A. M. Allison Vs. B. L. Sen [1956] INSC
85 (21 December 1956)
BHAGWATI, NATWARLAL H.
AIYYAR, T.L. VENKATARAMA SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR
P.
DAS, S.K.
CITATION: 1957 AIR 227 1957 SCR 359
ACT:
Minimum basic wages-Basic work-load--Extra
wages for work done in excess of basic work-load-Writ of certiorari-When to be
granted-Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (XI Of 1948), ss. 3. 5(2) and 20-Constitution
of India, Art. 226.
HEADNOTE:
The labourers were being paid the basic wages
of as. 8/- for male labourers and as. 6/- for female labourers for the
work-load or task of plucking 16 seers and 12 seers of green tea leaves
respectively each day. If the labourers plucked larger quantities of leaves
they were paid extra wages at the rate of 6 Ps. per seer in excess of 16 seers
and 12 seers respectively. The Government issued a notification under S. 3 read
with S. 5 (2) of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, increasing the rates of basic
wages to as. I2/and as. 11/- respectively. The management thereafter refused to
make any extra payment to the labourers at the rate of 6 Ps. per seer unless
the leaves plucked by them exceeded 24 seers and 22 seers respectively.
Held, that the sole intention of the
Government in issuing the notification was to increase the basic wages while
maintaining the same basic work-load or task assigned to the labourers, so that
whatever extra work was done by the labourers in excess of the existing
work-load or task of plucking 16 seers and 12 seers of tea leaves by the male
and female labourers respectively, bad still to be paid for at the rate of 6
Ps. per seer.
Quaere: Whether the claim for the extra wages
amounts to a claim arising out of the payment of less than the minimum rates of
wages within the meaning of s. 20 (2) of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948.
A writ of certiorari cannot be had as a
matter of course.
The High Court is entitled to refuse the writ
if it is satisfied that there was no failure of justice. The Supreme Court
declines to interfere, in appeal, with the discretion of the High Court unless
it is satisfied that the justice of the case requires such interference.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals
Nos. 279 and 280 of 1955.
Appeal from the Judgment and Order dated July
7 1953, of the Assam High Court in Civil Rules Nos. 147 and 148 of 1952, 47 360
C. K. Dophtary, Solicitor-General of India, P. K. Goswami, S. N. Mukherji and
B. N. Ghosh, for the appellants in both appeals.
Purshottam Tricumdas and Naunit Lal, for
respondent No. 2 in C.A. No. 280/56.
Naunit Lal, for respondent No. I in both
Appeals.
1956. December 21. The Judgment of the Court
was delivered by BHAGWATI J.-,These two appeals with certificates under Art.
133 (1) (c) of the Constitution are directed
against a judgment of the High Court of Judicature in Assam dismissing the
appellants' application under Art. 226 challenging the orders -of the first
respondent Shri B. L. Sen, Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, whereby he allowed
the applications filed on behalf of the labourers employed in the Teok Tea
Estate and the Dalim Tea Estate under section 20 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948
(Act XI of 1948), hereinafter referred to as the Act.
On March 11, 1952, the Government of Assam,
in exercise of the powers conferred by s. 3 read with sub-s. (2) of s. 5 of the
Act issued the following notification:
" No. GLR. 352/51/56.-In exercise of the
powers conferred by section 3 read with sub-section (2) of section 5 of the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (XI of 1948), as amended, the Governor of Assam, having
considered the advice of the committee appointed under clause (a) of
sub-section (1) of section 5 of the said Act, is pleased to fix minimum wages,
which will come into force with effect from the 30th March, 1952, consisting of
basic wages and dearness allowance in terms of clause (1) of sub-section 1 of
section 4 of the said Act, at the rates as specified in the schedule hereto
annexed payable to employees employed in tea plantations in the different
districts of Assam.
2. These rates are exclusive of concessions
enjoyed by the workers in respect of supplies of foodstuffs and other essential
commodities and other amenities which will continue unaffected. -The existing
361 tasks and hours of work may continue until further orders.
SCHEDULE.
1. ORDINARY -UNSKILLED LABOUR Adult male.
Adult female. (16 years & above) (16 years & above) Basic D.A. Total.
BasicD.A.Total.
wage. wage.
(p.d.) (p.d.) (p.d.)(p.d.)(p.d.)(p.d.) 2.
Rest Rs. Rs.
of Assam As.12/-As.6/-1 /21-As. 11/-As. 5-
Valley.
By notification No. GLR. 44/51, dated the
16th April, 1952, the said Government introduced the Minimum Wages Rules which,
inter alia, provided:
"Rule 24. Number of hours of work which
shall constitute a normal working day.- (1) The number of hours which shall
constitute normal working day shall be- (a)in the case of an adult, 9 hours;
subject to a maximum of 48 hours in a week;
..................................................."
By another notification No. GLR. 352/51 dated May 12, 1952, the said Government
explained that the word " may " mentioned in the notification dated
March 11, 1952, will have the force of " shall ". The result was that
in cl. (2) of the said notification, the last sentence ran as: "The
existing tasks and hours of work shall continue until further orders.
Prior to the fixation of the minimum wages
(consisting of basic wages and dearness allowance as aforesaid, the labourers
engaged in plucking tea leave,% in these tea estates used to be paid basic
wages for male labourers at as. 8/- per day for plucking 16 seers of green
leaves and for female labourers at as. 6/- per day for plucking 12 seers of
green leaves. This was the work-load or task in respect of which-the basic
wages of as. 8/- and as. 6/- respectively were paid to these labourers apart
from the dearness allowance in addition to such basic wages. If the labourers
plucked larger quantities of green leaves they used to be 362 paid by way of
ticca extra wages at the rate of 6 ps. per seer in excess of 16 seers and 12
seers respectively. It may be noted that -the payment of basic wages on the
above computation also worked out at the rate of 6 ps. per seer of green leaves
plucked by the labourers.
Even after the fixation of the minimum wages
by the said notification, the managers of these tea-estates continued to pay to
the labourers wages at the rate of 6 ps. per seer of green leaves plucked by
them. They, however, in view of the fact that as. 12/- per day were fixed as
the basic wages for the male labourers and as. II /- per day as the basic wages
for the female labourers, refused to make any extra payment to them on the
basis of 6 ps. per seer unless the green leaves plucked by them exceeded 24
seers and 22 seers respectively, thus maintaining their old standard of payment
on the basis of 6 ps. per seer. The labourers contended that the existing
work-load or task at the date of the said notification was 16 seers for male
labourers and 12 seers for female labourers and they were entitled to such
extra payment at the rate of 6 ps. per seer for leaves plucked by them in
excess of -the 16 seers and 12 seers respectively.
There was a difference thus in payment, of
as. 4/- per day in the case of male labourers and as. 51- per day in the case
of female labourers and they claimed that the managers of the tea estates
should pay them the basic wages of as.
12/per day and as. I I/- per day respectively
for the work- load or task of 16 seers for male labourers and 12 seers for
female labourers and extra wages at the rate of 6 ps. per seer of leaves
plucked by them in excess of those quantities.
This claim of theirs was the subject-matter
of the applications filed on their behalf before the Deputy Commissioner,
Sibsagar, under s. 20(2) of the Act. The applicants asked for directions under
a. 20(3) to the managers, of the tea estates for payment of the difference between
the minimum wages fixed by the Government and the wages actually paid to them
from March 30, 1952, which was the date from which the notification came into
force. The managers of the 363 estates contested these applications mainly on
two grounds;
viz., (1) that the applications were not
maintainable under s. 20 of the Act, and (2) that there was no fixed workload
or task in respect of plucking for earning daily basic wages before the
introduction of the minimum wages. The Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, who was
the authority appointed under the Act to hear the claims arising out of the
payment of less than the minimum rates of wages to these labourers, entertained
the applications, recorded evidence and heard arguments addressed to him by
both the parties.
As regards the first objection, he held that,
if the applicants' version was true there was a clear case of payment of less
than the minimum wages fixed by the Government and the applications were
maintainable under s. 20 of the Act. As regards the second objection, he came
to the conclusion on the evidence recorded before him that there was a
work-load or task of 16 seers for male labourers and 12 seers for female
labourers in respect of the daily basic wages of as. 8/- and as. 6/-
respectively earned by them before the fixation of the minimum wages by the
said notification, that such work-load or task was the basis of the fixation of
the minimum wages consisting, inter alia, of the basic wages of as. 12/- per
day for male labourers and as. II/- per day for female labourers and that the
labourers were, therefore, entitled to extra payment for green leaves plucked
by them in excess of 16 seers and 12 seers respectively at the rate of 6 ps.
per seer. He accordingly ordered that the managers must pay the labourers
engaged in plucking tea leaves the minimum basic wages at the rate of as. 12/-
per day to the male labourers for 16 seers of green leaves and as. 11/- per day
to the female labourers for 12 seers of green leaves and extra wages at the
rate of 6 ps. per seer for green leaves plucked in excess of those quantities.
The managers of the estates thereupon filed
applications under Art. 226 of the Constitution before the High Court of
Judicature in Assam raising the -same contentions which had been negatived by
the Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar. The High Court dismissed 364 these
applications and granted the certificates under Art.
133(1)(c) and that is how these appeals come
before us.
It is urged in the first instance that the
notification dated March 11, 1952, fixed only I a minimum time rate' and no
more. Under s. 3 (2) of the Act it was competent to the Government to fix (a) a
minimum rate of wages for time work (called " a minimum time rate"),
(b) a minimum rate of wages for piece work (called " a minimum piece rate
") or (c) a minimum rate to be applied in the case of employees employed
on piece work for the purpose of securing to such, employees a minimum rate of
wages on a time work basis (called " a guaranteed time rate-") and
what was done by the Government was to fix " a minimum time rate"
within the meaning of s. 3 (2) (a) so that the labourers were to be paid the
basic wages mentioned in the Schedule regardless of their out-turn of work. If
this contention is correct, the labourers would not be entitled to any extra
wages for the quantities of green leaves plucked by them in excess of the 16
seers or 12 seers per day which was alleged to be the existing work-load or
task at the date of the notification. It is, therefore', urged that prior to such
fixation of minimum wages there was no work-load or task for the labourers
engaged in plucking tea leaves. This contention is obviously unsound. Both the
Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, and the High Court found as a fact that before
the fixation of the minimum 'wages as above, there was a basic work-load or
task of 16 seers of leaves for the male labourers and 12 seers of leaves for
the female labourers. This was proved by the evidence of the Hazira Moharers of
these estates and this was recognized by the Government itself when it stated
in the notification that " the existing tasks and hours of work shall
continue until further orders." If the minimum basic wages were fixed
irrespective of existing work-load or task and what was fixed was " a
minimum time rate " as contended by the appellants there was no need
whatever to mention this in the notification. The direction that the existing
workload or task was to continue until further orders on the 365 contrary goes
to show that the basic wages mentioned in the Schedule were correlated to the
existing workload or task and as. 12/- for the male labourers and as. 11/- for
the female labourers were fixed in regard to the existing work- load or task of
16 seers of tea leaves to be plucked by the male labourers and 12 seers of tea
leaves to be plucked by the female labourers.
It is argued that the continuance of the
existing work-load or task which was thus provided for had no relation to the
basic wages which were fixed for the male and female labourers respectively but
was only intended to prevent the employers from increasing the existing
work-load or task with a view to make up for the increase in basic wages.
This argument, however, does not take count
of the fact that there was existing at the date of the notification a work-
load or task which was the basis of the payments used to be made to the
labourers, the basic wages paid to them being calculated at the rate of 6 ps.
per seer of tea leaves plucked by them. The labourers were thus being paid the
basic wages of as. 8/- for male labourers and as. 6/for female labourers for
the work-load or task of plucking 16 seers and 12 seers of tea leaves
respectively and the sole intention of the Government in issuing the
notification was to increase these basic wages of as. 8/and as. 6/- to as.
12/- and as. II/- respectively while
maintaining the same basic work-load or task assigned to the male and female
labourers. If the intention was not to correlate these basic wages to the basic
work-load or task which already existed and if the same state of affairs was to
continue, viz., that the labourers would continue to be paid the basic wages on
the computation of 6 ps. per seer of green leaves plucked by them, there was no
sense whatever in increasing the basic wages from as. 8/- to as. 12/- for male
labourers and from as. 6/- to as. II/- for female labourers as was sought to be
done by issuing the notification in question.
The acceptance of the contention of the
appellants would mean that no advantage whatever was sought to be conferred by
the Government on the labourers engaged in plucking leaves in these tea estates
which intention can scarcely be 366 attributed to the Government. We are,
therefore, of opinion that what was fixed by the notification was not merely "
a minimum time rate" irrespective of the existing work-load or task which
used to be performed by the labourers- but was a' minimum wage which, though
fixed for time work, was necessarily correlated to the work-load or task then
being performed by these labourers so that whatever extra work was done by the
labourers in excess of the existing work-load or task of plucking 16 seers of
tea leaves in the case of male labourers and 12 seers of tea leaves in the case
of female labourers had to be paid for in accordance with the practice then
prevailing, whether it was based on agreement or ticca or custom, at the rate
of 6 ps. per seer. The conclusions reached in this behalf both by the Deputy
Commissioner, Sibsagar, and the High Court are, therefore, correct and cannot
be challenged.
The appellants, however, contend that this is
not a case of payment of less than the minimum rates of wages and the claims,
if any, of the labourers do not fall within s. 20 of the Act. The tea estates
in question have never refused to pay and are in fact paying to the labourers
the basic wages of as. 12/- per day for male labourers and as. II /- per day
for female labourers and the grievance, if any, of the labourers is that they
have not been paid the extra wages calculated on the basis of 6 ps. per seer
for tea leaves plucked by them in excess of the basic work-load or task of 16
seers for male labourers and 12 seers for female labourers. This claim of the
labourers, therefore, amounts to a claim for extra wages over and above the
basic wages of as. 12/- and as. II/- per day respectively which are being paid
to them and, therefore, is not a claim arising out of the payment of less than
the minimum rates of wages within the meaning of s. 20(1) of the Act and the
Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, had no jurisdiction to entertain such claim.
Section 20 so far as is material for our
purposes provides:
" 20. Claims.- (1)The appropriate
Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint any
Commissioner 367 for Workmen's Compensation or other officer with experience as
a Judge of a Civil Court or as a stipendiary Magistrate to be the Authority to
hear and decide for any specified area all claims arising out of payment of
less than the minimum rates of wages to employees employed or paid in. that
area.
(2)Where an -employee is paid less than the
minimum rates of wages fixed for his class of work under this Act, the employee
himself, or any legal practitioner or any official of a registered trade union
authorised in writing to act on his behalf, or any Inspector, or any person
acting with the permission of the Authority appointed under sub-section (1),
may apply to such Authority for a direction under sub. section
(3):...............
(3)When any application under sub-section (2)
is entertained, the Authority shall hear the applicant and the employer or give
them an opportunity of being heard, and after such further enquiry if any as it
may consider necessary, may, without prejudice to any other penalty to which
the employer may be liable under this Act, direct the payment to the employee
of the amount by which the minimum wages payable to him exceed the amount
actually paid,, together with the payment of such compensation as the Authority
may think fit, not exceeding ten times the amount of such excess and the
Authority may direct payment of such compensation in cases where the excess- is
paid by the employer to the employee before the disposal of the application.
(6) Every direction of the Authority under
this section shall be final.
It -is argued that the authority appointed
under s. 20(1) of the Act is invested with the powers of hearing and deciding
claims arising out of the payment of less than the minimum rates of wages and
is authorised to hear the applicant and the employer or give them an
opportunity of being heard, and, after such further enquiry, as it may consider
necessary, to give directions under s. 20(3) of the Act which directions are
final and not subject to any appeal or 368 revision by any higher authority.
Such drastic powers could not have been meant to be exercised when there are
complicated questions of law or fact but could be exercised only in cases where
the, quantum of minimum wages fixed by the notification in question could be
determined by the authority on a plain reading of the terms, thereof. Then and
-then only would the authority have jurisdiction to entertain such claims and
give the necessary direction,% having the attribute of finality. In the instant
cases before us, not only did the matters involve complicated questions of fact
which required recording of evidence by the authority but they also involved
the construction of the notification which was by no means felicitously worded.
The existing tasks which were to continue until further orders were not at all
patent and if the determination thereof had to be made by the authority
appointed under s. 20(1) of the Act, it would involve, in cases of dispute,
recording of considerable evidence and an adjudication of the same after a
consideration of the arguments advanced before the authority by both the
parties.
There is in the instant cases moreover a
further difficulty and it is that there are two rival contentions which can,
with equal force, be urged by the respective parties. The appellants contend that
they have all throughout been paying to the laborers, after the date of the
notification in question, basic wages at the rate of as. 12/- per day for male
labourers and as. 1 1 /- per day for the female labourers and there is no
instance which has been cited on behalf of the respondents where, anything less
then the minimum basic wages thus fixed by the Government has ever been paid.
The claim of the labourers comes to this that they have not been paid the extra
wages for plucking green leaves in excess of the basic work-load or task of 16
seers and 12 seers respectively. Such claim for extra wages certainly does not
amount to a claim arising out of the payment of less than the minimum rates of
wages. It is, on the other hand, contended on behalf of the respondents that
the basic wages of as. 12/. per day for male labourers and as. II/- per 369 day
for female labourers fixed under the notification are correlated -to the
existing work-load, or task of plucking green leaves weighing 16 Beers and 12
seers respectively and if they are entitled to the payment of these basic wages
on their putting forward that much quantity of work, the non- payment by the
managers.of these tea' estates to them of any extra wages on the computation of
6 ps. per extra seer un- less they plucked 24 seers and 22 seers of green
leaves respectively is tantamount to nonpayment of the; minimum basic wages of
as. 12/- and as. 11/- respectively as fixed in the notification.
"We do not, propose to decide this
question of jurisdiction as in the instant cases we have, in addition to the
determination of the Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, the adjudication of the
main disputes between the parties by the High Court itself. I Whatever
infirmities might possibly have attached to the orders passed by the Deputy
Commissioner, Sibsagar, on the score of want of jurisdiction, we feel that
having regard to the circumstance that the matters have been pending since
September, 1952, right up to the end of the year 1956, no useful purpose will
be served by our interfering at this stage, as the Deputy Commissioner,
Sibsagar, and the High Court both came to the same conclusion, a conclusion
which we also have endorsed above, that the labourers are entitled to be paid
the basic wages of as. 12/-per day,for male labourers and as. 11/- per day for
female labourers for the work.:load or task of plucking 16 seers and 12 seers
of green leaves respectively and-- they are -entitled to extra wages for every
seer of green leaves plucked by. them I over and above these quantities of 16
seers and 12 ,seers respectively, at the.
computation of 6 Ps. per seer.
There are moreover special reasons why we
should not interfere with the orders of the Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar, in
these appeals. The matters do not come to us by way of appeal directly from the
orders of the Deputy Commissioner, Sibsagar. They were the subject, in the
first instance, of proceedings under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High
Court 370 of Assam. Proceedings by way of certiorari are not of course ".
(Vide Halsbury's Laws of England', Hailsham Edition, Vol. 9, para 1480 and
1481, pp. 877-878). The High Court of Assam had the power to refuse the writs
if it was satisfied that there was no failure of justice, and in these appeals
which are directed, against the orders of the High.
-Court in applications under Art. 226, we
could refuse to interfere unless we are satisfied that the justice of the, case
requires it. But we are not so satisfied. We are of opinion that, having regard
to the merits which have been concurrently founding favour of the respondents
both by the De-Duty Commissioner,, Sibsagar, and the High (Court, we should
decline to interfere.
This being the point of substance which has
been decided in favour of the respondents, we are of the opinion that the
appeals are liable to be dismissed. We accordingly dismiss them but having
regard to the particular circumstances which we have adverted to before, we
order that each party will bear and pay its own costs of these appeals.
Appeals dismissed.
Back