Dr. Sailendra Nath Sinha & ANR Vs.
Jasoda Dulal Adhikari & ANR [1958] INSC 76 (11 September 1958)
KAPUR, J.L.
IMAM, SYED JAFFER
CITATION: 1959 AIR 51 1959 SCR 1263
CITATOR INFO :
D 1960 SC 576 (25)
ACT:
Official Liquidator-Powers of-Prosecution of
Director of Company-If direction of Court necessary-Court giving direction, if
bound to hear Director-Indian Companies Act, 1913 (VII Of 1913), ss. 179 and
237(1).
HEADNOTE:
The Official Liquidator got a complaint under
ss. 120-B, 406, 467 and 477A, 'Indian Penal Code filed before the Presidency
Magistrate against the appellants one of whom was a past director and the other
the Managing Director of the Bank of Commerce Ltd., which was in compulsory
liquidation.
The appellants applied to the Presidency
Magistrate for dismissal of tile complaint on the ground that the Official
Liquidator was incompetent to prefer the complaint as there was no sanction of
the Company judge. This was dismissed.
The appellants then applied to the High Court
for quashing the criminal proceedings on the ground that the prosecution was ab
initio void because of the absence of a prior direction judicially given by the
High Court under S. 237(1) of the Indian Companies Act. The High Court rejected
the application.
Held, that a direction of the Court under s.
237(1) of the Indian Companies Act was not a condition precedent to the
prosecution of the appellants by the Official Liquidator.
In fact, a valid and proper direction had
been given by the Court under s. 237(1) to the Official Liquidator for the
prosecution of the appellants. In giving a direction under this section the
Court could act ex parte and it was not necessary to give to the appellants any
opportunity of being heard. Section I79 Of the Companies Act deals with the
powers of liquidators to institute or defend legal proceedings with the
sanction of the Court and S. 239(1) deals with the powers of the Court to give
directions for prosecution of delinquent directors, etc. In the present case,
the Court had made an order under s. I79 giving liberty to the Official
Liquidator to institute or defend legal proceedings, and the Official
Liquidator was entitled to lodge the complaint against the appellants even
without a direction under S. 237(1).
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No. 28 of 1956.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated June 21, 1954, of the Calcutta High Court in Criminal Revision No.
811 of 1953.
1264 Ranadeb Chaudhury and P. K. Chatterjee,
for the appellants.
B. Sen and P. K. Bose, for the respondents.
1958. September 11. The Judgment of the Court
was delivered by KAPUR J.-This appeal by special leave raises a question of
interpretation of s. 237 of the Indian Companies Act.
Appellant No. 1 is One of the past directors
of the Bank of Commerce Ltd., now in liquidation and appellant No. 2 was its
Managing Director. The Bank was ordered to be wound up by the High Court of
Calcutta on August 7, 1950, and one G. K. Dutt, Bar-at-law was appointed its
Official Liquidator but on September 7, 1950, the Official Receiver was
appointed in place of Dutt. On July 23, 1952, respondent No. 1 filed in Court
of the Presidency Magistrate a complaint against the appellant under ss. 120B,
406, 467, 477A, Indian Penal Code and 182A of the Indian Companies Act and
stated that he was doing so under the authority of the official liquidator and
the official liquidator had obtained the directions of the High Court to file
the complaint. On May 5, 1953, the appellant applied to the I-residency
Magistrate for dismissal of the complaint as being without the sanction of the
Company Judge and therefore the official liquidator in his official capacity
was incompetent to prefer the complaint, being the creation of the statute he
could only act within the four corners of the statute. He possessed only those
powers which the statute conferred on him. This application was dismissed by
the Presidency Magistrate on June 13, 1953.
The appellant then applied to the High Court
for quashing the criminal proceedings on the ground that the prosecution was ab
initio void because of the absence of prior direction judicially given by the
High Court under s. 237(1) of the Indian Companies Act. The High Court found
against the appellants and discharged the rule. The learned Chief Justice held
that the provisions of s. 237(1) are no bar to a prosecution by the liquidator;
that under s. 237(1) there is nothing in the nature of a judicial proceedings
1265 that it could not be said that the order was not a valid direction under
s. 237(1). He said:
" There can be no question in the
present case that the relevant facts were all placed before the Company Judge,
because they are all set out in the report of Adhikary and the affidavits
annexed there to which the order expressly refers and with reference to which
the liberty to bring legal proceedings was expressly given. In view of those
circumstances, it is impossible to say that the Company Court had not before it
all the facts on which the prosecution is based or that it did not apply its
mind to the considerations relevant to section 237(1) ".
He also held that clause (a) of s. 179
empowers the liquidator to institute or defend legal proceedings in the name of
the company and that it was expressly concerned with the powers of' the
liquidator whereas s. 237 dealt with the powers of the Court to give,
directions. P. B. Mukherji J. gave a concurring judgment. After referring to
the history of s. 237, he held that under that section the Company Judge can
act ex parte and it was not necessary for him to hear a director or an officer
of the company complained against and that direction given under that section
was not a condition precedent to a prosecution by the official liquidator nor
is it the intention of that section to impinge on the powers of a criminal
court under the Code of Criminal Procedure. Leave to appeal having been refused
by the Calcutta High Court, the appellants have come to this Court in pursuance
of special leave.
On the application of the official liquidator
Bachawat J. an January 15, 1951, made an order which must be taken to be one
under s. 179. In this order it was said:
And it is further ordered that the said
applicant be at liberty to institute or defend any suit or prosecution, or
other legal proceedings, civil or criminal in the name and on behalf of the
said Bank and to continue all pending suits and execution proceedings by or
against the said Bank and for that purpose to engage advocates, Vakils and
other.
lawyers and to 1266 pay out of the assets of
the said Bank in his hands all costs of and incidental to such suits,
prosecutions and/or legal proceedings ".
On July 22, 1952, the official liquidator
obtained the order from Bannerji J. which the High Court has held, and in our
opinion rightly, to be an order under s. 237(1) of the Indian Companies Act.
This order said:
" It is ordered that the said applicant
be at liberty to take such civil or criminal proceedings as he may think
necessary over the report of the said Jasoda Dulal Adhikary read with the
affidavits of H. Sen Gupta and Nepal Chandra Adhikary read with the affidavits
of H. Sen Gupta and Nepal Chandra Mitra as set out in the said Exhibit " A
" ".
The passage already quoted from the judgment
of the learned Chief Justice shows that all the relevant facts were before the
Company Judge, as they were all set out in the affidavits placed before him.
The complaint was then filed on July 23, 1952. During the pendency of the
complaint the appellants took an appeal against the order of the Company Judge
dated July 22, 1952, but it was dismissed on the objection taken by the
liquidator that it was an administrative order and not a judicial order.
On August 5, 1953, the official liquidator
took out misfeasance proceedings under s. 235 of the Companies Act and the
appellants then applied to the High Court for quashing the criminal proceedings
already started on the ground of commencement of proceedings under s. 235. This
application was also heard with the rule which was issued on June 29, 1953, and
it was dismissed by the same judgment by which the rule was discharged, i. e.,
of June 21, 1954.
The general scheme of the Companies Act is
that the Court should have complete control of all proceedings in winding up
and it was therefore urged that the official liquidator was not authorised to
do anything either without the sanction of the Court or without its directions.
Section 179 deals with the powers of official liquidator. It provides:
1267 The official liquidator shall have
power, with the sanction of the court, to do the following things:
(a) to institute or defend any suit or
prosecution or other legal proceeding, civil or criminal in the name and on
behalf of the company;.............." Under s. 180 the Court may provide
that the official liquidator may exercise any of the powers given under s. 179
without the sanction or intervention of the Court. Section 183 deals with the
exercise and control of liquidator's powers. Sub-section 3 authorises him to
apply to the Court for directions in relation to any particular matter arising
in the winding up. Subsection 4 is a provision under which the official
liquidator is entitled to use his own discretion in the administration of the
assets of the company and in the distribution amongst the creditors. Subsection
5 provides:
" If any person is aggrieved by any act
or decision of the official liquidator, that person may apply to the Court and
the Court may confirm, reverse or modify the act or decision complained of, and
make such order as it thinks just in the circumstances ".
These provisions show that s. 179 deals with
the powers of the liquidator.
Under s. 235 the Court has the power to
assess damages against delinquent directors and the Court may on the
application of the liquidator or a creditor or a contributory examine into the
conduct of a director and compel him to pay or restore money or property or to
contribute such sum to the assets of the company by way of compensation in
respect of any misfeasance on his part and this power may be exercised
irrespective of the criminal liability of the director. Section 237 deals with
prosecution of delinquent director and the relevant portion of this section is:
(1) " If it appears to the Court in the
course of a winding up by, or subject to the supervision of, the Court, that
any past or present director, manager or other officer, or any member, of the
company has been guilty of any offence in relation to the company for which he
is criminally liable, the Court may, either on 161 1268 the application of any
person interested in the winding up or of its own motion, direct the liquidator
either himself to prosecute the offender or to refer the matter to the
registrar.
(2) If it appears to the liquidator in the
course of a voluntary winding up that any past or present director, manager or
other officer, or any member of the company has been guilty of any offence in
relation to the company for which he is criminally liable, he shall forthwith
report the matter to the registrar and shall furnish to him such information
and give to him such access to and facilities for inspecting and taking copies
of any documents, being information or documents in the possession or under the
control of the liquidator relating to the matter in question, as he may require.
(3) Where any report is made under
sub-section (2) to the registrar, he may, if he thinks fit, refer the matter to
the Central Government for further enquiry, and the Central Government shall
thereupon investigate the matter and may, if they think it expedient, apply to
the Court for an order conferring on any person designated by the Central
Government for the purpose with respect to the company concerned all such
powers of investigating the affairs of the company as are provided by this Act
in the case of a winding up by the Court.
(4) If on any report to the registrar under
sub-s. 2 it appears to him that the case is not one in which proceedings ought
to be taken by him, he shall inform the liquidator accordingly, and thereupon,
subject to the previous sanction of the Court, the liquidator may himself take
proceedings against the offender.
(5) If it appears to the Court in the course
of voluntary winding up that any past or present director, manager or other
officer, or any member, of the company has been guilty as aforesaid, and that
no report with respect to the matter has been made by the liquidator to the
registrar, the Court may, on the application of any person interested in the
winding up or of its own motion, direct the liquidator to make such a report,
and on a report being made accordingly, 1269 the provisions of this section
shall have effect as though, the report has been made in pursuance of the
provisions of sub-section (2).
(6) If, where any matter is reported or
referred to the registrar under this section, he considers that the case is one
in which a prosecution ought to be instituted, he shall place the papers before
the Advocate-General or the public prosecutor and if advised to do so institute
proceedings :
Provided that no prosecution shall be
undertaken without first giving the accused person an opportunity of making a
statement in writing to the registrar and of being heard thereon.
..........................................................
It was this section which the appellants
pressed in support of the argument that without the order of the Court the
official liquidator cannot lodge a criminal complaint against a past director
and if he does so the proceedings will be ab initio void. All that sub-s. (1)
requires is that if the Court finds in the course of winding up that any past
or present director, etc., has been guilty of any offence in relation to the
company the Court may either on the application of the person interested or of
its own motion direct the liquidator to prosecute the offender or to refer the
matter to the registrar. In the latter case if the registrar finds that the
prosecution ought to be instituted he can do so if advised by the
Advocate-General or the public prosecutor. But emphasis was placed by counsel
for the appellants on the proviso that no prosecution could be undertaken
without first giving the accused person an opportunity of making a statement to
the registrar or of being heard and it was urged that if the registrar cannot
institute prosecution without first giving an opportunity to the person accused
to file an explanation, no directions could be given by the judge unless the
persons accused are first allowed an opportunity of giving an explanation. But
this contention must be repelled. Under s. 237 (1) the Court may direct the
liquidator to himself prosecute the offender or to refer the matter to the
registrar. Giving an opportunity to the offender before such direction is given
by 1270 the Court is not a prerequisite of the Judge making in order under
sub-s. (1). Under sub-s. (6) the registrar is required to give the offender an
opportunity to show cause before a prosecution is undertaken. That is a far
step from saying that s. 237(1) of the Companies Act requires a Judge to give
the offender an opportunity before he gives a direction for prosecution by the
liquidator or for reference to the registrar.
It was further urged that under sub-s (4) in
the case of voluntary liquidation, the liquidator has to proceed after
obtaining the sanction of the Court and therefore it was urged that the
liquidator cannot institute criminal proceedings without such sanction in the
case of winding up by the Court. Whatever may be the case of a liquidator under
voluntary winding up sub-s. (1) of s. 237 makes no such provision in the case
of compulsory liquidation. Our attention was drawn to some passages from the
Indian Companies Act by Sircar & Sen, 1937 Edition. At page 624 it is
stated that the object of the section is to provide against abuses and indiscriminate
commencement of prosecutions and also for the first time a provision has been
made under this section for prosecutions being conducted as crown prosecutions.
In a passage at page 628 it is stated:
" But before the Court can exercise its
jurisdiction it must come to the conclusion that in the course of winding up
the person intended to be charged under this section has been guilty of an
offence in relation to the company for which he is criminally liable. But such
a finding is not to prejudice the accused in any way in his trial. Per Chitty
J. in re Charles Denham & Co. Ltd. L.T. 570 at 571. " The procedure
under s. 237(1) as stated in this book at the same page is as follows:
" The application should be made on a
petition verified by an affidavit in which materials must be set out sufficient
to make out a prima facie case.
It is not quite settled as to whether the
liquidator should make the application upon notice to anyone. Generally the
application should be ex parte, but 1271 the Court may direct notice to be
given to any person who is in its opinion entitled to be heard ".
These passages do not support the contention
that before a prosecution can be validly instituted against a past director the
sanction of the Court is necessary. Mr. Choudhuri then relied on an observation
of Buckley J. In Re London and Globe Finance Corporation (1) also quoted in
Sircar & Sen's book at page 625. There the principles guiding the Court in
ordering prosecutions have been laid down as follows:
" I have next to consider upon what
principles I ought to exercise the power given me by S. 167 of the Companies
Act, 1862, to direct the official receiver to institute and conduct a
prosecution at the expense of the assets. It is obvious that no one
legitimately can or ought to institute a criminal prosecution with a view to
his personal profit.
Neither should a prosecution be instituted
from motives of vengeance against the offender. The motive of every prosecution
ought, to be to inflict punishment upon the criminal for the proper enforcement
of the law and for the advantage of the State and with a view to deter others
from doing the like ".
This passage does not support the giving of
an opportunity to the offender before the Judge can give direction nor do they
affect the powers of the liquidator to start a prosecution or the, criminal
court to entertain a complaint when filed by the liquidator.
The following passage from Buckley's Company
Law under the commentary under s. 334 of the English Companies Act, 1948, which
corresponds to s. 237 of the Indian Companies Act was then referred to:
" Proceedings will accordingly be taken
by the Director of Public Prosecutions (or Lord Advocate) or not at all ".
But this is because of the peculiar and
express language of s. 334 tinder which the Judge can only direct the
liquidator to refer the matter to the Director of Public Prosecutions or to
Lord Advocate as the case may be. In the English Act, special provision has
been made for England saving the institution of (1) (1903) 1 Ch. 728, 733.
1272 criminal proceedings by private
prosecutors. Merely because no such provision has been made in regard to
scotland does not affect the argument.
Mr. Choudhuri then relied on certain English
cases dealing with the mode of giving directions. In re Northern Counties Bank
Limited(1) the Judge had ordered the liquidator to ascertain by circular the
wishes of the creditors and after they had appeared to oppose the starting of
the prosecution, it was held (1) that it did not sufficiently appear that the
offence had been committed and (2) that as 2/3 of the creditors opposed the
application the prosecution should not be ordered as expenses will have to be
paid from out of the money belonging to the creditors. The main question for
decision in that case was whether the prosecution should be at the cost and
expense of the assets of the company but competency of the liquidator to file
the complaint was not in dispute. Reference 'was then made to Palmer's Company
Precedents, 1952 Edition, Vol. II, again stating as to when leave to prosecute
should be given but the law stated there does not support the case for the
appellants. At page 605 it is stated :
" The summons will be ex parte, and
should be supported by affidavit showing a strong case for prosecution, and
also the extent of the assets and liabilities. The court is not willing when
the assets are small, to sanction proceedings which may swallow up or largely
reduce those assets ".
The form at p. 607 does not show that under
the English Companies Act when liberty is given to prosecute the person accused
is heard. All that is required is that the court will make its order upon
affidavits etc. filed before it and it can also order that the costs and
charges incurred by the liquidator shall be paid out of the assets of the
company.
It was next contended that although the
language of s. 237 was not in the negative form still the effect of the words
was that no prosecution could be instituted without the sanction of the Court
being obtained by the liquidator. In support of the submission counsel (1)
(1883) 31 W.R. 546.
1273 relied on The Queen v. Cubitt (1) which
was a case under the Sea Fisheries Act which created certain offences and by s.
11 provided:
"The provisions of this
Act............... shall be enforced by sea-fishery officers ", who are
defined by that section and it was held that the effect of the words was that
no one except the sea-fishery officer could prosecute an offence under the Act.
But there are no such words of limitation in s. 237. In Taylor v.
Taylor(2) the words of the statute were
"entitled to the possession or the receipt of the rents and profits"
and it was held that the order under the statute could only be made upon a
petition which was within the words above quoted and if there was no such
person no order could be made but that again was decided on the peculiar
language of the statute.
Counsel also relied on Nazir Ahmad v. Crown
(3) where it was held that if the statute authorises the doing of an act in one
way then it had to be done in that way or not at all.
The argument of Mr. Choudhuri really comes to
this that the complaint filed on behalf of the official liquidator was
incompetent in the absence of a direction under s. 237 or without complying
with the procedure laid down in that section. Section 237(1) does not lay down
any procedure for the giving of directions and the provisions in regard to the
action taken by the registrar do not have any relevancy to what the court
should do before it gives directions.
English cases that have been cited do not go
to the extent of saying that no prosecution can be instituted without the
sanction of the court. They deal with another subject and that is the
circumstances in which the Judge would give directions for prosecution and would
sanction the assets of the company to be expanded in prosecution. Besides
nowhere has it been stated that the court cannot give directions without first
hearing the persons accused or that the directions of the Judge are a condition
precedent to the lawful institution of criminal proceedings by the liquidator.
(1) (1889) 22 Q.B.D. 622. (2) (1875) 1 Ch.
426.
(3) (1936) L.R. 63 I.A. 372, 381.
1274 On the other hand it has been held that
under s. 179 of the Indian Companies Act no sanction is required for commencing
a prosecution. In Jaswantrai Manilal Akhaney v. The State of Bombay (1) at the
instance of the official liquidator a report was lodged with the police against
the Managing Director of a Bank and the police submitted a charge sheet to the
Magistrate. It was observed by Sinha J. at page 502:
" In terms the section laws down the
powers of the official liquidator. Such a Liquidator has to function under the
directions of the court which is in charge of the liquidation proceedings. One
of his powers is to institute prosecutions in the name and on behalf of the
company under liquidation with the sanction of the court. This section does not
purport to impose any limitations on the powers of a criminal court to
entertain a criminal prosecution launched in the ordinary course under the
provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure ".
It was also pointed out in this judgment that
s. 179 contains no words corresponding to the language of Drug Control Order,
1943, which was held to be a condition precedent for instituting prosecution in
the case of Basdeo Aggarwalla v. King Emperor (2) nor are there any prohibitory
words like those that are contained in ss. 196 and 197 of the Criminal
Procedure Code. In the former case no prosecution could be instituted without
the previous sanction of the Provincial Government and the latter provides that
“no court shall take cognizance................... There are two cases decided
by two Indian High Courts which support the submission of the respondents'
counsel.
In Emperor v. Bishan Sahai (3) it was held
that the Companies Act nowhere provides that without the directions of a Judge
no criminal prosecution can be instituted. In Mrityunjoy Chakravarti v. Provot
Kumar Pal(4), it was held that neither s. 179 nor s. 237 indicates that if the
liquidator takes action without a (1) [1956] S.C.R. 483.
(2) [1945] F.C.R. 93.
(3) I.L.R. (1937) All. 779.
(4) A.I.R. 1953 Cal. 153.
1275 direction of the Court this action would
be illegal or invalid or it would invalidate a prosecution.
It would thus appear that both on the
language of s. 237(1) as well as on precedent the complaint made by the
liquidator against the appellants suffers from no such infirmity as to make the
proceedings null and void. The section contains no such words which indicate
that such a prosecution cannot be instituted by a liquidator without the
sanction of the Judge or that the Court cannot take cognizance of a complaint
without such sanction or direction. Section 179 as the learned Chief Justice of
Calcutta High Court has rightly pointed out, deals with the powers of
liquidators to institute or defend proceedings with the sanction of the Court
and s. 237(1) deals with the powers of the Court to give directions for
prosecution of delinquent directors, etc.
It was further urged on behalf of the
respondents that in the case before us there was a proper direction under s. 237(1).
The judgment of the High Court shows that before the learned Judge gave a
direction on July 22, 1952, there were before him proper materials and,
therefore, his sanction was perfectly valid, legal and proper. Before this
order made by Bannerji J. there was an order of Bachawat J. dated January 15, 1951, under s. 179 and, therefore, when the liquidator authorised his
Assistant, respondent No. 1 to institute the proceedings he was entitled to do
so. As we have said above even in the absence of such directions the legality
of the criminal proceedings instituted would not be affected.
Nothing that we have said in this judgment
must be taken to be an expression of opinion which in any way affects the
control by the Judge of proceedings in winding up or over the liquidators.
We would, therefore, dismiss this appeal.
Appeal dismissed.
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