Baij Nath Prasad Tripathi Vs. The
State of Bhopal [1957] INSC 14 (13 February 1957)
ACT:
Criminal trial-Prosecution for offences under
s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code and s. 5 of the Prevention of Corruption
Act-Proceedings quashed for want of Proper sanction-Fresh sanction-Second trial
for same offences--Whether betted Constitution of India, Art. 20 (2)-Code of
Criminal Procedure, S. 403.
HEADNOTE:
The accused was tried and convicted by a
Special judge for offences under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code and s. 5 of
the Prevention of Corruption Act. On appeal the whole proceedings were quashed
as being ab initio invalid for want of proper sanction. The authorities
accorded fresh sanction and directed the accused to be tried by a Special judge
for the same offences. It was contended by the accused that the second trial
was barred by Art. 20 (2) of the Constitution of India and by s. 403 -Of the
Code of Criminal Procedure.
Held, that the trial was not barred. Art. 20
(2) had no application in the case. The accused was not being prosecuted and
punished for the same offence more than once, the earlier proceedings having
been held to be null and void. The accused was not tried in the earlier
proceedings by a Court of competent jurisdiction, nor was there any conviction
or acquittal in force within the meaning of S. 403(1) of the Code to stand as a
bar against the trial for the same offence.
Yusofalli'Mulla v. The King, A.I.R. (1949) P.
C. 264, Basdeo Agarwalla v. King-Emperor, (1945) F.C.R. 93 and Budha Mal v. of
Delhi, Criminal Appeal No. 17 Of 1952, decided on October 1952, followed.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Petition No. 115 of
1956, and Petition No. 132 of 1956.
Petitions under Article 32 of the
Constitution of India for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
B. D. Sharma, for the petitioners.
C. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India,
Porus A. Mehta and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondents, 651 1957. February 13.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by S. K. DAS J.-These two petitions for
the issue of appropriate writs restraining the respondents from prosecuting and
trying the two petitioners 'on certain criminal charges in circumstances to be
presently stated, raise the same question of law and have been heard together.
This judgment will govern them both.
Baij Nath Prasad Tripathi, petitioner in
Petition No. 115 of 1956, was a Sub-inspector of Police in the then State of
Bhopal. He was prosecuted in the Court of Shri B. K. Puranik, Special Judge,
Bhopal, and convicted of offences under s. 161, Indian Penal Code, and s. 5 of
the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. He was sentenced to nine months'
rigorous imprisonment on each count. He preferred an appeal against the
conviction and sentences to the Judicial Commissioner of Bhopal. The Judicial
Commissioner held by his judgment dated March 7, 1956, that no sanction
according to law had been given for the prosecution of the -petitioner and the
Special JudGe had no jurisdiction to take cognizance of the case; the trial was
accordingly ab initio invalid -and liable to be quashed. He accordingly set
aside the conviction and quashed the entire proceedings before the Special
Judge. He then observed: "The parties would thus be relegated to the
position as if no legal charge-sheet had been submitted against the
appellant." On April 4, 1956, the Chief Commissioner of Bhopal passed an
order under s. 7(2) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952 (No. XLVI of 1952)
that the petitioner shall be tried by Shri S. N. Shri vastava, Special Judge,
Bhopal, for certain offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act read with
S. 161, Indian Penal Code. The case of the petitioner is that he cannot be
prosecuted and tried again for the same offences under the aforesaid order of
April 4, 1956.
Sudhakar Dube, petitioner in Petition No. 132
of. 1956, was also a Sub-Inspector of Police in the then State of Bhopal.
He was also prosecuted in the Court of Shri
B. K. Puranik, Special Judge, Bhopal, on a 84 652 charge of having accepted
illegal gratification for showing official favour to one Panna Lal. The learned
Special Judge by an order dated January 10, 1956, came to the conclusion that
no legal sanction for the prosecution of the petitioner had been given by the
competent authority and the sanction given by the Inspector. General of Police
was not valid in law; he therefore held that the whole trial was null and void
and he could not take cognizance of the offences in question. Accordingly he
quashed the proceedings. On February 7, 1956, the Chief Secretary to the Government
of Bhopal accorded fresh sanction for the prosecution of the petitioner for
offences under s. 161, Indian Penal Code, and s. 5 of the Prevention of
Corruption Act. The petitioner then moved this Court for appropriate writs
restraining the respondents from prosecuting and trying him for the offences
stated in the fresh sanction aforesaid.
On behalf of both the petitioners the
contention is that by reason of cl. (2) of Art. 20 of the Constitution and s.
403 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the petitioners cannot now be tried 'for
the offences in question. It is necessary to read here some of the relevant
sections bearing on the point at issue. Section 6 of the Criminal Law Amendment
Act, 1952 (prior to the amendment made in 1955), so far as is relevant for our
purpose, is in these terms :
"6. (1) The State Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, appoint as many special Judges as may be
necessary for such area or areas as may be specified in the notification Co try
the following offences, namely: (a) an offence punishable under section 161,
section 165, or section 165-A of the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860), or
sub-section (2) of section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 (II of
1947);
(b) any conspiracy to commit or any attempt
to commit or any abetment of any of the offences specified in clause (a"'.
Sub-section (1) of s. 7 of the same Act lays down:
"7. (1) Notwithstanding anything
contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898) or in 655 any
other law the offences specified in subsection (I of section 6 shall be friable
by special Judges only".
The same section also states that when trying
any case, a special Judge may also try any offence other than an offence
specified in s. 6 with which the accused may, under the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1898, be charged at the same trial.
It is not necessary for our purpose to read
the other sections "of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952. We then go to
the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, section 6 whereof is relevant for our
purpose. That section is in these terms:
" 6. (1) No Court shall, take cognizance
of an offence punishable under section 16l or section 165 of the Indian Penal
Code or under sub-section (2) of section 5 of this Act, alleged to have been
committed by a public servant except with the previous sanction,(a) in the case
of a person who is employed in connection with the affairs of the Union and is
not removable from his office save by or with the sanction of the Central
Government.......... [of the] Central Government;
(b) in the case of a person who is employed
in connection with the affairs of [a State] and is not removable from his
office save by or -with the sanction of the State Government................
[of the] State Government;
(c) in the case of any other person, of the
authority competent to remove him from his office.
(2) Where for any reason whatsoever any doubt
arises whether the previous sanction as required under sub-section (1) should
be given by the Central or State Government or any other authority, such
sanction shall be given by that Government or authority which would have been
competent to remove, the public servant from his office at the time when the
offence was alleged to have been committed." It is under this section that
sanction was necessary for the prosecution of the petitioners. Clause (2) of
Art. 20 of the Constitution, on which the petitioners rely, states:
654 "No person shall be prosecuted and
punished for the same offence more than once." Section 403 (1) of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, on which learned counsel for the petitioners has placed
the greatest reliance, is in these terms:
" A person who has once been tried by a
Court of competent jurisdiction for ail offence and convicted or acquitted of such
offence shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force, not be
liable to be tried again for the same offence, nor on the same facts for any
other offence for which a different charge from the one made against him might
have been made under section 236, or for which he might have been convicted
under section 237." Now, it is necessary to state that the point taken by
learned counsel for the petitioners is really concluded by three decisions-(a)
one of the Privy Council,(b) another of the Federal Court and (c) the third of
this Court itself.
The Privy Council decision is in Yusofalli
Mulla v. The King (1); the Federal Court decision in Basdeo Agarwalla v. King Emperor
(2) ; and the decision of this Court (not yet reported) was given in Budha Mal
v. State of Delhi (3) on October 3, 1952. The Privy Council decision is
directly in point, and it was there held that the whole basis of s. 403 (1) was
that the first trial should have been before a Court competent to hear and
determine the case and to record a verdict of conviction or acquittal; if the
Court was not so competent, as for example where the required sanction for the
prosecution was not obtained, it was irrelevant that it was competent to try
other cases of the same class or indeed the case against the particular accused
in different circumstances, for example if a sanction had been obtained.
So is the decision of this Court where the
following observations were made with regard to the point in question:
" Section 403, Criminal Procedure Code,
applies to cases where the acquittal order has been made by a Court of
competent jurisdiction but it does not bar (1) A.I.R. 1949 P.C. 264.
(2) [1945] F.C. R. 93.
(3) Criminal Appeal No. 17 Of 1952 decided on
October 3, 1952.
655 a retrial of the accused in cases where
such an order has been made by a court which had no jurisdiction to take
cognizance of the case. It is quite apparent on this record that in the absence
of a valid sanction the trial of the appellant in the first instance was by: a magistrate
who had no jurisdiction to try him." After the pronouncements made in the
decisions referred to above, it is really unnecessary to embark on a further or
fuller discussion of the point raised, except merely to state that we have
heard learned counsel for the petitioners who made a vain attempt with a
crusading pertinacity worthy of a better cause, to show that the Privy Council
decision was wrong and the decision of this Court required reconsideration, and
having heard learned counsel in full, we are of the view that the decisions
referred to above state the legal position correctly. It is clear beyond any
doubt that el. (2) of Art. 20 of the Constitution has no application in these
two cases. The petitioners are not being prosecuted and punished for the same
offence more than once,, the earlier proceedings having been held to be null
and void. With regard to s. 403, Code of Criminal Procedure, it is enough to
state that the petitioners were not tried, in the earlier proceedings, by a
Court of competent jurisdiction, nor is there any conviction or acquittal in
force within the meaning of s. 403. (1) of the Code, to stand as a bar against
their trial for the same offences. Learned counsel for the petitioners invited
our attention to ss. 190, 191, 192, 529 and 530 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure and submitted that in certain circumstances the Code drew a
distinction between 'jurisdiction' and I taking cognizance'. The whole fabric
of the argument of learned counsel was founded on this distinction. Assuming,
however, that in certain cases one Magistrate may take cognizance and another
Magistrate may try an accused person, it is difficult to appreciate how any
Court can try the petitioners of these cases in the absence of a sanction in
view of the mandatory provisions of s. 6 of the Prevention of Corruption Act,
1947. If no Court can take cognizance of the offences in question without a
legal sanction, it is obvious 666 that no Court can be said to be a Court of
competent jurisdiction to try those offences and that any trial in the absence
of such sanction must be null and void, and the sections of the Code on which
learned counsel 1 for the petitioners relied have really no. bearing on the
matter.
Section 530 of the Code is really against the
contention of learned counsel, for it states, inter alia, that if any
Magistrate not being empowered by law to try all offender, tries him, then the
proceedings shall be void. Section 529 (e) is merely an exception in the matter
of taking cognizance of an offence under s. 190, sub-s. (1), cls. (a) and (b);
it has no bearing in a case where sanction is necessary and no sanction in
accordance with law has been obtained.
As part of his arguments, learned counsel for
the petitioners referred to certain observations made by Braund J. in a
decision of the Allahabad High Court, Basdeo v. Emperor (1), where the learned
Judge drew a distinction between 'taking cognizance' and 'jurisdiction'. The
distinction was drawn in a case where a Magistrate duly empowered to commit cases
to the Sessions Court committed ail accused person to the Court of Session in
disregard of the provisions of s. 254 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and
the question was whether the irregularity so committed rendered the Sessions
Court incompetent to try the case.
The facts there were entirely different from
the facts of the present cases and there was no occasion nor necessity for
considering such mandatory provisions as are contained in s. 6 of the
Prevention of Corruption Act. We do not think that the observations made in
that case can be pressed in service in support of the argument of learned
counsel for the petitioners in these cases, treating those observations as
though they laid down any abstract propositions of law not dependent on the
context of the facts in connection with which they were made.
Out of deference to learned counsel for the
petitioners, we have indicated and considered very briefly the arguments
advanced before us. As we have said (1) A.I.R. T045 All. 340.
657 before, the point is really concluded by
decisions of the highest tribunal, decisions which correctly lay down the law.
The result therefore is that these petitions are devoid of all merit and must
be dismissed.
Petitions dismissed.
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