Baldev Singh Vs.
State of Punjab [2009] INSC 946 (6 May 2009)
Judgment
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 553 OF 2008 BALDEV
SINGH ... APPELLANT Versus
S.B. Sinha, J.
1.
This
appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 14.12.2006 passed by a
Division Bench of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in
Criminal Appeal No. 298-DB of 2006 affirming the judgment and order dated
30.3.2006 passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Jalandhar convicting the
appellant herein for commission of an offence under Section 302 read with
Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code (for short, "IPC") and
sentencing him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for life and pay a fine of
Rs.5000/-, and in default of payment of fine, to further undergo rigorous
imprisonment for six months.
2.
Appellant
- Baldev Singh and Pritam Singh (the deceased) were brothers. Both were Non
Resident Indians (N.R.I.).
A civil suit was
filed by the deceased Pritam Singh against his nephew Harbhinder Singh, Tehal
Singh and his brother Baldev Singh seeking declaration that the sale deed
executed on 21st October, 1997 on the basis of a Power of Attorney dated 15th
October 1990 is null and void as it was allegedly forged and fabricated.
On or about 17.2.2001
at about 11.00 a.m., when Pritam Singh was making preparation to leave his
house in Paragpur for Jalandhar (Punjab), he was killed at his residence. The
said incident was allegedly witnessed by Nath Ram (P.W. 25), who was a servant
of Pritam Singh for last 40 years and Parminder @ Bittu, the driver of the
deceased.
A First Information
Report ("FIR" for short) was lodged marked as FIR No. 131 of 2001 on
17.2.2001 at about 1.40 p.m. by P.W. 25, wherein he stated:
"Since last
forty years, I have been working as Servant with Pritam Singh, resident of
Pragpur.
Pritam Singh is an
NRI who is residing in England. He has kothi and land in village Pragpur. I
look after it and Pritam Singh also visits the place. Pritam Singh has been
living in his kothi at Pragpur for the last about 5-6 years.
Whenever in the
morning, Pritam Singh used to go out in car, then after his crossing I used to
close the gate from inside. Today, at about 11 A.M., Pritam Singh after taking
meals got ready to go to Jalandhar and I also came out from the Kothi.
Parminder Singh @ Bittu driver was standing outside, who also accompanied us.
In the meanwhile two youngmen came inside through main gate and came to us. One
of these youngmen was clean shaven who had covered himself with thin blanket
(loi). He was having good height, wheatish complexion and putting helmet on his
head. The second one was a Sikh having wheatish complexion wearing turban on
his head and having beared. Clean shaven person took out small double barrel
gun .12 bore from loi wrapped by him and fired a shot at Pritam Singh. Then
Pritam Singh saved himself cleverly and went inside. Both these youngmen chased
Pritam Singh and went inside through Kainchi gate. Then clean shaven person
gave fired another shot at Pritam Singh, which hit on the right side of the
back of Pritam Singh as a result of which, Pritam Singh fell down straight on
the floor and blood started oozing from back and chest. Both these youngmen ran
away together with their arms and ammunition through main gate. We both saw
Pritam Singh.
The abdomen of Pritam
Singh was ruptured and he had died. Parminder Singh driver and I have witnessed
this occurrence. The cause of grudge is that a dispute between both real
brothers Pritam Singh and Baldev Singh regarding Kothi and land is pending in
the Court at Jalandhar, which was fixed for hearing on yesterday i.e. 15.2.2001
(sic 16.2.2001). In the year 1988, Baldev Singh along with his sons, son-in-law
and other persons duly armed with ammunition had tried to take possession of
kothi and land.
Baldev Singh and his
accomplices had fired shots and Gurmej Singh of Pritam Singh's party had died,
and one person had become injured.
4 In this regard,
case FIR No.221/88, under Section 302/307, 148/149 IPC 25/27/54/59 Arms Act was
registered in the Police Station, in which Baldev Singh was convicted and his
sons are absconders and have fled away to foreign country. I am sure that even
now Baldev Singh, by sending both these youngmen by giving them allurement has
got murdered Pritam Singh with gun-shot. I can identify both these youngmen if
they come across me. Action is taken. I have heard my statement, which is
correct."
The Investigating
Officer prepared an inquest report on 17.2.2001.
He recovered the
clothes and a pair of spectacles with the left glass missing belonging to the
deceased. He noticed a gun shot injury on the right side of the back of the
deceased. His abdomen was ruptured as pellets had struck in the back and right
hand. The Investigating Officer also picked up the blood stained soil from the
spot, a blood stained spectacles cover and two empty .12 bore cartridges. He
also recovered from outside the room a Canadian driving licence bearing No.
6130617 allegedly belonging to Harbhinder Singh. The dead body was thereafter
sent for post mortem examination.
On 18.2.2001, the
post mortem of the deceased was conducted by a medical board consisting of Dr.
H.S. Kahlon (P.W.1), Dr. Rajnish and Dr. Ranbir Singh. It was of the opinion
that the death was caused due to shock and hemorrhage, following fire arm
injuries which was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of
business. It was also stated in the report that the death had occurred
immediately and the time of death is 24 hours prior to holding of the post
mortem examination.
On 20.2.2001,
Harbhinder Singh was arrested from the Indira Gandhi International Air Port at
Delhi while he was about to leave for London. On the same day, one Avtar Singh
was also arrested by the police.
On 23.2.2001, both
Harbhinder Singh as well as Avtar Singh made disclosure statements to the
police. Pursuant to the recording of the alleged disclosure, some recoveries
were made on the pointing out of the accused persons, including two empty
cartridges allegedly fired from the gun.
3.
The
learned Additional Sessions Judge framed charges against Harbhinder Singh and
Avtar Singh under Section 302/450 IPC read with 34 IPC and Sections 25/27 of
the Arms Act.
A large number of
witnesses were examined during the course of the trial. Learned Additional
Sessions Judge opining that Harbhinder Singh and Avtar Singh were guilty,
convicted them for commission of offences under Sections 302/450 IPC and under
Section 25 of the Arms Act.
4.
Indisputably,
appellant - Baldev Singh left India on 16th February 2001 for Vancouver. He
returned to India on 19th August, 2004. His arrival at Delhi Airport was
communicated to SSP, Jalandhar. On the basis of this information, ASI Harpal
Singh (P.W. 13) after obtaining production warrants arrested Baldev Singh on
20th August, 2004. A supplementary report under Section 173 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure ("Code" for short) was filed against him on 24th
August 2005.
Charge was framed
against him under Section 120-B IPC on 19th September, 2005. He pleaded not
guilty and claimed to be tried.
The learned Sessions
Judge conducted the trial against the appellant separately and examined as many
as 28 prosecution witnesses. The learned Sessions Judge found him guilty for
commission of an offence under Section 302 read with 120B IPC and sentenced him
to undergo life imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs.5000/-, and in default
whereof to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 6 months.
In arriving at the
said finding, the following evidences were taken into consideration:
i) Deceased was
brother of the appellant;
ii) He had a motive
to get the brother killed;
iii) Lalit Kumar
(P.W.26) being an independent witness, there was no reason to disbelieve his
evidence;
iv) Statement of
Avtar Singh is admissible under Section 30 of the Evidence Act;
v) Gun with which the
shots were fired earlier belonged to the appellant.
5.
As
noticed hereinbefore, criminal appeal filed by the appellant has been dismissed
by the High Court by reason of the impugned judgment inter alia holding:
"When all the
evidence is taken together the conclusion that is irresistible is that Baldev
Singh master-minded his brother's murder.
Baldev Siingh was a
convict who was undergoing life sentence, was on bail after his sentence was
suspended. Baldev Singh had managed to convince Avtar Singh, a fellow jailmate,
to also join Harbhinder Singh, who arrived in India on February 7, Baldev Singh
purchased the weapon, his son took the weapon and shot the deceased, Baldev
Singh left India a day before the occurrence while Harbhinder Singh tried to
flee three days after occurrence.
The latter was
arrested but the former had successfully managed to escape. Baldev Singh's gun
was recovered from the possession of his son Harbhinder Singh.
The above chain of
circumstances is so complete that one cannot take a view other than that Pritam
Singh's murder was committed on the basis of a conspiracy in which Pritam
Singh's brother Baldev Singh was a participant, 8 may be the leader. The
circumstances are crystal clear and there does not appear to be any ambiguity
and inconsistency in the chain. The circumstantial evidence also finds support
from the evidence of Sukhdev Singh (PW-22) and Lalit Kumar (PW-26). Therefore,
the argument of the learned counsel for the appellant that the appellant was
not in the country when Pritam Singh was murdered and could not have conspired
in the murder cannot be accepted.
Conspirators conspire
in secrecy and disperse after the plan has been finalized and separate tasks
are assigned to each members of the conspiracy. The conspiracy in this case was
to murder Pritam Singh. It was between Baldev Singh and his son and also
between Baldev Singh and Avtar Singh. Therefore, the obvious conclusion in this
case, on the basis of strong circumstantial evidence, would be that Baldev
Singh indeed was a member of the conspiracy.
In the light of the
above, evidence of Sukhdev Singh and Lalit Kumar provides support to the
circumstantial evidence. The argument that Harbhinder Singh had not acted at
the behest of his father finds no support, either from the evidence on record
or from any other circumstance. This argument is hollow as the circumstantial
evidence against the appellant is very strong regarding his participation as a
conspirator in his brother's murder."
6.
Indisputably,
the incident took place on 17.2.2001. Appellant had left India for Vancouver
(Canada) on 16.2.2001, i.e., a day prior to the date of incident. He came back
to India in August 2004 when he was arrested. The main accused, namely, Avtar
Singh and Harbhinder Singh, however, were tried separately. We may notice that
Harbhinder Singh was found guilty under Section 302 IPC and Avtar Singh was
found guilty under Section 302/34 IPC. They were also found guilty under
Section 450 IPC. Whereas Harbhinder Singh was also found guilty under Section
27 of the Arms Act, Avtar Singh was found guilty under Section 25 thereof.
It is, however, of
some significance to notice that Avtar Singh and Harbhinder Singh were not
charged for commission of offence under Section 120B IPC. The legal position in
this regard will be adverted to a little later. At this stage, we may also
notice that both the courts below have passed the aforementioned judgment of
conviction and sentence as against the appellant relying inter alia on the
evidence of Lalit Kumar (PW-26), who was a taxi driver and is said to have
overheard the conversation amongst the accused in regard to hatching of a
purported conspiracy as also on the basis of an extra judicial confession
purported to have been made by Avtar Singh before Sukhdev Singh (P.W.22). It
now stands admitted that apart from the aforementioned two pieces of evidence,
no other evidence was brought on record against the appellant.
7.
P.W.
26 - Lalit Kumar - was a taxi driver. His statement was recorded in the court
on 15.1.2002. Accused persons are said to have hired his taxi from Goraya for
going to Paragpur. On the way, they stopped at a `Dhaba'. According to him, although
he was a taxi driver he 10 shared food and drinks with the accused. A plan to
cause the death of Pritam Singh was said to have been discussed by them only at
the said Dhaba. On the one hand, he stated that he overheard the accused
discussing the said subject, but on the other, as noticed hereinbefore, he
shared meals and drinks with them. In his cross-examination he admitted that he
did not know the accused persons from before; he did not remember the number of
his taxi; he was not an owner of the taxi; he had plied taxi only for five
days. It is borne out from records that he came to court with Rana, who had
shown active interest in the case.
He, when confronted
with his statements made before the Investigating Officer, stated:
"Out of my two
statements made above my statement with regard to accused having consumed the
liquor in the ahata is correct and my other statement of consuming liquor by
accused in dhaba is wrong. 3-4 more people were there in the said ahata."
Indisputably, he did
not reveal the said fact to any other person. He made his statement for the
first time before the police. He made a statement thereafter only in the court.
8.
Although
he did not have any acquaintance with the accused persons; he not only could
identify the accused in court but appears to 11 have been knowing their nick
names as also their avocation of life.
Admittedly, Rana is
his partner in a business concern known as Saraswati Mill Store, the office of
which is located in the building of Rana. His evidence, in our opinion, does
not inspire confidence.
9.
Conspiracy
is defined in Section 120A of the IPC to mean:
"120A.
Definition of criminal conspiracy.- When two or more persons agree to do, or
cause to be done,-- (1) an illegal act, or (2) an act which is not illegal by
illegal means, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy:
Provided that no
agreement except an agreement to commit an offence shall amount to a criminal
conspiracy unless some act besides the agreement is done by one or more parties
to such agreement in pursuance thereof.
Explanation.--It is
immaterial whether the illegal act is the ultimate object of such agreement, or
is merely incidental to that object."
An offence of
conspiracy which is a separate and distinct offence, thus, would require
involvement of more than one person.
Criminal conspiracy
is an independent offence. It is punishable separately; its ingredients being:-
(i) an agreement between two or more persons.
(ii) the agreement
must relate to doing or causing to be done either (a) an illegal act; (b) an
act which is not illegal in itself but is done by illegal means.
It is now, however,
well settled that a conspiracy ordinarily is hatched in secrecy. The court for
the purpose of arriving at a finding as to whether the said offence has been
committed or not may take into consideration the circumstantial evidence. While
however doing so, it must be borne in mind that meeting of the mind is essential;
mere knowledge or discussion would not be.
Adverting to the said
question once again, we may, however, notice that recently in Yogesh @ Sachin
Jagdish Joshi v. State of Maharashtra [(2008) 6 SCALE 469], a Division Bench of
this Court held:
"23. Thus, it is
manifest that the meeting of minds of two or more persons for doing an illegal
act or an act by illegal means is sine qua non of the criminal conspiracy but
it may not be possible to prove the agreement between them by direct proof.
Nevertheless, existence of the conspiracy and its objective can be inferred
from the surrounding circumstances and the conduct of the accused. But the
incriminating circumstances must form a chain of events from which a conclusion
about the guilt of the accused could be drawn. It is well settled that an
offence of conspiracy is a substantive offence and renders the mere agreement
to commit an offence punishable even if an offence does not take place pursuant
to the illegal agreement."
13 Yet again in
Nirmal Singh Kahlon vs. State of Punjab & Ors. [(2008) 14 SCALE 639], this
Court following Ram Lal Narang vs. State (Delhi Administration [(1979) 2 SCC
322] held that a conspiracy may be a general one and a separate one meaning
thereby a larger conspiracy and a smaller which may develop in successive
stages. For the aforementioned purpose, the conduct of the parties also assumes
some relevance.
In K.R. Purushothaman
vs. State of Kerala [(2005) 12 SCC 631], this Court held:
"11. Section
120A of I.P.C. defines 'criminal conspiracy.' According to this Section when
two or more persons agree to do, or cause to be done (i) an illegal act, or
(ii) an act which is not illegal by illegal means, such an agreement is
designed a criminal conspiracy. In Major E.G. Barsay v. State of Bombay, (1962)
2 SCR 195, Subba Rao J., speaking for the Court has said:
"The gist of the
offence is an agreement to break the law. The parties to such an agreement will
be guilty of criminal conspiracy, though the illegal act agreed to be done has
not been done. So too, it is not an ingredient of the offence that all the
parties should agree to do a single illegal act, It may comprise the commission
of a number of acts."
xxx xxx xxx 14
13. To constitute a
conspiracy, meeting of mind of two or more persons for doing an illegal act or
an act by illegal means is the first and primary condition and it is not
necessary that all the conspirators must know each and every detail of
conspiracy. Neither it is necessary that every one of the conspirators takes active
part in the commission of each and every conspiratorial acts. The agreement
amongst the conspirators can be inferred by necessary implications. In most of
the cases, the conspiracies are proved by the circumstantial evidence, as the
conspiracy is seldom an open affair, The existence of conspiracy and its
objects are usually deducted from the circumstances of the case and the conduct
of the accused involved in the conspiracy. While appreciating the evidence of
the conspiracy, it is incumbent on the Court to keep in mind the well-known
rule governing circumstantial evidence viz., each and every incriminating
circumstance must be clearly established by reliable evidence and the
circumstances proved must form a chain of events from which the only irresistible
conclusion about the guilt of the accused can be safely drawn, and no other
hypothesis against the guilt is possible. The criminal conspiracy is an
independent offence in Indian Penal Code.
The unlawful
agreement is sine quo non for constituting offence under Indian Penal Code and
not an accomplishment. Conspiracy consists of the scheme or adjustment between
two or more persons which may be express or implied or partly express and
partly implied. Mere knowledge, even discussion, of the Plan would not per se
constitute conspiracy. The offence of conspiracy shall continue till the
termination of agreement."
As noticed
hereinbefore, neither Avtar Singh nor Harbhinder Singh was charged for
commission of offence punishable under Section 120B IPC. In our opinion,
therefore, appellant alone could not have been convicted under Section 302 read
with Section 120B of the IPC.
In Darshan Singh @
Bhasuri Ors. vs. State of Punjab [(1983) 2 SCR 605], this Court cautioned that
the court ordinarily should not convict a person for commission of offence of
conspiracy on the basis of a weak evidence, stating:
"The evidence
regarding conspiracy is as weak as the evidence about the dying declaration of
Sohan Singh, Surat Singh (P.W. 27) speaks of a meeting between the co-conspirators
in the house of accused No. 1, Darshan Singh alias Bhasuri. We cannot believe
that in the presence of an utter stranger like Surat Singh, the conspirators
would discuss their plans to commit these murders, throwing all caution to the
winds.
The answer of the
High Court is that the conspirators were taking liquor while discussing the
conspiracy and, `When liquor is taken, then under its influence sometimes most
secret things are divulged in the presence of a person who is not so intimately
connected. It is often said, when liquor goes in, truth comes out.' This is
somewhat artless. Liquor is no lie- detector and we cannot assume that accused
Nos. 1 and 2 were so drunk as to overlook the presence of a stranger in their
midst yet not so drunk so as to be unable to discuss the execution of their
criminal design. Besides, Surat Singh forgot all about the incident and was
contacted by the police a few days later. The learned Sessions Judge was right
in holding that Surat Singh's evidence suffers from certain infirmities, because
of which one could not place implicit reliance upon him. We would go further
and say that his evidence is too unnatural to merit serious attention. Apart
from the evidence of motive, Surat Singh's evidence in regard to the conspiracy
is the only evidence against accused No. 1 Bhasuri and accused No. 2 Joga
Singh. It is on that evidence that these two accused have been convicted under
Section 120-B read with Section 302 of the Penal Code, the former being
sentenced to death and the latter, because of his young age, to life
imprisonment,"
10.
We
are now left with the question of purported extra judicial confession by the
co-accused Avtar Singh. Such a purported extra judicial confession was made by
Avtar Singh before Sukhdev Singh (P.W.22). The distance between the village
wherein Avtar Singh was a resident and that of the said Sukhdev Singh was said
to be 100 kms. He allegedly visited Sukhdev Singh on 18.2.2001 at about 9.00
a.m. For no apparent reason, he had disclosed that he along with Bhinda
(Harbhinder Singh) had committed the murder of Pritam Singh. No details thereof
had been furnished. A purported disclosure was also made that the murder was
committed at the instance of the appellant herein. He was asked to come on the
next day. He neither visited him thereafter nor was he produced before the
police by P.W.22. There is nothing on record to show that such a purported
extra judicial confession by Avtar Singh was conveyed to the police
authorities; P.W. 22's statement having been recorded on 19.2.2001.
17 If he was so
familiar with the family of Avtar Singh, there was absolutely no reason whey he
was not in a position to state as to what was the composition of his family. He
admitted that he had never visited the village of Avtar Singh.
Evidence of extra
judicial confession is generally of a weak nature.
No conviction
ordinarily can be based solely thereupon unless the same is corroborated in
material particulars.
11.
Extra
judicial confession must be found to be reliable. P.W. 22 was examined by the
police authorities also in some other cases. A suggestion was put to him that
he was a police tout. His evidence, therefore, in our opinion, cannot be relied
upon. If his evidence cannot be relied upon, the same could not have formed
foundation of recording a judgment of conviction and sentence and that too in a
case of conspiracy. We must also notice that the evidence of purported extra
judicial confession by itself cannot be held to be sufficient for recording a
judgment of conviction against a co-accused in terms of Section 30 of the
Evidence Act.
In Jaspal Singh alias
Pali vs. State of Punjab [(1997) 1 SCC 510], this Court held:
"15. The third
contention of Mr. Sodhi viz., that it is highly improbable that Jaspal Singh (A-
18 1) would have gone to this witness alongwith his co-accused to confess the
guilt, is equally formidable. Chhota Singh (PW 7) has not given any reason as
to why and how Jaspal Singh (A- 1) and other co-accused have reposed such a
confidence in him and confessed their guilt.
After going through
the evidence of Chhota Singh (PW 7), we do not find it safe to hold any of the
appellants guilty in the present crime."
12. For the
aforementioned reasons, the impugned judgment being unsustainable is set aside.
The appeal is allowed. The appellant is in custody; he is directed to be set at
liberty unless wanted in connection with any other case.
......................................J.
[S.B. Sinha]
......................................J.
[Dr. Mukundakam Sharma]
New
Delhi;
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