Ajmer Singh Vs. The State of Punjab
[1952] INSC 73 (10 December 1952)
MAHAJAN, MEHR CHAND DAS, SUDHI RANJAN
BHAGWATI, NATWARLAL H.
CITATION: 1953 AIR 76 1953 SCR 418
CITATOR INFO :
F 1956 SC 217 (1) R 1956 SC 425 (5) R 1957 SC
216 (12) R 1957 SC 589 (16) RF 1961 SC 715 (7) RF 1962 SC 439 (8) E 1962 SC1239
(14) RF 1963 SC 200 (17) RF 1973 SC2622 (7) R 1974 SC 606 (6)
ACT:
Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, ss. 342,
417-Appeal against acquittal-Interference-Guiding principle-Criminal trial-Examination
of accused-Duty of Court-Irregular examination Validity of trial-Question of
prejudice.
HEADNOTE:
After an order of acquittal has been made the
presumption of innocence is further reinforced by that order, and that being
so, the trial court's decision cannot be reversed merely on the ground that the
accused had failed to explain the circumstances appearing against him but only
for very substantial and compelling reasons.
In an appeal under s. 487, Criminal Procedure
Code, the High Court has full power to review the evidence upon which the order
of acquittal was founded.
The duty of a Sessions Judge under s. 342,
Criminal Procedure Code, to examine the accused is not discharged by merely
reading over the questions put to the accused in the Magistrate's Court and his
answers, and by asking him whether he has to say anything about them. It is
also not a sufficient compliance with the section to generally ask the accused
t hat, having heard the prosecution evidence what he has to say about it. He
must be questioned separately about each material circumstance which is
intended to be used against him. The, whole object of the section 419 is to
afford the accused a fair and proper opportunity of explaining circumstances
which appear against him and the questions must be fair and must be couched in
a form which an ignorant or illiterate person may be able to appreciate and
understand.
It is, however, well settled that every error
or omission complying with s. 342 does not necessarily vitiate the trial.
Errors of this type fall within the category of curable irregularities and the
question whether the trial has been vitiated depends in each case upon the
degree of error and upon whether prejudice has been or is likely to have been
caused to the accused.
Tara Singh v. The State ([1951] S.C.,R. 729)
referred to.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE.JURISDICTION: Criminal
Appeal No . 67 of 1952. Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Order
dated the 14th September, 1951, of the High Court of Judicature for the State
of Punjab at Simla (Bhandari and Soni JJ.) in Criminal Appeal No. 361 of 1950,
arising out of Judgment and Order dated the 13th May, 1960, of the Court of the
Sessions Judge, Ferozepore, in Trial No. 28 of 1950 and Case No. 5 of 1950.
P. S. Safeer for the appellant.
Gopal Singh for the respondent.
1952. December 10. The Judgment of the Court
was delivered by MAHAJAN J.-Ajmer Singh, a young man of about 22 years of age
was tried for the murder of Bagher Singh, his first cousin, and was acquitted
by the Sessions Judge of Ferozepore by his judgment dated 13th May, 1950. On
appeal by the State Government, the order of acquittal was set aside by the
High Court and the appellant was convicted under section 304, Indian Penal
Code, and sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment. This is an appeal by
special leave against that decision.
One Nikka Singh had three sons, Bhagwan
Singh, Lal Singh and Sunder Singh. Bhagwan Singh died issueless some years ago
and disputes arose between Lal Singh and his brother Sundar Singh in regard to
the division of the property of Bhagwan Singh. Sunder Singh was in possession
of some of his landed 420 properties and Lal Singh obtained a number of decrees
against him but Sunder Singh declined to restore possession of the properties
to his brother Lal Singh. In view of this litigation the relations between Lal
Singh and Sunder Singh were considerably strained and it is said that for some
time they were not even on speaking terms. Lal Singh is married to Mst. Dhan Kaur
and from her he had two sons. One of them Bagher Singh was murdered and the
other, Arjan Singh, is P. W. 5. Accused Ajmer Singh is the son of Sunder Singh
and Banta Singh is his real brother. Ajmer Singh is married to Jagir Kaur and
Banta Singh to Kartar Kaur. It is alleged by the prosecution that on the
evening of the 27th January, 1948, Jagir Kaur complained to her fatherin-law
that her husband had pawned her ear-rings in order to pay off his gambling
debts. On the morning of the 28th Banta Singh inquired from Ajmer Singh about
this matter and he replied that he had pawned the ear-rings to one Banta Singh
Mazhbi.
Soon after this Ajmer Singh, Banta Singh and
one Teja Singh went to Banta Singh Mazhbi and asked him to return the earrings
but the latter replied that no ornaments had been pawned with him and added
that he would give a sum of Rs. 30 to them if Ajmer Singh took an oath that the
ornaments had in fact been left with him. It is said that Lal Singh was also
present when this conversation took place and took up cudgels on behalf of
Banta Singh Mazhbi and this led to an exchange of hot words between Lal Singh
and the party of Sunder Singh's two sons and their companion Teja Singh. The
parties, however, dispersed after exchanging hot words but without coming to
blows.
At about sunset the same day Lal Singh and
his brother Sunder Singh started abusing each other from their respective
houses which open out into a common.courtyard.
This wordy warfare between the two brothers
attracted the attention of Arjan Singh, Bagher Singh and one Ujagar Singh
Mazhbi who on bearing the noise came to the house of Lal Singh.
421 Lal Singh finding himself supported by
three others threw out a challenge to Sunder Singh and told him to come out in
the open. It is said that Sunder Singh, his two, sons Banta Singh and Ajmer
Singh, and Teja Singh, a cousin of theirs, accepted the challenge and rushed
out of the house. Teja Singh and Banta Singh were armed with spears and they
made an attack on Lal Singh and Dhan Kaur and inflicted on their persons a
number of injuries. Ajmer Singh, it is said, was armed with a spear and he
plunged his weapon into the chest of Bagher Singh who collapsed and died almost
instantaneously. Arjan Singh soon after reported this incident at the police
station after travelling a distance of about seven miles at 11-45 p. m. He gave
to the police substantially the same version as has now been deposed to by him
in the witness box. In this report it was stated by Arjan Singh that it was
Ajmer Singh who dealt Bagher Singh a barchha blow on his chest and that Bagher
Singh fell down at this blow. The police arrested Sunder Singh, Teja Singh and
Banta Singh but the appellant could not be found.
Sunder Singh, Teja Singh and Banta Singh were
prosecuted under section 302/34 but were convicted under section 324, Indian
Penal Code, Banta Singh and Teja Singh were sentenced to two years' rigorous
imprisonment each and Sunder Singh to six months' rigorous imprisonment. On
appeal, Sunder Singh was acquitted and the sentences imposed on Banta Singh and
Teja Singh were reduced. A lenient view' of the affair seems to have been taken
because the fight between these near collaterals took place suddenly and ended
promptly.
Bagher Singh died as a result of one blow and
injuries on the person of Lal Singh and Dhan Kaur were not very serious Ajmer
Singh was apprehended on 4th December, 1948, and as above stated, was tried by
the learned Sessions Judge of Ferozepore and acquitted, but was convicted by
the High Court on appeal by the State Government.
422 Lal Singh, P. W. 3, father of the
deceased, Dhan Kuar, his mother, and Arjan Singh,his real brother, have given
direct evidence about the occurrence. Ujagar Singh Mazhbi whose name is
mentioned in the first information report was tendered for cross-examination
but no question was put to him about the actual fight, and the manner in which
it took place or the part that was taken in it by the accused. One Bishandas,
whose shop adjoins the shop of Banta Singh Mazhbi, was tendered for
cross-examination as P.W.7. He deposed that Banta Singh Mazhbi and Lal Singh
were the only persons when the quarrel about ear-rings took place near his
shop. In reexamination he stated that Banta Singh, brother of the accused, and
Teja Singh had come on one side and Lal Singh on the other when the quarrel
about the ear-rings took place. No direct question was put to the witness about
the presence of, Ajmer Singh on that occasion. The learned Sessions Judge
considered him a wholly independent witness and accepted his evidence about the
incident that took place at Banta Singh Mazhbi's shop on the morning of the
28th. He held that Ajmer Singh was not present at Banta Singh Mazhbi's shop and
that Lal Singh and Arjan Singh had falsely implicated him in the quarrel over
the ear-rings, and that if the witnesses could falsely involve him in regard to
one part of the occurrence, the possibility of his being implicated for the
murder of Bagher Singh merely as a matter of vindictiveness could not be
outruled. After examining the evidence of the three eye-witnesses in detail,
the learned Sessions Judge reached the conclusion that they had suppressed the
facts in order to absolve themselves of all liability for the happenings of the
28th, and had uttered untruths and that no confidence could be reposed in their
statements about the part that they had assigned to Ajmer Singh. In the
concluding part of the judgment he observed that “the parties were at
logger-heads on several issues and in the absence of independent evidence it is
difficult to place reliance on the prosecution story 423 in regard to Ajmer
Singh." The High -Court on appeal minutely reviewed the evidence of these
three eye-witnesses and considered that the variations in the statements of
witnesses made at-, the two trials and which had weighed onthe mind of the
Sessions Judge were of a minor and trifling character and were quite natural as
the Statements at this trial had been made 27 months after the occurrence and
that the narration of events by Arjan Singh was substantially the same as had
been given by him at the earlier trial and in the first information report. As
regards Lal Singh, who had resiled from his earlier statement and bad denied
that he was armed with a phaura or that Arjan Singh wag armed with a lathi, it
was said that this omission on his part was due to mere lapse of memory and
forgetfulness rather than to a deliberate design to improve upon the
prosecution story.
It was argued by Mr. Pritam Singh Safeer that
in this case there were no compelling reasons for setting aside the order of
acquittal and that due proper weight had not been given by the High Court to
the opinion of the trial judge as regards the credibility of witnesses seen and
examined by him. The learned counsel submitted that the High Court was in error
in the view that "when a strong prima facie case is made out against an
accused person it is his duty to explain the circumstances appearing in
evidence against him and` he cannot take shelter behind' the presumption of
innocence and cannot state that the law entitles him to keep his lips
sealed." We think this criticism is well founded. After an order of
acquittal has been made the presumption of innocence is further reinforced by
that order, and that being so, the trial court's decision can be reversed not
on the ground that the accused had failed to explain the circumstances
appearing against him but only for ,very substantial and compelling reasons.
As the courts below expressed divergent
opinions on the credibility of the prosecution witnesses, we 35 424 had to read
the evidence adduced in the case with great care and after doing so, we are on
the whole inclined to agree with the view expressed by the High Court. It is
difficult to believe that without there being any truth in the fact that the
appellant struck Bagher Singh with a barchha, Arjan Singh selected the
appellant and ascribed to him that part soon after the occurrence. There are no
material discrepancies in the statements made by Arjan Singh on different occasions
and in our view the reasons given by the learned Sessions Judge for rejecting
his testimony are not convincing. We agree with the High Court that there are
no sufficient reasons for distrusting his evidence. The number of persons who
took part in the quarrel was not more than seven or eight and the blows
inflicted were few, and in these circumstances Arjan Singh could have made no
mistake as to the identity of the person who struck Bagher Singh fatally. This
part of -his statement is corroborated by the evidence of Lal Singh and Dhan
Kaur. No cross-examination was directed, against this part of their statements.
It seems that the learned Sessions Judge took too exaggerated a view of the
minor discrepancies in these statements and read them with a rather hypercritical
mind. Bishandas, whose statement considerably impressed him, was only tendered
for cross-examination and never made a full statement about the happenings of
the 28th morning. The statement made by him is somewhat cryptic and from this
it cannot be definitely concluded that Ajmer Singh was not present on the
morning of the 28th at the shop of Banta Singh Mazhbi. The learned Sessions
Judge was not right in rejecting the whole of the prosecution evidence as
unreliable merely on the basis of this cryptic statement. Ujagar Singh, the
other so-called independent witness, was tendered for cross-examination but the
defence did not ask him a single question about the happenings of the 28th. The
argument therefore that the prosecution withheld from court independent
witnesses who had witnessed the occurrence is without any substance. The
learned Sessions Judge 425 was apparently labouring under some misapprehension
when he said that the prosecution had withheld from the court independent
witnesses of the occurrence. Apart from Ujagar Singh Mazhbi, no one else
appears to have been present when the attack was made on Bagher Singh, Lal
Singh and Mst.
Dhan Kaur by the party of the accused. All
that appears in evidence is that after the fight was over a number of persons
arrived on the scene but as they did not witness the attack on Bagher Singh
they could give no evidence on this point and their non-production as witnesses
cannot have any consequence on the case. It is significant that the defence
also led no evidence to prove that the fight took place in a manner different
from the one described by the prosecution witnesses, or that Ajmer Singh was
not present on the occasion. In -an appeal under section 417 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure the High Court had full power to review the evidence upon
which the order of acquittal was founded and we are satisfied that it did not
in any way exercise it wrongly The injuries on the person of Kartar Kaur and
under Singh were not proved to have been inflicted at the time of the
occurrence and were of no consequence. The prosecution was under no obligation
to explain how they came about.
It was next argued that the trial held by the
Sessions Judge was vitiated as the examination of the appellant was not in
accordance with the provisions of section 342, Criminal Procedure Code. There
is considerable force in the point that the examination of the appellant by the
Sessions Judge was detective. All that the Sessions Judge did was, that he read
out the examination of the accused in the committal court to him and then
recorded the following questions and answers:" Q: Did you make before the
Committing Magistrate the statement that has-just now been read out to you ? A:
Yes.
426 Q:Now that you have heard the entire
evidence against yourself and the charge has been explained to you, do you wish
to say anything else ? A: I am innocent.
Q: Do you wish to produce any evidence
indefence ? A: No." In the committal court the 'questions put to the
accused and his answers were these :" Q: Did you pawn the, ear-ring of
your wife with Banta Mazhbi and squander the proceeds on or about 28th January,
1948 ? A: No.
Q : Did Lal Singh interfere when you were
demanding the earrings from said Banta Singh on 28th January, 1948, at
Nathuwala and remark that the sweeper, i.e., Banta, was speaking truth when he
denied the transaction ? A: No. Q: Did you on 28th January , 1948, at Nathuwala
along with your father Sunder Singh, Banta Singh, and Teja Singh, you Banta
Singh and Teja Singh being armed with spears, attack Lal Singh, his 'son Bagher
Singh and Dhan Kaur at their house and in furtherance of the common intention
of you all, Banta and Teja caused simple injuries to Lal Singh with spears and
you caused fatal injuries with a spear to Bagher Singh deceased? A No.
Q Why this case against you ? A Due to
enmity.
Q Anything else to say? A No." The
Sessions Judge did not even take care to ask the accused the routine question
whether the statement made by him in the committal court was correct. As if
bard pressed for time, be simply asked him whether he had made that statement
read out to him in the committal court, and was satisfied with an 427 answer,
in the affirmative. The, second question asked, is of a general character and.'
does not satisfy the requirements of section 342, Criminal Procedure Code. We
are of the opinion that when the Sessions Judge is required by that section to
make the examination of the .accused, his duty is not discharged by merely
reading over the questions and answers to the accused put in the committing
magistrates court and by asking him whether he has to say anything about them.
It is not, sufficient compliance with the section to generally ask the accused
that having heard the prosecution evidence, what he has to say about it. The
accused must be, questioned separately about each material circumstance which
is intended to be used against him. It was pointed out by this Court in Tara
Singh v. The State(1) that the whole object of the section, is to afford the
accused a fair and proper opportunity of explaining circumstances which appear
against him and that the questions must be fair and must be couched in a form
which an ignorant or illiterate person will be able to appreciate and
understand.
In this particular case at one stage of the
argument we were inclined to order a retrial of the accused in view of the
defective examination of the accused by the Sessions Judge but on further
thought we have reached the conclusion that the 'High Court was right in the
view that the defective procedure followed by the Sessions Judge in this
respect has not occasioned any prejudice to the accused. The facts of the case
are free from any complication and the point in issue was a simple one and it
cannot be said that the perfunctory examination of the appellant did any
damage. The only point appearing in the evidence against the accused was that
he gave a barchha blow to Bagher Singh. The witnesses had stated that fact in
his face and had been cross-examined on the point by his counsel. He was fully
apprised of the part ascribed to him in the quarrel. His answer to this
specific question in the committal court was that he was innocent and that he
was being implicated owing to (1) [1951] S.C.R. 729.
428 enmity. He stuck to that reply in the
Court of Session after fully understanding what he was asked. It is well
settled that every error or omission not in compliance with the provisions of
section 342 does not necessarily vitiate a trial. Errors of this type fall
within the category of curable irregularities, and, as held in Tara Singh's
case(1), the question, whether the trial is vitiated, in each case depends upon
the degree of the error and upon whether prejudice has been or is likely to
have been caused to the accused. We are of the opinion that the disregard of
the provisions of section 342 in this case is not so gross as would justify our
quashing the conviction and ordering a retrial.
The result is that we uphold the judgment of
the High Court and dismiss the appeal.
Appeal dismissed.
Agent for the appellant: B. S. Gheba.
Agent for the respondent: G. H. Rajadhyaksha.
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