Sahu Madho Das & Ors Vs. Pandit
Mukand Ram & ANR [1955] INSC 16 (22 March 1955)
BOSE, VIVIAN JAGANNADHADAS, B.
SINHA, BHUVNESHWAR P.
CITATION: 1955 AIR 481 1955 SCR (2) 22
ACT:
Compromise or family arrangement-Proof
of-Assumption of antecedent title of some sort in the parties-Reversioner's
assent to an alienation-Legal effect thereof.
HEADNOTE:
A family arrangement can, as a matter of law,
be inferred from a long course of dealings between the parties.
It is well settled that a compromise or
family arrangement is based on the assumption that there is an antecedent title
of some sort in the parties and the agreement acknowledges and defines what
that title is, each party relinquishing all claims to property other than that
falling to his share and recognising the right of the others, as they had
previously asserted it, to the portions allotted to them Respectively.
That explains why no conveyance is required
in these cases to pass the title from the one in whom it resides to the person
receiving it under the family arrangement. It is assumed that the title claimed
by the person receiving the property under the arrangement had always resided
in him or her so far as the property falling to his or her share is concerned
and therefore no conveyance is necessary.
But in view of the fact that the Courts lean
strongly in favour of family arrangements that bring about harmony in a family
and do justice to its various members and avoid, in anticipation, future
disputes which might ruin them all the Supreme Court, carrying the principle
further, upheld an arrangement under which one set of members abandons all
claim to all title and interest in all the properties in dispute and
acknowledges that the sole and absolute title to all the properties resides in
only one of their number (provided he or she had claimed the whole and made
such an assertion of title) and are content to take such properties as are
assigned to their shares as gifts pure and simple from him or her, or as a
conveyance for consideration when consideration is present.
The legal position in such a case would be
this. The arrangement or compromise would set out and define that the title
claimed by A to all the properties in dispute was his absolute title as claimed
and asserted by him and that it had always resided in him. Next, it would
effect a transfer by A to B, C and D (the other members to the arrangement) of
properties X, Y and Z; and thereafter B, C and D would hold their respective
titles under the title derived from A. But in that event, the formalities of
law about the passing of title 23 by transfer would have to be observed, and
under the present state of law either registration or twelve years' adverse
possession would be necessary. But in the present case the arrangement was made
in 1875 when the Transfer of Property Act was not in force and no writing was
required;
and as there is no writing, the Registration
Act does not apply either. Therefore, the oral arrangement of 1875 would be
sufficient to pass title in this way and that is what happened.
Once a reversioner has given his assent to an
alienation, whether at the time, or as a part of the transaction, or later as a
distinct and separate act, he is bound though others may not be, and having
given his assent he cannot go back on it to the detriment of other persons; all
the more so when he himself receives a benefit.
It is settled law that an alienation by a
widow in excess of her powers is not altogether void but only voidable by the
reversioners, who may either singly or as a body be precluded from exercising
their right to avoid it either by express ratification or by acts which treat
it as valid or binding.
The principle applicable to the present case
is a rule underlying many branches of the law which precludes a person who,
with full knowledge of his rights, has once elected to assent to a transaction
voidable at his instance and has thus elected not to exercise his right to
avoid it, from going back on that and avoiding it at a later stage. Having made
his election he is bound by it.
Held, that in the present case the plaintiff
who is in titulo now that the succession has opened out, had unequivocally
assented to the arrangement with full knowledge of the facts and accepted
benefit under it, so he is now precluded from avoiding it, and any attempts he
made to go behind that assent when it suited his purpose cannot render the
assent once given nugatory even though it was given when he was not in titulo
and even though the assent was to a series of gifts.
Mst. Hardei v. Bhagwan Singh, (A.I.R. 1919
P.C. 27); Clif- ton v. Cockburn ( [1834] 3 My. & K. 76); William v. William
[1866] L.R. 2 Ch. 294); Bani Mewa Kuwtivar v. Rani Hutlas Kuwar [1874] L.R. I
I.A. 157); Khunni Lal v. Gobind Krishna ( [1911] L.R. 38 I.A. 87); Bamsumirn
Prasad v. Shyam Kumar ( [1922] L.R. 49 I.A. 348); Baia Modhu Sudhan Singh v
Booke ( [1897] L.R. 24 I.A. 164); Bijoy Gopal v. Sm. Krishna [1906] L.R. 34
I.A. 87); Ramgouda Annagowda v. Bhauaheb ( [1927] L.R. 54 I.A. 396); Dhiyan
Singh v. Jugal Kishore ( [1952] S.C.R. 478 at 488); Rangaswami Gounden v.
Nachiappa Gouinden ( [1918] L.R. 46 I.A. 72 at 86 & 87), referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals
Nos. 92 and 94 of 1950.
24 Appeals from the Judgments and Decrees
dated the 20th March 1942 of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal Nos. 154
and 152 of 1934 arising Out Of the Judgments and decrees dated the 25th August
1932 of the Court of First Additional Subordinate Judge, and First Additional
Civil Judge, Moradabad in Original Suit Nos. 90 and 87 of 1931 respectively.
N. C. Chatterji, (S. S. Shukla with him) for
the Appellants.
Gopi Nath Kunzru, (B. P. Maheshwari with him)
for Respondent No. 1.
P. C. Agarwala, for Respondent No. 2 in Civil
Appeal No. 94 of 1950.
1955. March 22. The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by BosE J.-These appeals arise out of two suits which were heard
together along with two other suits with which we are not now concerned. All
four raised the same set of questions except for a few subsidiary matters. They
were tried together and by common consent the documents and evidence in the
various cases were treated as common to all.
They were all governed by one common
judgment, both in the first Court and on appeal. The defendants appeal here.
The plaintiff, Mukand Ram, is common to all
four cases. He sues in each suit as the reversioner to one Pandit Nanak Chand
who was his materdal grandfather. The family tree is as below:
25 Nanak Chand d. 23-7-75 W: Mst. Pato. d. Jan. 1875.
Mst. Maha Devi Mst. Durga Devi Mst. Har Devi
d. 1912 d. 1888 d. 10-9-19 H: Nathmal Das H: Jwala Prasad H: Bhawani Shankar
Mst. Ram Pyare Bhukhan Saran Banwari Lal Sital Prasad Shyam Lal Pyare- Lal
(dead) (dead) (deft.5) Brij Lal Mukand Ram (dead) (Plff.No.1) 26 The plaintiff's
case is that the properties in the four suits belonged to Nanak Chand who died
on 23-7-1856 leaving a widow Mst. Pato and three daughters, Maha Devi, Durga
Devi and Har Devi. On his death, his widow Mst. Pato succeeded. She died in
January 1875 and the estate then went to the three daughters. Of them, Durga
Devi died in 1888, Maba Devi in 1912 and Har Devi in 1919. The plaintiff's
rights as reversioner accrued on Har Devi's death on 10-9-1919. But before this came certain alienations which the plaintiff challenges in the present
suits. The suits were filed on 8-9-1931.
In Civil Appeal No. 92 of 1950, the challenge
is to a mortgage effected by Durga Devi on 3-3-1887 in favour of Sahu Bitthal Das. The mortgagee sued on his mortgage, obtained a decree and in
execution purchased the properties himself. The plaintiff's case is that Durga
Devi only had a life estate and, as there was no necessity, the mortgage and
the subsequent auction purchase do not bind him.
In Civil Appeal No. 94 of 1950, there are two
alienations, both sales. The first, dated 23-9-1918, was by Pyare Lal (son of Durga Devi) in favour of Shyam Lal, son of Mulchand.
(This is not the Shyam Lal who was Pyare
Lal's brother).
The vendee later sold the properties to the
first and second defendants on 5-3-1927. One of the vendees, the first
defendant, is yet another Shyam Lal: Shyam Lal son of Harbilas.
The other sale was by Brij Lal's guardian on
behalf of Brij Lal, Brij Lal then being a minor. It was on 25-11-1919 in favour
of Chheda Lal. The first and second defendants preempted this sale after a
fight in Court and took possession under the decree which they obtained.
The plaintiff's case is that Har Devi was
alive at the date of the first sale and as the reversion had not opened out
Pyare Lal bad no power to sell. In the case of the second sale, the reversion
had opened out but Brijlal being more remote than the plaintiff got no title,
so that sale is also bad.
The defendants' case is that the properties
in these 27 two suits (as also in the other two suits with which we are no
longer concerned) did not belong to Nanak Chand and formed no part of his
estate; they belonged exclusively to Mst. Pato as part of her personal estate.
On 22-1-1864 Mst. Pato executed a document
which she called a deed of agreement but which, if it is anything at all, is a
will. There are no other parties to it and she purports thereby to dispose of
her properties after her death. The defendants in Civil Appeal No. 92 of 1950
have called it a will. After saying that she will remain in possession and
occupation as long as she lives, Pato says that after her death her three
daughters will be the owners and will either remain joint possession or will
divide the estate in equal shares and, in that event, will take possession of
their respective shares and will be the "owners" of them.
But before she died Pato made another
disposition of her estate during her life time in the year 1875 which, of
course, abrogated the will. This was done orally. The defendants say that this
was a family arrangement in which each of the three daughters was given certain
properties absolutely so that each became the absolute owner of whatever fell
to her share. Pato also gave properties to each of her four grandsons who were
then living, namely Kanhaiya Lal, Mukand Ram, Banwari Lal and Sital Prasad. The
defendants asserted that they also took separate and absolute estates
immediately and said that each has been holding and dealing-with the properties
so divided, separately and as absolute owners, ever since. Thus, at the dates
of the transfers now challenged, each alienor had an absolute title to the
properties alienated and the plaintiff has none.
The trial Court held that though most of the
properties in Pato's hands came from her husband Nanak Chand, the plaintiff bad
not shown that the properties with which his four suits were concerned formed
part of Nanak Chand's estate.
An issue was also framed about the family
settlement and one about estoppel. On both those point 28 the learned Judge
found against the plaintiff. The result was that all four suits were dismissed.
The High Court reversed these findings on
appeal and held that all the properties, including the ones in suit, formed
part of Nanak Chand's estate. The learned Judges also held that though there
was a family arrangement, it was a purely voluntary settlement made by Pato and
was not made as the result of any dispute and that in any case it did not bind
the plaintiff who was not a party to it and who does not claim through any of
those who were. They also held that there was no estoppel. Accordingly, the
plaintiff's claim was decreed in each of the four suits.
Appeals were filed here in all four suits by
the various defendants but Civil Appeals Nos. 91 and 93 of 1950 were dismissed
for want of prosecution, therefore the decree of the High Court in the two
cases out of which those appeals arose will stand. We are now only concerned
with Civil Appeals Nos. 92 and 94 of 1950.
In the lower Courts much of the effort was
concentrated on finding out which items out of a large mass of property
belonged to Nanak Chand and which did not. We do not intend to look into that
because it it is unnecessary on the view we take. We will therefore assume,
without deciding, that all the properties in dispute were part of Nanak Chand's
estate.
We will deal first with the family
arrangement. The learned counsel for the plaintiff argued that the defendants
never set up a family arrangement though they have used the words "family
settlement". He contended that what they really pleaded was a gift out and
out by Pato. It was pointed out that the defendants never suggested a dispute,
neither did they suggest that any one ever questioned or doubted Pato's
absolute title to the property. Therefore, it was argued, the present case,
which is based on the assumption that the property was not Pato's and that she
was laying wrongful claim to it, cannot be allowed because it flies in the face
of the defendants' pleadings.
29 There is not much in this objection. The defendants
did plead a family arrangement and the matter was put in issue and fought out.
The defendants' case was that all the property was Pato's. The plaintiff's case
was that it was all Nanak Chand's. The issues were- "4. Whether Mst. Pato
gave properties separately to each of her three daughters and to daughter's
sons and put them in proprietary possession and they remained absolute owners
of their properties and what is its effect on the case?
5. Whether the arrangement mentioned in issue
No. 4 was by way of family settlement and what is its effect on the case?"
These issues are broad enough to cover the present point.
If the properties really belonged to Nanak
Chand, as the plaintiff claims, then the case for a family settlement becomes
all the stronger, for it is clear that Pato laid claim to them as her own
properties of which she could dispose by will, for that is what the document of
1864 really is. If, on the other hand, they were her properties, as the
defendants say, then she had the right either to gift them outright or to
settle them as the defendants say she did by way of a family arrangement. In
either case, the matter was fully fought out and neither side was misled.
The real question we have to decide is, has
the family arrangement been proved? We think it has.
The direct evidence on this point is that of
Shyam Lal (D.W. I in C.A. 94/50) and the first defendant there. He tells us
that he had money lending transactions with Har Devi, Kanhaiya Lal, Shyam Lal
and Pyare Lal on unregistered bonds from 1902 till 1910 and from 1910 on
registered mortgage bonds. He says that- "They" (that is to say, Har
Devi, Mukand Ram, Kanhaiya Lal, Shyam Lal and Pyare Lal) "showed one copy
of a deed of will and said that Mst. Pato had given the property to her
daughters and grandsons........ I am illiterate and Kanhaiya Lal brother of
Mukand Ram had the deed of will read over to me at 30 the time of mortgaging
property in 1909 or 1910. It was by means of that paper that I came to know
that Mst. Pato had made her daughters and grandsons absolute owners and I know
of the property which was mortgaged to me".
Now it is true that the so-called will of
1864 does not make provision for the grandsons, nor does it expressly confer an
absolute estate on the legatees, but the witness is illiterate and had to
depend on what he was told about the contents and meaning of the document, and
what we have to test is the truth of his assertion that the plaintiff Mukand
Ram and Kanhaiya Lal, and other members of the family, told him that Mst. Pato
had given the property to her daughters and grandsons. If they told him this,
as he says they did, then it operates as an admission against Mukand Ram and
shifts the burden of proof to him because he was one of the persons who made
the statement. The statements made by the others are not relevant except in so
far as they prove the conduct of the family.
The plaintiff (P.W. 11 in C.A. 91/50) admits
that Mst. Pato divided the estate but says that it was only for convenience of
management and that neither she nor her daughters had, or pretended to have,
anything more than a life estate. He denies that there was any gift or family
arrangement. But he had to admit that the grandsons also got properties at the
same time. His explanation is that it was for the purposes of
"shradh" and pilgrimage to Gaya and he says that though they were
given possession they were not the "owners".
We now have to choose between these two
witnesses and see which is telling the truth. But before doing that we will advert
to another member of the family, Pyare Lal, who was examined as a witness (D.W.
17) in C.A. 92/50. He admits a series of sales made by him but says that he had
no wilt of his own and that he did just what Mukand Ram told him.
Now to go back to the year 1864 when Mst.
Pato made the so- called will of 1864. This document was 31 construed by the
Privy Council in Mast. Hardei v. Bhagwan Singh(1) and their Lordships said-
"In the events which happened this document did not become operative, but
it is relevant as showing that at the date of its execution Pato was claiming
an absolute right to dispose of the whole of the scheduled property".
Mukand Ram was not a party to that litigation
and the decision does not bind him but it operates as a judicial precedent
about the construction of that document, a precedent with which we respectfully
agree. She says there that the property "belongs exclusively to me without
the participation of anyone else". That assertion, coupled with the fact
that she purported to dispose of the property after her death (which she could
not have done as a limited owner), and taken in conjunction with the subsequent
conduct of the daughters and that of the grandsons, imports admissions by them
that that was her claim and leaves us in little doubt about what she meant. We
therefore reach the same conclusion as the Judicial Committee and hold that
Mst.
Pato claimed an absolute estate in 1864.
We will now examine the conduct of the family
after Pato's death and the claims put forward by them from time to time.
First, we have the statement of Mukand Ram in
the witness box (P.W. 11 in C.A. 91/50) that on Pato's death her daughters took
separate possession of the properties in the following villages and towns:
Har Devi Qutabpur Amawti.
Shakerpore.
Lalpur.
Bagh Alam Sarai.
Houses, Shops, etc. in Bazaar Kot, Sambhal.
Durga Devi. Keshopur Bhindi.
Tatarpore Ghosi.
Half Bilalpat.
Qumharwala Bagh.
(1) A.I.R. 1919 P.C. 27.
32 Shehzadi Serai.
Houses, shops, etc. in Sherkhan Serai, Sambhal.
Maha Devi. Guretha.
Behrampur Half Bilalpat.
Mahmud Khan Serai.
Houses, etc. in Kot.
Grove in Alam Serai The plaintiff also admits
that the grandsons got some properties but does not give details. All he says
is that they were given properties "for purposes of performance of
'shradh' and pilgrimage to Gaya".
Next, we have a long series of alienations by
different members of the family with claims to absolute ownership which could
only have sprung from titles derived either from a gift from Pato or from a
family settlement. We say "family settlement" because we know now
that the bulk of the property (and according to the High Court the whole of it)
was Nanak Chand's. We also know that some of it was purchased by Pato after
Nanak Chand's death from the income of the estate. Pato had the right to
purchase properties for herself if she wanted instead of adding them to her
husband's estate and we know she claimed title to the whole as an absolute
owner in 1864. This claim may have been due to a mistaken view of Hindu law
that in the absence of sons the widow gets an absolute estate, or it may have
been due to other reasons, but that she made the claim is clear, and the
subsequent conduct and statements of the family show that they either admitted
the correctness of her claim and accepted the properties as gifts from her or
they agreed to and acted on a family settlement to avoid disputes on the basis
that each got an absolute title to whatever properties fell to his or her share
at the time of the division.
The grandsons were minors at the time and
were not parties to this arrangement, whatever its origin, and of course the
widow and daughters could not enlarge their limited estates so as to bind the
grandsons 33 however much they agreed among themselves. But for the moment we
are not considering the legal effect of whatever the arrangement was but
whether the conduct of the family gives rise to an inference that there was an
arrangement in fact.
A family arrangement can, as a matter of law,
be implied from a long course of dealings between the parties: Clifton v.
Cockburn(1) and William v. William(1); and we have such a course of dealing
here. First, there is a long series of alienations by Har Devi stretching from
1877 down to 1916.
We tabulate them below with the recitals she
made about her title.
17-1-77 Mortgage Qutabpur Amawti "owned
by me". Ex. LL-1 (C.A. 94) 11-1-78 do do Owner: "devolved on me from
my Ex. 2J1 mother". (C.A.91) 20-3-81 do do Owner: "right of Ex.2H1
inheritance from (C.A.91) my father".
7-9-83 Sale. Lalpur Owner: "right of
inheritance". Ex. 2Gl (C.A. 91) 23-8-87 Mortgage Qutabpur Amawti No
recital Ex.L (C. A. 92) 15-7-05 do do Absolute owner with KanhaiyaEx. BB-1
(C.A. 94) Laland Mukand Ram.
19-11-08 do do No recital Ex. M-1 (C.A. 94)
do 14-11-14 do do do Ex. V (C.A. 92) 23-3-15 do do Owner: with Ex.X (C.A. 92)
Mukand Ram 17-2-16 do do With Mukand Ex. N-1 (C.A. 94) Ram. No recital 28-3-16
do do Owner: with Mukand Ram and his son Ex. (G.A. 94) Ram Gopal 22-1-18 do
Behrampur Owner: with Ex.DDD-1(C.A. 91) Buzurg Mukand Ram and Bhukan Saran
23-3-18 do do Owner: with Ex. M 1(C. A. 91) Mukand Ram and Pyare Lal It will be
observed that Har Devi sometimes claimed to be absolute owner by right of
inheritance from her father and at others from her mother in respect of the
same village, but whichever way it was, (1) [1834] 3 My. & K. 76.
(2) [1866] L.R. 2 Ch. 294.
5 34 the claim to absolute ownership Was
consistent throughout.
This could only be preferable to a family
settlement where the origin of the property was in doubt but which was settled
by bestowing, or purporting to bestow, an absolute estate on the daughters.
It will also be noticed that in later years
Har Devi joined with Mukand Ram but still claimed an absolute estate along with
him. This was for the following reason. Soon after Mukand Ram attained
majority, the mother and sons quarrelled. On 11-2-1890 they referred their
dispute to arbitration, Ex. RR-1 (C.A. 94). Mukand Ram became a major in 1890
and Kanhaiya Lal in 1884. It appears from their agreement of 11-2-1890 that Har
Deyi claimed an absolute title while her sons said she was only a limited
owner. But the sons agreed to accept a decision to the effect that she had an
absolute estate in the whole of the property in dispute between them should the
arbitrator so decide. The properties were-- Qutabpur Amawti, Shakerpore,
Houses, shops, etc. in Mohalla Kot in Sambhal.
Another significant thing is that in this
document both mother and sons agreed that all of Nanak Chand's grandsons then
in being were in separate possession and absolutely entitled to certain other
properties which they expressly agreed were not to form the subject-matter of
the arbitration. Here again, these titles could only be preferable to a family
arrangement, for the grandsons could not have got an absolute estate in any
other way; nor could Har Devi. Mukand Ram tells us as P.W. 11 (C.A. 91) that he
and his brother Kanhaiya Lal got Shakerpore and some shops in Bazar Kot,
Sambhal, as a result of this arbitration, but does not say what happened to
Qutabpur Amawti. But it is significant that Har Devi's dealings with Qutabpur
Amawti after this date were all jointly with Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram. It
may be that the arbitrator awarded it jointly or they agreed to hold it on that
basis. We do not know. All we know is that they mortgaged it jointly.
35 Behrampur fell to Mukand Ram's share and
in the mortgage of the property in 1918 Har Devi joined with Mukand Ram and
Murari Lal's son Bhukan Saran in one case and with Pyare Lal in the other. But
except for the last two mortgages of 1918 the conduct of Har Devi and her sons
for 39 years from 1877 to 1916 as disclosed in these deeds is only consistent
with the family arrangement which the defendants allege, for on no other
hypothesis could either the mother or the sons have laid claim to an absolute
estate.
We will next turn to Durga Devi. She died in
1888 but before she died she mortgaged Keshopur Bhindi which had fallen to her
share on 3-3-1887 by Ex. U-1 (C. A. 93) and claimed to be the owner.
Then there is Maha Devi. The only direct
evidence we have of her conduct is a written statement that she filed in O.S. 177/97,
Ex. 2BI (C.A. 91). She asserted there on 5-1-1898 that she had been in
proprietary possession and occupation of her divided share of the property
obtained by her from her mother under a deed of will. The circumstances in
which she made this statement are to be found in the judgment in that suit, Ex.
GI (C.A. 91). The suit was by Har Devi against her sister and a transferee who
claimed title through the other sister Durga Devi. Har Devi's allegation was
that Durga Devi had mortgaged Keshopur Bhindi and Tatarpore Ghosi on 3-3-87.
The mortgagee sued on his deed and obtained a decree for sale. In execution of
the decree he purchased the properties himself Durga Devi died in 1888 and Har
Devi claimed that Durga Devi had only a limited estate and that Maha Devi and
herself were entitled -to the properties by survivorship. Maha Devi refused to
support her sister and took up the position that each sister, or at any rate
that she, Maha Devi, got an absolute estate in the property that came to her
and of which she was placed in separate possession, from Pato. On 16-12-10 Maha
Devi mortgaged Behrampur Buzurg and claimed that it belonged to her, being
property left to her by her mother in which no one else had any rights. The
deed 36 is Ex. BB-1 (C.A. 93). On 2-7-11 she sold Bilalpat and claimed to be
its exclusive proprietor, Ex. R-1 (C.A. 93).
We now come to two statements made by Har
Devi and Maha Devi as witnesses in that suit. Strong exception was taken to
their admissibility because the plaintiff was not a party to the earlier
litigation. It is a moot point whether they would be admissible under section
32(3) of the Evidence Act, but we need not decide that because we do not intend
to use them as proof of the truth of the facts stated in them. But they are, in
our view, admissible to show the conduct of these two ladies. The conduct of
the various members of the family is relevant to show that their actings,
viewed as a whole, suggest the existence of the family arrangement on which the
defendants rely. At this distance of time gaps in evidence that would otherwise
be available have to be filled in from inferences that would normally have
little but corroborative value. But circumstanced as we are, inferences from
the conduct of the family is all that can reasonably be expected in proof of an
arrangement said to have been made in 1875. The statements that Har Devi and Maha
Devi made as witnesses are therefore as relevant as recitals made by them in
deeds and statements made by them in pleadings. They do not in themselves prove
the fact in issue, namely the family arrangement, because, in the absence of
section 32(3), they are not admissible for that purpose, but as their conduct
is relevant these statements are admissible as evidence of that conduct.
Maha Devi's statement is Ex. 2-Al (C.A. 91)
and Har Devi's Ex. 2-Fl (C.A. 91). Both speak of an arrangement effected by Pato
in her life time and say that they entered into separate possession of the
properties by reason of that arrangement. Har Devi says in addition that the
grandsons were included in the arrangement and given properties too.
Therefore, we know that this is the title
under which each claimed to hold in O.S. No. 177/97. It is proof of their
assertion of this title at that early date and though it is no proof of the
truth of those assertions it is proof of the 37 fact that the assertions were
made and that is all we need at the moment.
We turn next to the conduct of the grandsons,
and first we will consider the plaintiff Mukand Ram and his brother Kanhaiya
Lal. The plaintiff attained majority in 1890 and from that date down to 1922 we
have a series of assertions of a title that can only spring from the family
arrangement.
First, we have the deed of 11-2-90, Ex. RR-1
(C.A. 94) which we have already considered in connection with Har Devi. This is
the agreement between his brother and himself on the one hand and Har Devi on
the other to refer their dispute to arbitration. We have already commented on
the fact that the two brothers asserted an absolute title to properties that
were in their possession and acknowledged the absolute title of Pyare Lal and
Shyam Lal to the properties of which they were possessed. The only dispute they
were prepared to submit to arbitration was about the properties in Har Devi's
possession and there, they were prepared to accept a decision upholding Har
Devi's claim to an absolute estate.
After this came the following dealings:
20-11-91 Sale Shahzadi Proprietary pos- Ex. 2
K1 (C.A. 91) Sarai session "devolved on us by right of inheritance from
Pato ".
28-7-93 Sale Dugawatr Proprietary pos- Ex. 2
El (C.A. 91) session "by right of inheritance".
2-7-96 Mortgage Qutabpur " ancestral and
Ex. KK-1(C.A. Amawti 94) purchased by us": Possessed by us....without the
participation of anybody else".
30-1-00 Sale Bazar Mah- " Proprietary
pos-Ex. U (C.A. 92) mud Khan session" by "right Sarai, Sam-of
inheritance":
bhal " without the participation of
anyone else." 15-7-05 MortgageQutabpur Owners:withHarEx.BB-1(C.A.94)
Amawti Devi "without the participation of anyone else".
38 Kanhaiya Lal died about this time and
thereafter Mukand Ram continued to make transfers claiming to do so in his own
right. He made the following along with Har Devi. We have already analysed
them. They were- 19-11-08 Ex.MI (C.A.94) 14-11-14 Ex.V (C.A.92) 23-3- 15 Ex.X(C
A.92) 17-2- 16 Ex.N-1(C.A.94) 28-3- 16 EX.MM1(C.A.94) 22-1- 18 Ex-DDD1(C.A.91)
23-3- 18 Ex.M1(C.A.91) But in addition to these he made the following transfers
on his own:
18-2-16 Sale Lashkarpur Absolute owner. Ex.
PP-1 (C.A. 94) 24-4-22 Sale Houses, etc. do Ex. Y (C.A. 92) in Sambhal 23-11-22
Sale Qutabpur Amawti do Ex. Q (C.A. 92) Next, we come to Shyam Lal. His
alienations were as follows:
19-6-97 Mortgage. Shops in Sanbhal. Owner.Ex.
W-1(C.A. 94) 9-11-07 do House in Sambhal. No recital Ex. TT-1(C.A. 94) 17-9-09
do Bilalpat. do Ex. UU-1 (C. A. 94) In addition, he made the following
transfers jointly with his brother Pyare Lal:
18-1-06 Mortgage. Bilalpat & shops No
recitals. Ex. EEE-1 in Sambhal. (C.A.94) 21-2-10 do Bilalpat & Sabz. do Ex.
AA-1(C.A 94) Pyare Lal also made two transfers on his own- 23-9-18 Sale
Bilalpat."Devolved on Ex. 15(C.A. 94) me"from Nanak Chand by right of
inheritance.
2-1-20 do do do Ex. 18 (C. A. 93) Lastly,
there is Bhukban Saran, who is Maha Devi's daughter's son. He transferred as
follows:
26-3-18 SaleHouses, etc.in Absoluteand
Sambhal. exclusive Ex. MM-1 (C.A.92) owner.
9-1-21 Relinquishment - Bilalpat do Ex. DD-1
(C.A. 93).
These documents disclose a long line of
conduct on the part of the various members of the family and show that from
1877 down to 1922 each dealt with the properties in his or her possession as
absolute 39 owner and set up exclusive proprietary title to the properties
transferred. It is true the source of title was not consistently stated,
sometimes it was said to be Pato and at others Nanak Chand, but the assertion
to a separate, exclusive and absolute title in each is common all through.
There is only one way in which they could
have got these exclusive titles and that is by a family arrangement, for
whether the property was Nanak Chand's or whether it was Pato's, in neither
event could any one of these persons have obtained an absolute estate on the
dates with which we are concerned: the grandsons, because the reversion had not
opened out; the daughters because, either way, they would only be limited owners
under the Hindu law. But if there was a family arrangement assented to by the
daughters and later accepted and acted on by the sons when they attained
majority, their claim to separate and independent absolute titles is
understandable. It does not matter whether the claims were well founded in law
because what we are considering at the moment is not the legal effect of the
arrangement but whether there was one in fact.
Now, in spite of all these dealings, the
conduct of Har Devi and Mukand Ram and Kanhaiya Lal was not always consistent.
They were greedy and while insisting that
they be allowed to hold on to what they had got, they wanted to snatch more if
and when they could. The ball started rolling in 1890 as soon as Mukand Ram
attained majority. There was the reference to arbitration in that year to
settle their dispute with their mother Har Devi. But even there, there was the
inconsistency regarding their own properties to which we have already referred.
Mukand Ram's later explanation in the witness box that they got those
properties for shradh purposes and for a pilgrimage to Gaya cannot be believed.
Next, there was the suit by Mukand Ram and
Kanhaiya Lal against their aunt Maha Devi in 1895: S. No. 21/1895, Ex. 31 (C.A.
91). That was occasioned by two sales by Maha Devi on 19-2-83 and 20-5-85. She
stoutly maintained that she had an absolute title.
40 The litigation had a chequered career and
ultimately the suit was dismissed as barred by time.
Next came suit No. 177 of 1897, Ex. GI (C.A.
91), in which Har Devi sued Maha Devi and a transferee. This time it was to set
aside an alienation by Durga Devi, Durga Devi then being dead. Har Devi claimed
that the property was Nanak Chand's and that the daughters were limited owners.
But again Maha Devi stood by the family arrangement and asserted an absolute
title in all the daughters; Ex. 2BI (C.A. 91).
We have seen that Har Devi entered the box
and admitted the arrangement: Ex. 2F-1 (C.A. 91). The suit very naturally
failed, but the result of the litigation is not relevant because the plaintiff
was not a party. What we are examining is the conduct of Har Devi.
In 1913 Har Devi tried again after Maha
Devi's death, this time against alienees from Maha Devi. This is the suit that
went up to the Privy Council, Mst. Hardei v. Bhagwan Singh(1). She failed
again'.
Having failed against Maha Devi in the 1897
litigation, Har Devi next tried her luck against Maha Devi's grandson
(daughter's son) Bhukhan Saran, after Maha Devi's death.
The suit is O.S. 52/14, Ex. 78 (C.A. 94).
This time she succeeded with respect to some items and failed as regards the
rest. But again the result is irrelevant: Exs. 6 and 8 (C. A. 94).
Now what we are examining at the moment is
whether Shyam Lal, D. W. I in CA. 94, is to be believed when he says that
Mukand Ram, among others, told him about the family arrangement tinder which
Pato had divided all her property between her daughters and their sons. It is
evident from what we have said above that Mukand Ram had been consistently
asserting such a title for 31 years from 1891 to 1922 despite his aberrations
in 1890 and 1895. In parti- cular he did this whenever he wanted to borrow
money or to sell property: and he makes a significant admission in the witness
box as P. W. 11 in C. A. 91 that- (1) A.I.R. 1919 P.C. 27.
41 "In the mortgage or sale of the
property over which Mst. Har Devi was in possession none of her sisters or
sisters' sons joined. Similarly, in the sale or transfer of the property that
came to Durga Devi, none of her sisters or other sisters' sons joined".
He also admits that there was a division and
separate possession from 1876. He says that it was for convenience of
management and says that it was after Pato's death, but in view of the mass of
evidence that we have just analysed, we think it far more likely that he told
Shyam Lal just what Shyam Lal says he did. After all, he was borrowing money
from Shyam Lal on each of these occasions; so there is every reason to believe
that he would have told Shyam Lal what he had so repeatedly asserted to his
other transferees. We accordingly believe Shyam Lal.
That at once shifts the burden of proof to
the plaintiff, and what is his explanation? First, a division of the estate for
convenience of management (but that does not explain the long chain of
unchallenged transfers bar Har Devi's efforts in four cases); and second, that
the grandsons got property absolutely for the purposes of shradh and
pilgrimage: 'an explanation which we disbelieve). We are therefore left with
the plaintiff's admission to Shyam Lal and that admission, coupled with the
conduct and actings of the family, firmly establishes the family arrangement.
We accordingly hold that, whether the
property belonged to Pato or to Nanak Chand, Pato claimed an absolute right
which the daughters acknowledged, and in return they and their sons were given
separate and absolute estates in separate portions of the property immediately.
This arrangement bound the daughters because
they were parties to it and received good consideration. But so far as the sons
are concerned, they were minors at that time and were not parties to this
arrangement, for no one suggests that they were represented by guardians who
entered into it on their behalf. Therefore, the properties they received were,
so far as they are concerned, gifts pure and simple 6 42 from Pato with the
assent of her daughters. It does not matter whether the properties were Pato's
exclusive properties or whether they came to her from her husband because,
either way, the title to the properties resided in her and she was the only
person competent to pass it on to another. If her title was absolute, the sons
got absolute estates. If it was the limited title of a Hindu widow, they
obtained a limited title good during her life, and, as the daughters consented
to the gifts and obtained properties for themselves as a result of the
arrangement that resulted in these gifts, they would not be permitted to
question the gifts; and the Privy Council so held in Har Devi's suit against
the alienees from Maha Devi: Mst. Hardei v. Bhagwan Singh(1). But so far as the
grandsons are concerned, the mere,' fact that each received a separate gift
from Pato at a time when they were not competent to assent or to dissent would
not in itself bind them. To achieve that result, there would have to be
something more; and it is to that something more that we will now direct our
attention.
But before doing that, we will pause to
distinguish Rani Mewa Kuwar. Rani Hulas Kuwar (2); Khunni Lal v. Gobind Krishna
Narain (3), and Ramsumran Prasad v. Shyam Kumari (4). It is well settled that a
compromise or family arrangement is based on the assumption that there is an
antecedent title of some sort in the parties and the agreement acknowledges and
defines what that title is, each party relinquishing all claims to property
other than that falling to his share and recognising the right of the others,
as they had previously asserted it, to the portions allotted to them
respectively. That explains why no con- veyance is required in these cases to
pass the title from the one in whom it resides to the person receiving it under
the family arrangement. It is assumed that the title claimed by the person
receiving the property under the arrangement had always resided in him or her
so far as the property falling to his or her share is concerned and therefore
no conveyance is (1) A.I.R. 1919 P.C. 27.
(2) [1874] 1 I.A. 157, 166.
(3) [1911] 38 I A. 87, 102.
(4) [1922] 19 I. A. 342, 348.
43 necessary But, in our opinion, the principle
can be carried further and so strongly do the Courts lean in favour of family
arrangements that bring about harmony in a family and do justice to its various
members and avoid, in anticipation, future disputes which might ruin them all,
that we have no hesitation in taking the next step (fraud apart) and upholding
an arrangement under which one set of members abandons all claim to all title
and interest in all the properties in dispute and acknowledges that the sole
and absolute title to all the properties resides in only one of their number
(provided he or she had claimed the whole and made such an assertion of title)
and are content to take such properties as are assigned to their shares as
gifts pure and simple from him or her, or as a conveyance for consideration
when consideration is present.
The regal position in such a case would be
this. The arrangement or compromise would set out and define that the title
claimed by A to all the properties in dispute was his absolute title as claimed
and asserted by him and that it had always resided in him. Next, it would
effect a transfer by A to B, C and D (the other members to the arrangement) of
properties X, Y and Z; and thereafter B, C and D would hold their respective
titles under the title derived from A. But in that event, the formalities of
law about the passing of title by transfer would have to be observed, and now
either registration or twelve years adverse possession would be necessary. But
in the present case, we are dealing with an arrangement made in 1875 at a time
when the Transfer of Property Act was not in force and no writing was required;
an d, as there is no writing, the
Registration Act does not apply either. Therefore, the oral arrangement of 1875
would be sufficient to pass title in this way and that, in our opinion, is what
happened.
But these rules only apply to the parties to
the settlement and to those who claim through or under them. They cannot be
applied to the minor sons who were not parties either personally or through
their guardians and who do not claim title' either through 44 Pato or her
daughters. So far as they are concerned, what they received were gifts pure and
simple and the only assent that could be inferred from mere acceptance of the
gift and nothing more would be assent to that particular gift and not assent to
the gifts similarly made to others; and for this reason.
When Mukand Ram attained majority he had two
titles to choose from. One from Pato as a limited owner coupled with the assent
of the daughters to her gift to him. In that case, he would hold a limited
estate till the reversion opened out. The gift would be good during Pato's life
time because she had that title to convey, and thereafter, till the three
daughters died, because they assented to it and obtained considerable benefit
for themselves from the transaction out of which it arose. The other title
would be an absolute one on the basis that Pato was the absolute owner of the
properties. That title could only be preferable to the family arrangement, and
if Mukand Ram, knowing the facts, assented to the arrangement ex post facto, he
will be precluded from challenging it for reasons which we shall now explain.
If the properties were Nanak Chand's, which
is the assumption on which we are deciding this case, then Pato was a limited
owner under the Hindu law, but as such she represented the estate and any title
she conveyed, whether by gift or otherwise, would not be void; it would only be
voidable. It would be good as against all the world except the reversioner who
succeeded when the reversion opened out and he is the only person who would
have the right to avoid it; and it would continue to be good until he chose to
avoid it. Therefore, if he does not avoid it, or is precluded from doing so,
either because of the law of limitation or by his own conduct, or for any other
reason, then no one else can challenge it; and the law is that once a
reversioner has given his assent to an alienation, whether at the time, or as a
part of the transaction, or later as a distinct and separate act, he is bound
though others may not be, and having given his assent he cannot go back on it
to the detriment of other persons; all the more so when he himself receives 45
benefit:see Raja Modhu Sudan Singh v. Rooke(1); Bijoy Gopal v. Krishna(1), and
Ramgouda Annagouda v. Bhausaheb(3). Lord Sinha, delivering the judgment of the
Privy Council in the last of these three cases, said at page 402:- "It is
settled law that an alienation by a widow in excess of her powers is not
altogether void but only voidable by the reversioners, who may either singly or
as a body be precluded from exercising their right to avoid it either by
express ratification or by acts which treat it as valid or binding".
This was followed in Dhiyan Singh v. Jugal
Kishore(4) though the ground of that decision was estoppel. We are now founding
on another principle which is not grounded on estoppel and which, indeed, is
not peculiar to Hindu law.
Estoppel is rule of evidence which prevents a
party from alleging and proving the truth. Here the plaintiff is not shut out
from asserting anything. We are assuming in his favour that Pato had only a
life estate and we are examining at length his assertion that he did not assent
to the family arrangement. The principle we are applying is therefore not
estoppel. It is a rule underlying many branches of the law which precludes a
person who' with full knowledge of his rights, has once elected to assent to a
transaction voidable at his instance and has thus elected not to exercise his right
to avoid it, from going back on that and avoiding it at a later stage. Having
made his election he is bound by it.
So far as the Hindu law is concerned, Lord
Dunedin explained in Rangaswami Gounden v. Nachiappa Gounden(5), a case in
which a widow gifted properties to her nephew, that though the reversioner is
not called upon to exercise his right to avoid until the reversion falls in and
so no assent can be inferred from mere inaction prior to the death or deaths of
the limited owner or owners, he is not bound to wait and "of course
something might be done even before (1) [1897] 24 I.A. 164, 169. (2) [1906] 34
I.A. 87.
(3) [1927] 54 I.A. 396. (4) 1952 S.C.R. 478,
488.
(5) [1918] 46 I.A. 72, 86,87.
46 that time which amounted to an actual
election to hold the deed good".
Ramgouda case(1) is an illustration of what
that something can be, for there the assent was given by the ultimate
reversioner before he became in titulo to alienations by a widow, one of which
was a gift. The present case is another illustration. For the reasons we have
given and which we shall now further examine, we hold that the plaintiff, who
is in titulo now that the succession has opened out, unequivocally assented to
the arrangement with full knowledge of the facts and accepted benefit under it,
therefore, be is now precluded from avoiding it, and any attempts he made to go
behind that assent when it suited his purpose cannot render the assent once
given nugatory even though it was given when he was not in titulo and even though
the assent was to a series of gifts.
The real question is whether the plaintiff
assented to the family arrangement, and as the plaintiff was not a party to the
arrangement his assent to the arrangement itself, and not to something else,
must be clearly established, and also his knowledge of the facts. But we think
they have been.
In the first place, there was the express
assent in 1890 to the gifts made to the other grandsons on the basis that each
grandson got an absolute estate. Next, there was the long course of dealings by
Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram in which they asserted absolute titles. Mukand Ram
tells us in the witness box as P.W. 11 (C.A. 91) that Kanhaiya Lal was the
karta of the joint family to which Mukand Ram belonged, therefore Kanhaiya Lal's
dealings with the properties which he and his brother held under a joint and
undivided title are also relevant as they will bind Mukand Ram. And lastly,
there is Mukand Ram's representation to Shyam Lal (D.W. I in C.A. 94) which
leaves us in no doubt about his knowledge.
The cumulative effect of this course of
conduct leads to a reasonable inference that Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand Ram were
holding, not on the basis of a separate and individual gift made by a life
owner with the assent of the next set of life 1) [1927] 51 I.A. 396, 402.
47 owners, but on the basis of the family
arrangement which was one composite whole in which the several dispositions
formed parts of the same transaction under which Mukand Ram himself acquired a
part of the estate: see Ramgouda v. Bhausaheb(1).
We are therefore satisfied that the
plaintiff's assent was to this very arrangement. and that concludes both cases.
In C. A. 94/50 there is, in addition, a
direct personal estoppel against the plaintiff. The transfers that are challenged
there are sales of 23-9-18 and 25-11-19 made by two of the grandsons, one
personally and the other by the guardian, but the relevant dates for the
purposes of the estoppel are later because the representation in this case was
not made to the immediate transferees but to the first defendant who obtained
title to the properties at a later date, in one case by a sale from the
immediate transferee, in the other by pre-emption. But the exact dates do not
matter because the representation to the first defendant was made in 1910
before the first defendant's purchases. It was made by Kanhaiya Lal and Mukand
Ram as well as by other members of the family. We have already referred to the
first defendant's evidence. This case would therefore be governed by Dhiyan
Singh v. Jugal Kishore(2) in any event.
But we need not elaborate this further
because of the other principle which, in our opinion, is sufficient to dispose
of both the present cases.
The result is that both appeals are allowed.
The decrees of the High Court -are set aside and those of the first Court dismissing the plaintiff's claims in those suits out of which Civil Appeals 92
and 94 of 1950 arise are restored.
Costs here and in the High. Court will be
paid by the plaintiff-respondent but there will be only one set of costs and
they will be divided half and half between the two sets of appellants.
Appeals allowed.
(1) [1927] 54 I.A. 396, 402.
(2) 1952 S.C.R. 478.
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