas, which is some indication, though not very strong, that it is to be held as a distinct entity. We have then the clause which provides that when there is default in the payment of kist, the lands are liable to be sold in proceedings instituted under the Regulation. Now, the law had long been settled that a sale of a portion of a Patni is bad, but that if by agreement of all the parties interested different portions thereof are held under different sadads, which provide for sale of those portions for default in pay- ment of kist payable respectively thereon, then each of those sanads might be held to have created a separate Patni in respect of the portion comprised therein. Vide Mohadeb Mundul v. Mr. H. Cowell(1) and Monomothonath Dev and another v. Mr. G. Glascott (2). When, therefore, the Zamindar and the Patnidar agreed under Exhibit B that the lands comprised therein could be sold under the Regulation when there was default in payment of kist fixed therefor, they must clearly have intended that those lands should be constituted into a distinct Patni. Otherwise, the clause will be inoperative and void, and indeed, the learned Judges in the Court below have, on that ground, declined to give any effect to it.

Now, it is a settled rule of interpretation that if there be admissible two constructions of a document, one of which will give effect to all the clauses therein while the other will render one or more of them nugatory, it is the former that should be adopted on the principle expressed in the maxim " ut res magis valeat quam per-eat ". What has to be considered therefore is whether it is possible to give effect to the clause in question, which can only be by construing Exhibit B as creating a separate Patni, and at the same time reconcile the last two clauses with that construction. Taking first the provision that if there be other persons entitled to the Patni of lot Ahiyapur they are to have the same rights in the land comprised in Exhibit B, (2) (1873) 20 Weekly Reporter 275.

1320 that no doubt posits the continuance in those persons of the title under the original Patni. But the true purpose of this clause is, in our opinion, not so much to declare the rights of those other persons which rest on statutory recognition, but to provide that the grantees tinder the document should take subject to those rights. That that is the purpose of the clause is clear from the provision for indemnity which is contained therein. Moreover, if on an interpretation of the other clauses in the grant, the correct conclusion to come to is that it creates a new Patni in favour of the grantees there under, it is difficult to see how the reservation of the rights of the other Patnidars of lot Ahiyapur, should such there be, affects that conclusion.

We are unable to see anything in the clause under discussion, which militates against the conclusion that Exhibit B creates a new Patni.

Then there is the clause as to the cesser of interest of the grantees in the Chaukidari Chakaran lands when their title to lot Ahiyapur comes to an end, and according to the respondents, this shows that under Exhibit B the Chaukidari Chakaran lands are treated as part and parcel of the Ahiyapur Patni. If that were so, a sale of lot Ahiyapur must carry with it the Chaukidari Chakaran lands, they being ex hypothesi, part and parcel thereof, and there was no need for a provision such is is made in the last clause. But that clause would serve a real purpose if the Patni under Exhibit B is construed as separate from that of lot Ahiyapur. In that view, when the major Patni of lot Ahiyapur is sold, the intention obviously is that the minor Patni under Exhibit B, should not stand out but be extinguished,-a result which could be achieved only by a special provision. We should finally refer to the clauses in Exhibit B providing for transfer of or succession to the Chaukidari Chakaran lands and for the recognition of such transferee or successor as a Patnidar of those lands. It is clear from these provision,s that such a transferee or successor is to hold the lands as a Patnidar, different from the Patnidar of lot Ahiyapur. Reading these clauses along with the last clause, it seems clear that the intention of the parties 1321 was that while a transfer of the Ahiyapur Patni by sale should extinguish the title of the holders of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands a transfer of these lands would have no effect on the title to the lot Ahiyapur Patni. Construing Exhibit B, as a whole, we are of opinion that the intention of the parties as expressed therein was that the Chaukidari Chakaran lands should be held as a distinct Patni.

We must now refer to the decision on which the learned Judges in the Court below have relied in support of their conclusion. In Kanchan Barani Debi v. Umesh Chandra (1), the facts were that the Maharaja of Burdwan had created a Patni of lot Kooly in 1820. The Chaukidari Chakaran lands situated within that village were resumed under the Act and transferred to the Zamindar who granted them in 1899 to one Syamlal Chatterjee in Patni on terms similar to those in Exhibit B. In 1914 the Patni lot Kooly was sold under the Regulation, and purchased by Sint. Kanchan Barani Debi.

She then sued as such purchaser to recover possession of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands. The defendants who represented the grantees under the Patni settlement of 1899 resisted the suit on the ground that the sale of Patni Kooly did not operate to vest in the purchaser the title in the Chaukidari Chakaran lands, as they formed a distinct Patni. Dealing with this contention, B. B. Ghose J. who delivered the judgment of the Court, observed :

concerned to alter the terms of the original patni if they chose to do so; and what we have to see is whether that was done. In order to do that, we have to examine the terms of the pattah by which the Chaukidari Chakaran lands were granted to Syamlal Chatterjee." The learned Judge then refers to the two clauses cor- responding to the last two clauses in Exhibit B, and comes to the conclusion that their effect was merely to, restore the position as it was when the original Patni was created, and that, in consequence, the purchaser was entitled to the Patni as it was created in 1820, (1) A.I.R. 1925 Cal. 807, 1322 and that the plaintiff was entitled to the possession of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands as being part of the Patni. Now, it is to be observed that in deciding that the Chaukidari Chakaran lands granted in 1899 became merged is lot Kooly, as it was in 1820, the learned Judge did not consider the effect of the clause providing for sale of those lands as a distinct entity under the provisions of the Regulation when there was default in the payment of ret payable thereon under the deed, and that, in our opinion, deprives the deci- sion of much of its value. In the result, we are unable to hold that the two clauses on which the learned Judges base their conclusion are really inconsistent with the earlier clauses which support the view that the grant under Exhibit B is of a distinct Patni. Nor do we agree with them that the earlier clause providing for the sale of the Chaukidari Chakaran lands in default of the payment of jama, should be construed so as not to override the later clauses. If, in fact, there is a conflict between the earlier clause and the later clauses and it is not possible to give effect to all of them, then the rule of construction is well-established that it is the earlier clause that must override the later clauses and not vice versa. In Forbes v. Git (1), Lord Wrenbury stated the rule in the following terms :

" If in a deed an earlier clause is followed by a later clause which destroys altogether the obligation created by the earlier clause, the later clause is to be rejected as repugnant and the earlier clause prevails. In this case the two clauses cannot be reconciled and the earlier provision in the deed prevails over the later." We accordingly hold that Exhibit B created a new Patni and that the sale of the lands comprised therein is not bad as of a portion of a, Patni.

We are conscious that we are differing from the learned Judges of the Court below on a question relating to a local tenure on which their opinion is, by reason of the special knowledge and experience which they have of it, entitled to the greatest weight. It is also true that the decision in Kanchan Barani Debi v.

(1) [1922] 1 A.C. 256,259.

1323 Umesh. Chandra (1) has stood now for over three decades, though it is pertinent to add that its correctness does not appear to have come up for consideration in any subsequent decision of the Calcutta High Court, prior to this litigation. But then, the question is one of construction of a deed, and our decision that the effect of an agreement of the kind in Exhibit B was to constitute the Chaukidari Chakaran lands into a distinct Patni will not result in any injustice to the parties. On the other hand, the rule that a portion of a Patni should not be sold being one intended for the benefit of the Patnidars, there is no reason why an agreement entered into by them with the Zamindars providing for the sale of a portion, thereof-which is really to their advantage, should not be given effect to. Having anxiously considered the matter, we have come to the conclusion that Exhibit B creates a distinct Patni, that the sale thereof on May 15, 1937, is valid, and that the plaintiff has therefore acquired a good title to the suit lands under the grant dated February 13, 1941. In this view, it is unnecessary to express any opinion on the point that was the subject of considerable argument before us as to whether it is open to the defendants to raise the invalidity of the sale held on May 15, 1937, in answer to this action, they not having taken steps to have set it aside, as provided in s. 14 of the Regulation.

In the result, the appeal is allowed, the judgment of the lower Court reversed and that of the District Judge restored, with costs throughout.

Appeal allowed.

(1) A.I.R. 1925 Cal. 807.

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