K. M. S. Lakshmanier and Sons V.
Commissioner of Income Tax And Excess Profits Tax, Madras [1953] INSC 2 (23
January 1953)
23/01/1953 SASTRI, M. PATANJALI (CJ) SASTRI,
M. PATANJALI (CJ) MUKHERJEA, B.K.
AIYAR, N. CHANDRASEKHARA BOSE, VIVIAN HASAN,
GHULAM
CITATION: 1953 AIR 145 1953 SCR 1057
CITATOR INFO :
R 1959 SC 346 (11,13,14,15,16) D 1964 SC1709
(10)
ACT:
Excess Profits Tax Act (XV of 1940)-Rules
under Schedule II, R. 2-A-Computation of average capital -Security deposit
received from customers-Whether "borrowed capital"-"Deposit' and
"Loan"-Essentials of.
HEADNOTE:
The assessees, who were the sole selling
agents of a yarn manufacturing company and who distributed yarn to several
constituents under forward contracts, kept two accounts for each constituent,
viz., a "contract deposit account" and a "current yarn
account", crediting the moneys which they received in advance from the
constituents in the former account and transferring them to the current yarn
account in adjustment of the price of the bales supplies then and there, that
is to say, when deliveries were made under the contract. On the 5th. May, 1944,
they decided to keep the advance amounts under a now heading "Contracts
Advance Fixed Deposit Account" and to return the advance amounts in full
after the completion of each contract and payment of the full value of the
bales supplied. On the 5th December, 1944, they changed the name of this
account into "Security Deposit" account, and on the 14th February,
1945, the assessees decided to modify the arrangement further and demand a
certain sum from each customer towards Security Deposit and keep the same with
the assesses so long as the business connection with the customer under the
forward contracts continued. Interest was also allowed on the amount of the
deposit. The question being whether the advance amounts received by the
assessees as deposit were "borrowed money," within the meaning of
Rule 2-A of the Rules in the Second Schedule to the Excess Profits Tax Act,
1940, and should not be deducted in computing the average capital used for the
purposes of the business:
Held, (1) that the advance amounts received
before the 5th May, 1944, were only advance payments of the price, to be
adjusted on delivery, and could in no sense be regarded as borrowed money;
(ii)the amounts received after the 5th May,
1944, up to 14th February, 1945, were also, having regard to the terms of 137
1058 the arrangement then in force, more in the nature of trading receipts than
of security deposits as they were really advance payments in regard to each
contract, and the transaction provided in substance effect for the adjustment
of the mutual obligations on the completion of each contract;
(iii) the method of dealing adopted after the
14th February, 1945, had all the essential elements of a, transaction of loan,
and the deposits received after that date were "borrowed money" for
the purposes of Rule 2-A, as the amount of deposit had no relation to the price
of the goods to be delivered under each contract, the price of the goods
supplied was to be paid by the customer in full, the assessees were allowed to
use the money for their own business paying interest to the customers, and the
amounts were returnable only at the end of the business connection.
The terms "loan" and
"deposit" are not mutually exclusive, and the fact that a deposit is
made with the object of inducing the person with whom the deposit is made to
have dealing with the depositor and for the specific purpose of being held as
security for the due performance by the depositor of his part of the contract,
would not prevent a deposit from being really in the nature of a loan.
Nawab Major Sir Mohagned Akbar Khan v. Attar
Singh (L. R. 63 I.A. 279) relied on. Inland Revenue Commissioners v. Port of
London Authority (L.R. [1923] A.C. 507) and Inland Revenue Commissioners v.
Rowntree ([1948] 1 All E.R. 482) distinguished. Davies v. The Shell Co. of
China (32 Tax Cas. 133) applied.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No.
71 of 1952.
Appeal from the Judgment dated 19th January,
1950, of the. High Court of Judicature at Madras (Satyanarayana Rao and
Viswanatha Sastri JJ.) in Case Referred No. 67 of 1947.
G. S. Pathak (G. R. Jagadisan, with him) for
the appellants.
M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India
(G. N. Joshi, with him) for the respondent.
1953. January 23. The Judgment of the Court
was delivered by PATANJALI SASTRI C.J.-This appeal arises out of a reference
made by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Madras Bench, under section 21 of
the Excess Profits Tax Act, 1940 (hereinafter referred to as the Act).
1059 The appellants are merchants carrying on
business in yarn in Madura and are the sole selling agents for yarn
manufactured by the Madura Mills Co., Ltd., distributing yarn to several'
constituents under forward contracts in respect of which they obtained advances
of moneys from their constituents. During the charge able accounting period
(13th May, 1944, to 12th 1945) the appellants received from their custom sums
amounting to Rs. 7,69,569 and they claimed before the Excess Profits Tax
Officer that the said sum should be treated as "borrowed money"
within the meaning of Rule 2-A of the Rules in the Second Schedule to the Act
and, on that footing, no excess profits tax was payable by them for the
chargeable accounting period. The Excess Profits Tax Officer rejected the claim
and assessed them to excess profits tax of Rs. 25,404, holding that, having
regard to the terms of the agreement under which the amounts were received,
they could not in law be regarded as "borrowed money" within the
meaning of that Rule. Appeals to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner 'and the
Income-tax Appellate Tribunal having failed, the appellants applied to the
Tribunal for reference of the question of law arising in the case to the High
Court at Madras for its determination, and the Tribunal accordingly referred
the following question:
"Whether in the circumstances of this
case, the moneys deposited by customers with the assessee firm as security
deposits were "borrowed money" within the meaning of Rule 2- A of the
Second Schedule to the Excess Profits Tax Act, 1940, either throughout the
chargeable accounting period ended 12th April, 1945, or during any part of that
chargeable accounting period ? " The reference was heard by a Division
Bench of the Court (Satyanarayana Rao and Viswanatha Sastri JJ.) and the
learned judges by their judgment dated 9th June, 1950, decided the question
against the appellants but granted them leave to appeal to this Court As is
well known, during the period of the war, profits arising from a trade or
business were much higher 1060 than the pre-war standard of profits and the
State wanted to catch a portion of such profits which it deemed to be in excess
of the normal or "standard" profits. The Act accordingly charges a
tax on the "excess profits" earned under war conditions and makes
provision, inter alia, for cases where, as here, there is an increase of
capital used for purposes of the business in the chargeable accounting period.
In such cases the standard profits are to the increased by an amount calculated
by applying the "statutory percentage" (varying from 8 to 12 per
cent. in different classes of cases) to the increase in capital. Thus, with the
increase in -the capital employed in the chargeable accounting period, there
would be an increase in the standard profits and a decrease in the excess
profits. Where the increase in the capital is brought about with borrowed
money, it is but fair that such money, which plays its part in earning the
larger profits, of which the State claims a substantial share, should not be
deducted in computing the average capital used for the purposes of the
business. Rule 2-A of the Rules in the Second Schedule to the Act accordingly
provides that in computing the average capital during the chargeable accounting
period and the relative standard period "no deduction shall be made in
respect of borrowed money". In the present case, the appellants having
admittedly received no security deposits during the standard period, the
increase in the average capital employed in the chargeable accounting period
would be much greater than what it has been computed to be, if the security
deposits received, which were all used for the appellants' business, were
treated as borrowed money and part of the average capital of their business for
the chargeable accounting period, and that, as stated above, would result in a
considerable reduction of the excess profits as now assessed. What then is the
true legal character of these security deposits ? The sums in question were
received by the appellants under three different arrangements with their 1061
customers evidenced by the circulars issued to them. The first of these
circulars issued on 5th May, 1944, was in the following terms:
" You are quite aware of the fact that
we are and will be, so long as the existing contracts of bales are closed,
transferring the Contract Advance Deposit amounts to the credit of current yarn
account for the bales supplied to you then and there.
Now, what we have decided in this connection
is not to do so as stated above, but to keep such advance amounts under the new
heading " Contracts Advance Fixed Deposit Account " and return in
cash or by bank's cheque or by insured post the advance amount of the bales
booked and supplied in full under certain contract number only after completion
of that contract with the bank's commission etc.
expenses that may be incurred therein on your
account.
The value of the bales delivered or to be
delivered for each and every time should be paid in full and this system is
applicable to our future booking of contracts only." This was followed by
another issued on 5th December, 1944, which runs thus:
"This is to inform you that we have
changed the heading of your " Contracts Advance Fixed Deposit "
account into " Security Deposit " account. As such, we have
transferred the amount which is to your credit in the former to the credit of
your latter account. This is with effect from 1st November, 1944. Kindly note."
The arrangement was further modified by the last circular dated 14th February,
1945, which was in these terms "Instead of calling for amounts from you
towards 'Security Deposit due to bales for which we are entering into forward
contracts with you and returning the same to you from the said deposit then and
there, as we are doing now, and in order to make. it feasible, we have decided
to demand from you a certain sum towards Security Deposit and keep the 1062
same with -us so long as our business connection under forward contracts will
continue with you.
In your case, we have fixed a sum of Rs for
the said deposit, which amount we have to keep with us on your approval.
Against the said amount, a sum of Rs stands credit with us now in the said
deposit. Therefore, the balance of Rs due by you to you, is to be remitted will
be returned. Kindly let us have your reply immediately in this connection.
Please note that interest of 3 per cent. per
annum will be allowed as usual to the said deposit amounts until further
notice." It will be seen that before the 5th May, 1944, which covers the
first seven weeks of the chargeable accounting period, the appellants had two
accounts for each constituent, namely, a " contract deposit account "
and a " current yarn account ", crediting the moneys received from
the customers in the former account and transferring them to the yarn account
in adjustment of the price of the bales supplied ,then and there", that
is, as and when deliveries were made under a contract either in installments or
in full. It is clear that the amounts received from the customers under this
arrangement were merely advance payments of the price which were to be adjusted
against the value of the bales supplied from time to time under the forward
contracts and they can in no sense be regarded as borrowed money. This indeed
was not disputed by Mr. Pathak.
It was also conceded by him that the circular
of 5th December, 1944, which merely changed the heading of the account in which
the moneys received were credited, did not alter the legal position as it then
stood. Accordingly, the question arises only with reference to the amounts
received between 5th May, 1944, and 14th February, 1945, which covers the major
part of the chargeable accounting period and those received thereafter till the
end of that period.
It will be convenient to deal first with the
amounts received during the last part of that period, for, if we 1063 accept
the view of the learned judges below that those amounts were not borrowed
money, then a fortiori must amounts received during the second part be held not
to be borrowed money.
The circular of the 14th February, 1945,
marks a clear departure from the mode of dealing followed by the parties before
the 5th May, 1944. The amount deposited by a customer was no longer to have any
relation to the price fixed for the goods to be delivered under a forward
contract-either in installments or otherwise. Such price was to be paid by the
customer in full against delivery in respect of each contract without any
adjustment out of the deposit, which was to be held by the appellants as
security for the due performance of his contracts by the customer so long as
his dealings with the appellants by way of forward contracts continued, the
appellants paying interest at 3 per cent. in the meanwhile, and having, as
appears from the course of dealings between the parties, the use of the money
for their own business. It was only at the end of the " business
connection " with the appellants that an adjustment was to be made towards
any possible liability arising out of the customer's default. Apart from such a
contingency arising, the appellants undertook to repay an equivalent amount at
the termination of the dealing. The transaction had thus all the essential
elements of a contract of loan, and we accordingly hold that the deposits
received under the final arrangement constitute borrowed money for the purpose
of Rule 2-A.
The learned Attorney-General laid great
stress on the fact that the amounts were deposited with the object of inducing
the appellants to have dealings with the customers and for the specific purpose
of being held as security for the due performance by the customers of their
forward contracts, and that the appellants their selves fixed the amount to be
deposited in each case. These features, according to him, distinguished these
transactions from a real borrowing or a real lending which the expression
" borrowed money " in Rule 2-A must be taken to connote. We are
unable to see how 1064 the object which the customers had in view in making the
deposits can affect the essential character of the transaction. If A pays money
to B who agrees to return not the identical currency in specie but an
equivalent sum subsequently, no bailment arises but simply a loan owing by B to
A. The fact that it is called a " deposit " can make no difference.
As pointed out by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Nawab Major
Sir Mohammad Akbar Khan v. Attar Singh (1), the two terms are not mutually
exclusive. A deposit of money is not confined to a bailment of specific
currency to be returned in specie. As in the case of a deposit with a banker,
it does not necessarily involve the creation of a trust but may involve only
the creation of the relation of debtor. and creditor, a loan under conditions
".
The fact that one of the conditions is that
it is to be adjusted against a claim arising out of a possible default of the
depositor cannot alter the character of the transaction. Nor can the fact that
the purpose for which the deposit is made is to provide a security for the due
performance of a collateral contract invest the deposit with a different
character. It remains a loan of which the repayment in full is conditioned by
the due fulfillment of the obligations under the collateral contract.
The Attorney-General placed strong reliance,
as did the learned judges in the High Court, on the English decisions in Inland
Revenue Commissioners v. Port of London Authority (2 )and Inland Revenue
Commissioners v. Rowntree & Co. Ltd.
(3). In the first case it was held that the
stock issued by the Port of London Authority as consideration for the
acquisition of the property of certain dock companies of London, which carried
interest and was redeemable after twenty years, could not be regarded as representing
" borrowed money " under Rule 2 of Part III of Schedule IV of the
Finance (No. 2) Act, 1915, as that expression referred to "a real
borrowing and a real lending ". The transaction was held to be a purchase
of assets for consideration in the shape of the stock issued, though it was
attended (1) (1936) L R. 63 I.A. 279.
(2) L.R. [1923] A.C. 507 (3) [1948] All E.R.
482.
1065 with incidents in some respects similar
to those which would have ensued if there had been a borrowing. may well be
conceded that the term " borrow money " must be construed in its
natural and ordinary meaning and implies a real borrowing and a real lending.
But the holding that " there was nothing of kind " in the issue of
stock as consideration for the purchase of certain assets, where " no
money passe directly or indirectly between the parties to the tran- saction
" is not of much assistance in determining the issue whether the security
deposits now in question involved a real borrowing and a real lending. For the
reasons already indicated, we are satisfied that they do answer to that
description and constitute borrowed money within the meaning of Rule 2-A.
The other case cited is still less helpful.
Under certain arrangements for financial facilities, A drew bills on B who accepted
them and then, as an agent of A, discounted them with C and paid over the
proceeds to A, who agreed to put him in funds before the maturity of the bills
for paying them off. The Court of Appeal held that the money thus raised was
not " borrowed money " within the meaning of paragraph 2 (1) of Part
11 of the Seventh Schedule to the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1939, which provided
that " any borrowed money shall be deducted " (for the purpose of
Excess Profits Duty). After referring to the Port of London case (supra) as
authority for the view that the words " borrowed money " require the
existence of a borrower and a lender and that there must be a real borrowing in
the legal sense of the word, the learned judges proceeded to inquire who could
be the lender, if any, in the circumstances of the case and found there was
none-not B, for an acceptor of a bill need not have any money in his hands at
all to lend, not C who was only acquiring certain rights in the bill under the
law merchant but was not lending money. They accordingly found it "
impossible to discover that there was such a relationship " (of lender and
borrower) either between A and B or between A and C. In the 138 1066 present
case, the relationship of lender and borrower in all its essential features is
plainly recognisable between the depositors and the appellants, and that
decision does not affect the matter one way or the other.
On the other hand, a more recent decision of
the English Court of Appeal in Davies v. The Shell Company of China (1), which
Mr. Pathak brought to our notice, is more in. point.
A British Company, which sold petroleum
products in China through Chinese agents, required the latter to deposit with
the company a sum of money in Chinese dollars to be held as security against
possible default by the agent in payment for the products consigned to them and
to be repaid when the agency came to an end. These deposits were, during the
war, transferred to the United Kingdom for reasons of safety and were there
held in sterling. Subsequently, when the Chinese dollar depreciated in relation
to sterling, the amounts required to repay the deposits in Chinese dollars were
much less than the sums held by the company as sterling equivalents of the
deposits, and the question arose whether such deposits were trading receipts or
receipts of a capital nature. In holding that they were capital receipts and
the profit was therefore a capital gain, Jenkins L.J., who delivered the
leading judgment, observed :
"If the agent's deposit had in truth
been a payment in advance to be applied by the company in discharging the sums
from time to time due from the agent in respect of petroleum products
transferred to the agent and sold by him, the case might well be difficult and
might well fall within the ratio decidendi of Landes Bros. v. Simpson(1) and
Imperial Tobacco Co. v. Kelley.(1) But that is not the character of the de-
posits here in question. The intention manifested by the terms of the agreement
is that the deposit should be retained by the company, carrying interest for
the benefit of the depositor throughout the terms of the agency. It is to be
available during the (1) (1951) 32 Tax Cas, I33. (3) (1943) 25 Tax Cas. 292.
(2) (1934) 19 Tax Cas. 62.
1067 deriod of the agency for making good the
agent's pefaults in the event of any default by him; but otherwise it remains,
as I see it, simply as a loan owing by the company to the agent and repayable
on the termination of the agency; and I do not see how the fact that the
purpose for which it is given is to provide a security against any possible
default by the agent can invest it with the character of a trading
receipt." The Attorney-General relied also upon certain decisions holding
that security deposits received from employees were impressed with a fiduciary
character so that the depositors were entitled to preferential payments from
the assignee in bankruptcy of the depositee. He admitted, however, that there
were decisions holding the other way, and we do not think it necessary to
discuss that class of cases, as the manner in which such sums have to be dealt
with under the Insolvency Acts has no direct bearing on the question now under
consideration.
Turning now to the deposits received by the
appellants from 5th May, 1944, to 14th February, 1945, we are of opinion that,
having regard to the terms of the arrangement then in force, they partake more
of the nature of trading receipts than of security deposits. It will be seen
that the amounts received were treated as advance payments in relation to each
"contract number" and though the agreement provided for the payment
of the price in full by the customer and for the deposit being returned to him
on the completion of delivery under the contract, the transaction is one
providing in substance and effect for the adjustment of the mutual obligations
on the completion of the contract.
We hold accordingly that the sums received
during this period cannot be regarded as borrowed money for the purposes of
Rule 2-A. Lastly, Mr. Pathak suggested that the case having proceeded both
before the Excess Profits Tax authorities and the High Court on the footing
that if the sums received from the customers during any part of the chargeable
accounting period were held to be borrowed 1068 money, they must be included in
the computation of the average profits for the whole. of the chargeable
accounting period, no distinction should now be made between one part of the
period and another for this purpose. We cannot accept that view. It is true to
say that no such distinction was in fact made at any stage so far, but that is
because it was held that none of the sums received under any of the
arrangements was borrowed money within the meaning of Rule 2-A. But, if it be
held that the a 'mounts received under one or more, but not all, of the
agreements are borrowed moneys, then, obviously, the computation of average
capital in accordance with Rule 2-A must take into account the different
character of the sums received under each of the agreements which was in force
during a part only of the chargeable accounting period. The form of the
question referred to the court clearly recognises this and admits of a
distinction being made, if necessary, between parts of the chargeable
accounting period.
In the result we set aside the order of the
court below and answer the question referred in the affirmative with reference
to the last part of the chargeable accounting period, namely, 14th February,
1945, to 12th April, 1945, and in the negative with reference to the rest of
that period. We make to order as to costs.
Order set aside.
Agent for the appellants: Naunit Lal.
Agent for the respondent: O. H. Rajadhyaksha.
Back
