Basir-Ul-Huq & Ors Vs. The State of
West Bengal [1953] INSC 29 (10 April 1953)
CHAND MAHAJAN, MEHR CHAND BOSE, VIVIAN
JAGANNADHADAS, B.
CITATION: 1953 AIR 293 1953 SCR 836
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1958 SC 124 (5) R 1962 SC 876 (15) R 1966
SC 523 (5) APR 1966 SC1775 (5) RF 1971 SC1708 (13) RF 1971 SC1935 (8)
ACT:
Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, ss.
190,195-Indian Penal Code, 1860, ss. 182, 297, 500-Report to police alleging X
had killed his mother Trespass with police on cremation ground-Report found
false-Complaint by X for trespass and defamation-Maintainability-Jurisdiction
to take cognizance of offence-Whether barred by s. 195, Criminal Procedure
Code.
HEADNOTE:
The accused lodged information at a police
station that X had beaten and throttled his mother to death and when the
funeral pyre was in flames he entered the cremation ground with the police. The
dead body was examined and the complaint was found to be false. On the
complaint of X, the accused was charged with offences under section 297, Indian
Penal Code (trespass to wound religious feelings) and section 500 Indian Penal
Code (defamation). It was contended that, as the complaint disclosed offences
under sections 182 and 211, Indian Penal Code, the Court could not take
cognizance of the case except on a complaint by the proper authority under
section 195, Criminal Procedure Code:
Held, (i) that the facts which constituted
the offence tinder section 297 were distinct from those which constituted an
offence under section 182, as the act of trespass was alleged to have been
committed after the making of the false report, so section 195 was no bar to
the trial of the charge under section 297.
(ii)As regards the charge under section 500,
where the allegations made in a false report disclose two distinct offences,
one against a public servant and the other against a private individual, the
latter is not debarred by the provisions of section 195, Criminal Procedure
Code, from seeking redress for the offence committed against him.
Satish Chandra Chakravarti v. Ram Dayal De
(24 C.W.N. 982);
Hori Ram Singh v. The Crown [1939] F.C.R. 139
referred to.
Section 195 cannot however be evaded by the
device of charging a person with an offence to which that section does not
apply and then convicting him of an offence to which it does, on the ground
that the latter offence is a minor one of the same character, or by describing
the offence as one punishable under some other section of the Indian Penal
Code, though in truth and substance the offence falls in the category of
sections mentioned in section 195, Criminal Procedure Code.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeals Nos. 26 and 27 of 1952. Appeals under Article 134 (1) (c) of the
Constitution of India from the Order dated 4th February, 1952, of the Calcutta
High Court (CHAKRAVARTTI and SINHA JJ.) in Criminal Revision Nos. 102 and 103
of 1952.
S.C. Das Gupta and A.K. Dutt for the
appellants.
B. Sen for the respondent.
Arun Kumar Datta for the complainant.
1953, April 10.The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by MAHAJAN J.
838 MAHAJAN J.--These two appeals arise in
the following circumstances: One Mokshadamoyee Dassi, mother of Dhirendra Nath
Bera, died some time in the evening of the 3rd September, 1949. At the moment of
her death Dhirendra Nath was not present at the house. On his return at, about
8-30 p.m. he along with some other persons took the dead body to the cremation
ground. It appears that Nurul Huda, the appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 27 of,
1952, had lodged information at the police station to the effect that Dhirendra
Nath had beaten and throttled his mother to death.
When the funeral pyre was in flames, Nurul
Ruda along with the appellants in Criminal Appeal No. 26 of 1952 and
accompanied by the sub-inspector of police arrived at the cremation ground. The
appellants pointed out the dead body and told the sub-inspector that the
complainant had killed his mother by throttling her and that there were marks
of injury on the body which they could show to the subInspector if he caused
the body to be brought down from the pyre. At their suggestion the fire was
extinguished and the dead body was taken down from the pyre in spite of the
protests from the complainant. On an examination of the dead body it was found
that there were no marks of injury on. it and the appellants were unable to
point out any such marks. The body was however sent for postmortem examination
which was held on 5th September, 1949, but no injury was found on the person of
the deceased. The sub-inspector after investigation reached the conclusion that
a false complaint had been made against Dhirendra Nath.
On the 24th September, 1949, Dhirendra Nath
filed a petition of complaint in the Court of the Sub-Divisional Officer of
Uluberia in the district of Howrali against the appellants in both the cases
and one Sanwaral Huq. It was alleged in the complaint that the information
given by Nurul Huda to the police was false, that Nurul Huda and the other
appellants had made imputations mala fide out of enmity against him with the
intention of harming his reputation and that to wound his religious feelings
they had trespassed on 839 the cremation ground and caused the dead body to be
taken out by making false imputations.
The appellants were tried before Shri R. Ray
Choudhury, Magistrate 1st class, Uluberia, on charges under sections 297 and
500, Indian Penal Code. The charges fraimed against them were in these terms :"(1)
That you on or about the 17th day of Bhadra, 1356 B.S.
at Panshila, P. S. Shyampur, with the
intention of wounding the religious feelings of P. W. 1, Dhirendra Nath Bera,
the complainant, committed trespass upon the cremation ground where the funeral
rites of the mother of the complainant were being performed and thereby
committed an offence punishable under section 297, Indian Penal Code, and
within my cognizance;
(2) That you oil or about the 17th day of
Bhadra, 1356 B. S. at Panshila, P. S. Shyampur, defamed P. W. 1, Dhirendra Nath
Bera, the complainant, by making imputation to the effect that he had killed
his mother intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such
imputation would harm the reputation of the complainant and thereby committed
an offence punishable under section 500, Indian Penal Code, and within my
cognizance." None of these charges relates to the falsity of the report
made to the police or contains facts or allegations which disclose an offence
under section 182, Indian Penal Code.
The charge under section 297, Indian Penal
Code, was a distinct one and concerned an act of the accused committed after
the giving of the report. The charge under section 500 related to defamatory
and libellous allegations contained in the report itself.
It was contended on behalf of the defence
that Nurul Huda had lodged information with the police tinder a bona fide
belief created in his mind on the statement of one Asiram Bibi and that none of
the accused persons had entered the cremation ground as alleged by the
complainant, 840 The magistrate held the charges proved against all the
appellants and convicted each of them under sections 7 and 500, Indian Penal
Code. Each of the appellants was awarded three months' rigorous imprisonment on
the charge under section 297 and each of them was sentenced to a fine of Rs.
100 on the charge under section 500.
The appellants went up in appeal to the
Sessions Judge of Howrah who by his order dated 31st July, 1,950, set aside the
convictions and sentences and acquitted them. He held that on the facts stated
in the complaint the only offence that could be said to have been committed by
the appellants was one under section 182 or section 21 1, Indian Penal Code,
and that a court was not competent to take cognizance of those offences except
on a complaint by a proper authority under the provisions of section 195,
Criminal Procedure Code. Against the acquittal order an application in revision
was preferred to the High Court. This petition came up for hearing before a
Bench of the High Court (K. C. Das Gupta and P. N. Mookerjee JJ.). The learned
judges reached the conclusion that on the facts alleged in the petition of
complaint distinct offences under sections 182, 297 and 500, Indian Penal Code,
had been disclosed. They however referred for the decision of the Full Bench
the following question:"If the facts alleged in a petition of complaint,
or in an information received by the magistrate, on which a magistrate can
ordinarily take cognizance of an offence under section 190, Criminal Procedure
Code, disclose an offence of which cognizance cannot be taken by the magistrate
because of the special provisions of section 195, or 196, or 196-A, or 197, or
199, Criminal Procedure Code, is the magistrate also debarred because of this
from taking cognizance of other offences disclosed by the facts alleged, which
are not in any way affected by the provisions of section 195, or 1.96, or 196-A
or 197 or 199, Criminal Procedure Code." The Full Bench answered the
question referred in the negative. In respect of the conviction under 841 section
297, Indian Penal Code, the learned Judges said that there as nothing in
sections 195 to 199, Criminal Procedure Code, which could in any way bar the
prosecution of the appellants under that section, as it could in no way be said
that it arose out of the facts which would constitute an offence under section
182, or section 211, Indian Penal Code. On the other hand, it arose from an
entirely different set of facts, namely, the trespass by the opposite parties
in the burial ground and the removal of the corpse from the lighted funeral
pyre. With regard to the offence under section 500, it was observed that though
the prosecution for defamation was based on the false information given to a
public officer, that circumstance, however, was no bar for the prosecution of
the appellants under that section. In the result the application in revision
was allowed, the order of acquittal was set aside and the sessions judge was
directed to re-hear the appeal on the merits.
After remand the appeal was heard on the
merits and was dismissed. The convictions and sentences passed by the
magistrate were confirmed. Against the order of the sessions judge the
appellants went up in revision to the High Court but these applications were
summarily dismissed.
The appellants thereupon applied to the High
Court for a certificate under article 134 (1) (c) of the Constitution for leave
to appeal to this Court. In the application the order of the Full Bench dated
22nd June, 1951, was challenged. This application was opposed on behalf of the complainant
on the ground that the interim order of the Pull Bench not having, been
appealed against could not be challenged at that stage. Thus two substantial
questions were argued in the leave application, namely, 1.whether it was open
to the accused to question the correctness of the Full Bench decision, it not
having been appealed from when it was passed, and, 2.whether the point decided
by the Full Bench in itself was of sufficient importance to justify the
granting of a certificate under article 134(1)(c).
109 842 As the judgment of the Full Bench did
not terminate the proceedings but merely directed the appeal to be reheard, it
was held that the petitioners could not appeal from it at that time and it was
open to them to raise the point at this stage. The second question was
considered of sufficient importance to justify the grant of leave and leave was
accordingly granted.
The learned counsel for the respondent raised
a preliminary objection in order to canvass the first question mentioned above,
while the learned counsel for the appellants canvassed the question of the
correctness of the decision of the Full Bench on its merits. He contended that
the magistrate had no jurisdiction to take cognizance of the complaint under
section 500 and section 297, Indian Penal Code, as the facts disclosed
constituted an offence under section 182 which offence could not be tried
except on a complaint by a public servant.
Section 195, Criminal Procedure Code, on
which the question raised is grounded, provides, inter alia, that no court
shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under sections 172 to 188,
Indian Penal Code, except on the complaint in writing of the public servant
concerned, or some other public servant to whom he is subordinate. The statute
thus requires that without a complaint in writing of the public servant
concerned no prosecution for an of-fence under section 182 can be taken
cognizance of. It does not further provide that if in the course of the
commission of that offence other distinct offences are committed, the
magistrate is debarred from taking cognizance in respect of those offences as
well. The allegations made in a complaint may have a double aspect, that is, on
the one hand these may constitute an offence against the authority of the
public servant or public justice, and on the other hand, they may also
constitute the offence of defamation or some other distinct offence. The
section does not per se bar the cognizance by the magistrate of that offence,
even if no action is taken by the public servant to whom the false report has
been made. It was however argued that if on the same facts an 843 offence of
which no cognizance can be taken under the provisions of section 195 is
disclosed and the same facts disclose another offence as well which is outside
the purview of the section and prosecution for that other offence is taken
cognizance of without the requirements of section 195 having been fulfilled,
then the provisions of that section would become nugatory and if such a course
was permitted those provisions will stand defeated. It was further said that it
is not permissible for the prosecution to ignore the provisions of this section
by describing the offence as being punishable under some other section of the
Penal Code.
In our judgment, the contention raised by the
learned counsel for the appellants is without any substance so far as the
present case is concerned. The charge for the offence under section 297, Indian
Penal Code, could in no circumstance, as pointed out by the High Court, be
described as falling within the purview of section 195, Criminal Procedure
Code. The act of trespass was alleged to have been committed subsequent to the
making of the false report and all the ingredients of the offence that have
been held to have been established on the evidence concern the conduct of the
appellants during the post-report period. In these circumstances, no serious
contention could be raised that the provisions of section 195 would stand
defeated by the magistrate having taken cognizance of the offence under that
section.
As regards the charge under section 500,
Indian Penal Code, it seems fairly clear both on principle and authority that
where the allegations made in a false report disclose two distinct offences,
one against the public servant and the other against a private individual, that
other is not debarred by the provisions of section 195 from seeking redress for
the offence committed against him. Section 499, Indian Penal Code, which
mentions the ingredients of the offence of defamation gives within defined
limits immunity to persons making depositions in court, but it is now well
settled that immunity is a qualified one and is not absolute as it is in
English law. Under section 198, 844 Criminal Procedure Code, a complaint in
respect of an offence under section 499, Indian Penal Code, can only be
initiated at the instance of the person defamed, in like manner as cognizance
for an offence under section 182 cannot be taken except at the complaint of the
public -servant concerned. In view of these provisions there does not seem in
principle any warrant for the proposition that a complaint under section 499 in
such a situation cannot be taken cognizance of unless two persons join in
making it, i.e., it can only be considered if both the public servant and the
person defamed join in making it, otherwise the person defamed is without any
redress. The statute has prescribed distinct procedure for the making of the
complaints under these two provisions of the Indian Penal Code and when the
prescribed procedure has been followed, the court is bound to take cognizance
of the offence complained of The decided cases fully support this view and our
attention has not been drawn to any case which has taken a contrary view as
regards offences under section 500, Indian Penal Code. In Satish Chandra
Chakravarti v. Ram Dayal De (1), five judges of the Calcutta High Court
considered this question and held that where the maker of a single statement is
guilty of two distinct offences, one under section 21 1, Indian Penal Code,
which is an offence against public justice, and the other an offence under
section 499, wherein the personal element largely predominates, the offence
under the latter section can be taken cognizance of without the sanction of the
court concerned, as the Criminal Procedure Code has not provided for sanction
of court for taking cognizance of that offence. It was said that the two
offences being fundamentally distinct in nature, could be separately taken
cognizance of. That they are distinct in character is patent from the fact that
the former is made non-compoundable, while the latter remains compoundable; in
one for the the initiation of the proceedings the legislature requires the
sanction of the court under section 195, (1) (1920) 24 C.W.N. 982.
845 Criminal Procedure Code, while in the
other, Cognizance can be taken of the offence on the complaint of the person
defamed. It could not be denied that the accused could be tried of charges
under sections 182 and 500, Indian Penal Code, separately on the same facts
provided the public servant as well as the person defamed made complaints. If
that is so, there is no reason why one cannot be tried independently of the
other so long as the requirements of each are satisfied. Harries C. J. while
delivering the Full Bench decision in question examined all the earlier cases
of the Calcutta High Court and observed that where upon the facts the
commission of several offences is disclosed some of which require sanction and
others do not, it is open to the complainant to proceed in respect of those
only which do not require sanction; because to hold otherwise would amount to
legislating and adding very materially to the provisions of section-is 195 to
199 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Sections 195 to 199 deal with the requisites
for the prosecution of certain specified offences and the provisions of those
sections must be limited to prosecutions for the offences actually indicated.
If it was the intention of the legislature to make sanctions or complaints in a
certain form necessary for the prosecution of all offences disclosed by facts
which would give rise to any of the offences specifically indicated in these
sections, the legislature could have said so but it did not.
Recently this matter was canvassed before a
Full Bench of the Madras High Court and it was held that in such cases it was
open to the party defamed to take proceedings under section 499, Indian Penal
Code, without the court filing a complaint in accordance with the provisions laid
down in section 195. There the question was whether the alleged defamer who had
given false evidence in a court could be prosecuted under section 499, Indian
Penal Code, without a complaint by the court before whom fie gave evidence and
the question was answered in the affirmative after an exhaustive review of the
decided cases of the different High Courts in India. It was said that if the
offence of 846 giving false evidence in a judicial proceeding and defamation do
not belong to the same genus but are distinct and separate in their
characteryistics and ingredients, it was difficult to perceive any serious
inhibition by the Criminal Procedure Code for initiation and trial of one of
these offences independently of anterior resort to fulfillinig the conditions
necessary to comnience a prosecution for the other. These observations have apt
application to the present case. The ingredients of the offence under section
182 cannot be said to be the ingredients for the offence under section 500. Nor
can it be said that the offence relating to giving false information relates to
the same group of offences as that of defamation.
Though, in our judgment, section 195 does not
bar the trial of an accused person for a distinct offence disclosed by the same
facts and which is not included within the ambit of that section, it has also
to be borne in mind that the provisions of that section cannot be evaded by
resorting to devices or camouflages. The test whether there is evasion of the
section or not is whether the facts disclose primarily and essentially an
offence for which a complaint of the court or of the public servant is
required. In other words, the provisions of the section cannot be evaded by the
device of charging a person with ail offence to which that section does not
apply and then convicting him of an offence to which it does, upon the ground
that such latter offence is a minor offence of the same character, or by
describing the offence as being one punishable under some other section of the
Indian penal Code,, though in truth and substance the offence falls in the
category of sections mentioned in section 195, Criminal Procedure Code. Merely
by changing the garb or label of an offence which is essentially all offence
covered by the provisions of section 195 prosecution for such an offence cannot
be taken cognizance of by misdescribing it or by putting a wrong label on it.
Before concluding, reference nay also be made
to the decision of the Federal Court in Hori Ram Singh v. The Crown(1). The
appellant in that case was charged (1) [1939] F.C.R. 159.
847 with offences under sections 409 and
477-A, Indian Penal Code. The offence under section 477-A could not be taken
cognizance of without the previous consent of the Governor under section 270(1)
of the Constitution Act, while the consent of the Governor was not required for
the institution of the proceedings under section 409, Indian Penal Code.
The charge was that the accused dishonestly
misappropriated or converted to his own certain medicines entrusted to him in
his official capacity as a sub-assistant surgeon in the Punjab Provincial
Subordinate Medical Service. He was further charged that being a public
servant, be wilfully and with intent to defraud omitted to record certain
entries in a stock book of medicines belonging to the hospital where he was
employed and in his possession. The proceedings under section 477-A were
quashed by the Federal Court for want of jurisdiction, the consent of the
Governor not having been obtained, but the case was sent back to the sessions
judge for hearing oil the merits as regards the charge under section 409,
Indian Penal Code, and the order of acquittal passed by the sessions judge
under that charge was set aside. Two distinct offences having been committed in
the same transaction, one an offence of misappropriation under section 409 and
the other an offence under section 477-A which required the sanction of the
Governor, the circumstance that cognizance could not be taken of the latter
offence without such consent was not considered a bar to the trial of the
appellant with respect to the offence under section 409.
Leave to appeal under article 134 (1) (c) of
the Constitution was limited to the question of law referred to the Full Bench
in this case, and it was distinctly said in the order disposing of the leave
petition that leave would not have been granted had the scope of the appeal
been limited to the merits of the case. It was observed that having regard to
the findings recorded by the final court of fact, as also the evidence in the
case the elements of both the offences had been fully established. The learned
counsel for the appellants attempted to argue that on the facts found no 848
offence under section 297 could be said to have been made out. This point, in our
opinion, is not open at this stage, it having been hold that all the
ingredients of the offence had been established on the record. Even otherwise
there is no substance in the contention because the prosecution evidence is
sufficient to hold the offence proved against all the appellants.
For the reasons given above we hold that
there is no substance in these appeals and they are accordingly dismissed.
Appeals dismissed.
Agent for the appellants: Sukumar Ghose.
Agent for the respondent: P. K. Bose.
Agent for the complainant: S. C. Bannerjee.
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