Shri Heikham
Surchandra Singh & Ors Vs. The Representative of Lios Kakching [1996] INSC 1277
(9 October 1996)
K. Ramaswamy,
G.B. Pattanaik
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
WITH CIVIL
APPEAL Nos. 14513-24 OF 1996 [Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 8499-8505 of 1996]
O R D
E R
Leave
granted.
We
have heard learned counsel on both sides.
These
appeals by special leave arise from the common judgment of the Division Bench
of the High of Guwahati, Imphal Bench made on November 17, 1995 in Civil Rule No.800/94 and batch.
The
admitted position is that when the President of India, exercising the power
under Article 341(1) of the Constitution, had issued Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 "Louis" was declared as Scheduled Caste
but not throughout the State. It was amended by the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act, 1956 (53 of 1956) and Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act, 1976. Consequently, "Lios" came to
be declared as a Scheduled Caste for the purpose of the Constitution in
relation to the entire State of Manipur. We are informed that the total population of all Scheduled Castes
including Lios in Tripura State is 16000. It would appear that after the residents of Kakching
village belonging to "Lios" caste had obtained 2500 certificates showing
their social status as Scheduled Castes for the purpose of the Constitution, it
would appear that an issue as regards their status as Scheduled Castes gave
rise to agitation by people residing in eight villages. A statutory Commission
consisting of a retired High Court Judge, Justice V. Ibotombi Singh of Assam
High Court and two other members, one of which was a sociologist, was
constituted to enquire into the status of the members of Lois in the State of
Manipur and to recommend as to who were the persons among them entitled to the
benefit of the status of Scheduled Castes under Article 341 and also to suggest
remedial steps in that behalf. Pursuant thereto, a report was submitted by the
Commission on February
28, 1993 after
detailed survey of the issue and enquiry. In that report, the Commission
pointed out in paragraph 25 as under:
"on
the other hand, the members of the Loi community living in these villages other
than the 8 (eight) villages mentioned above did not claim themselves to be
members of the Scheduled Caste for more than 3 decades. Hence, it is our
irresistible conclusion that the expression loi in the President's Notification
included only the Loi population living in these 8 (eight) villages, Sekmj (Awang),
Phayeng, Khurkhul, Koukruk, Laimaram, Kwatha Laimaram Khunon (Jairenpokpi) and Andro."
In paragraphs 50 to 57, the Commission had recorded its conclusion as under:
50.
Admittedly, these 10 villages viz., Kakching Khullen, Pallel, Waikhong, Kakching
Khunou, Chairel, Wangoo, Sagnu, Moirang, Khamaran and Thanga plus 16 others
villages of this State were historically Lois in the true connotation of the
term like those specified 8 Scheduled Caste Loi villages.
Certainly,
caste system has not be working in Manipur as strictly as in the rest of the
country. Yet, consequent upon the mass conversion of the Meitei into Hinduism
since the 18th century, caste, the backbone of all Hindu social orders, system
in a way whatever different it may be from cases in the rest of the Hindu
world. In fact, the uniqueness of Hindu caste system lies in its differences
from one region to another and even within the same region. As a corollary of
the new social order organised on the caste line, the chunk of people who had
been Excommunicated from the social mainstream under the designation Lois came
to be treated as being enter or to the caste Meitei society. Mention may be
made here that many of the prisoners and social offenders exiled to the Loi
villages had been Hindu converts and as such through them the original Loi
villagers were brought under the minimal influence of Hinduism. However, on
ground of being Lois by birth and by banishment, this class of people formed a
distinct population of local exterior caste whose relationship with the caste Meiteis
was markedly characterised by the taboo of inter-marriage and co- dinning.
51.
Probably, peculiar of the local caste system, and the same time, the erstwhile Loi
villages that had been subjected to the stigma of untouchability were again
gradually absorbed into the Meitei body social on the condition of their
conversion into Hinduism with the necessary approval of the them kings. What
remain have been those 8 villages covered by the Scheduled Caste Lois. The
peoples in this lot of 8 (eight) villages are till date taken together
traditional customs and practices of manufacturing country and practices of
manufacturing country liquor, drinking it and relishing part, as a collective
way of cultural life, though, to be candid, they also practice since long some
of the superficial cultural traits of Hinduism after the model of the Meitei,
rather in the mode of fashion.
52.
All this unmistakably speaks eloquently of the differentiation and, for that
matter, categorisation, in later part of history of the Lois into two distinct
classes that one observes today in the contemporary larger Meitei society. Most
probably, well cognizant of this fact of dichotomy of the Lois, Shri P.C. Methew,
Chief Commissioner to the Government of Manipur recommended the names of only
those specified 8 (eight) villages for inclusion in the list of Scheduled
Castes at the time of revision of the said list in 1956.
53.
Crucially needful to the above point, it may be reckoned with the fact that
Classification of a peripheral Hindu or Sikh people for recognition/inclusion
in the list of Scheduled Castes rests on the indisputable, simple criterion of untouchability
or near untouchability, a disabling condition resulting from the people's
exterior, peripheral position in relation to the caste Hindu mainstream. Now,
put to the test of this criterion the case of the other Lois than the Scheduled
Castes Lois provides the Committee no rational point for its self justification
of giving any suggestion to the authority concerned for consideration of
recognition/inclusion of this class of people in point as members of Scheduled
Castes. We take the privilege of passing this comment in so far as advised is
sought by the Government of Manipur from the Committee on the matter in issue.
This
class of Lois stands rather much closer to the caste Meitei pole of the Meitei-Loi
social continuum.
54.
What with the traditionally less strict feature of castism in Manipur as
compared with its scene in the rest of the Hindu universe and what with the
massive caste eradication programs undertaken by the Governmental of India on
the strength of special provisions in the Indian Constitution, the dehumanising
social situation of untouchability in this state of Manipur may be said to have
significantly diminished in its magnitude now. The concept of Lois as a social
institution as it worked in history during the days of the Meitei monarchs,
too, is not now fully operative. Payment of tributes to the then Meitei Lords
had been stopped with the British occupation and administration of Manipur. It
is all administration of Manipur. It is all the more expected to be completely
free from any such social complexes as involved in the historical Loi
institution and the position of exterior castes in these days of democracy in
our country.
Repetition
of the expression Lois as the name of a Scheduled Castes community is indeed
shown of any idea of invoking the old institution of Lois it is sheerly for the
administrative purpose of the Government of India in scheduling certain really
Backward Classes for special protection of the people thereof, among whom the
Lois of 8 (eight) specified villages of Manipur have been duly recognised as
one.
55.
Despite these facts of contemporary social situation of Loi castism of untouchability
or near untouchability in Manipur, continuity of this phenomenon in its
residual forms looms large till date. As a matter of fact, this lingering
residue of history still works behind the fact of social distance standing
between the so- called Lois and the core Meiteis, particularly in the matter of
marriage. Owing to this reasons, cases of inter-marriage between the core Meiteis
and persons from any of the eight villages the Scheduled Caste Lois are very
few and far between, the frequency being thus left far short of the expected
quantum. Some such similar scene of social distance, in lesser degree
undoubtedly, has been observed in the relationship of the core Meitei with the
Lois of the other class, too, vis-a-vis the letter's assimilation into the
socio religious order of the former, a scene that presupposes rather low
position of this class of people in the local social hierarchy. Of late,
inter-marriage of the meitei of higher social status with people of this class
of erstwhile Lois have occurred, admittedly,; but, these are conditional of the
educational attainments and affluent economic standings of the individual
spouses from the latter group, and these too mostly when they settle at the
urban areas. At the group level, however, they remain still, more or less, victimised
under the old social stigma of looking down upon them.
56. It
is in consideration of this relative social backwardness of this integral
section of people of the caste Hindu Meritei society that it is hereby being
suggested by the Committee with a humanistic and egalitarianist concern for the
people in point to the Government of Manipur as an alternative course of action
for the act of taking a decision over the issue, the idea of examining in the
case of this class of people could be considered in favour of their
recognition/inclusion in the list of Other Backward Classes, of course, within
the parameters not only of their social backwardness but also their educational
backwardness as so laid down in the Constitution of India for such purpose. It
would be worthwhile to mention here that the Government of Manipur has not so
far framed its State list of OBCs. In case of acceptance of this suggestion a
separate elaborate inquiry is asked for to evolve an appropriate scientific
methodology. If some or all, as the case may be, of the said class of Lois are
found social and educationally backward by the test of the criteria set up by
the acceptably adopted methodology, they may rightly be put, for administrative
purpose, under the label "Other Backward Lois."
57. TERM
NO. 3: "to give recommendation regarding validity on an approximately 2500
certificates issued by the Deputy Commissioner, Thoabal during the period from
March, 1992 onwards." While deciding term No. 2, we have already held that
the term Loi mentioned in the President's Notification includes only the Loi
population of the 8 villages, namely, Sekmai (Awang), Phayeng, Khurkhul, Koutruk,
Laimaram, Laimaram Khunon (Tairenpokpi), Kwatha and Andro and that the
expression Loi does not cover the Loi population of the remaining 26 villages.
There is, therefore, no doubt that the Loi population of Kakching village are
not included in the expression Loi mentioned in the President's Notification.
It follows, therefore, that the Scheduled Caste certificates numbering about
2500 issued by the District Magistrate and his subordinate officers are not
valid in the eye of law. Further, on perusal of the records, it is seen that
the District Magistrate and his subordinate offices issued Scheduled Caste
certificates arbitrarily without making proper inquiry as to the genuineness of
the claims of the petitioners. It is to be noted here that the absence of
proper inquiry would permit an inference that they were not even aware of the
vital fact and that they mechanically proceeded to issue the certificates which
would unmistakably indicate that there was non application of mind to the most
relevant fact. Any order of this nature passed mechanically with application of
mind of the competent authority) is liable to be set aside as invalid.
The
District Magistrate issued one such certificate in favour of one Rameshwar
Singh (one of the 2500 certificate holders) on the basis of the direction of
the Government of Manipur which was communicated to him by one Under Secretary
without making any Under Secretary without making any inquiry for his
subjective satisfaction as to the genuineness of the claim. We have stated
above and we repeat it again that while doing so, the District Magistrate was
acting as a rubber stamp of the Government and therefore the certificate issued
by him in favour of Rameshwar Singh is invalid. There is no dispute that the
competent authorities to issue Scheduled Castes certificate are District
Magistrate, Sub Divisional Magistrate, etc. and not the Government of Manipur.
Therefore, the district Magistrate could not issue the certificate in favour of
Rameshwar Singh on the advice or direction of the Government without making any
inquiry for his subjective satisfaction. It appears that the District
Magistrate was quite ignorant of this simple legal position. The certificate
purported to have been issued by the District Magistrate, Thoabal was, in fact,
made by the Government of Manipur and the District Magistrate merely acted as
the mouth piece of the Government and, therefore, the certificate issued by him
in favour of Rameshwar Singh was invalid.
After
all, the power exercisable by the District Magistrate and his subordinate
officers is a statutory power which can be exercised only by them. It appears
that the District Magistrate, Thoabal has lost sight of this aspect when he
issued the certificates." The Government accepted the Commission's
recommendations by its proceedings dated July 6, 1994 and acted upon the Report. In the
meanwhile, directions were issued on June 30, 1994 that the caste certificates issued
to the aforesaid persons from Kakching village would not be acted upon. Calling
this action in question, writ petitions came to be filed. The High Court in the
impugned order had held that the impugned order of the Government was not
sustainable in the light of the Presidential Order, However, a direction was
given that the Scheduled Caste Certificates issued to the inhabitants of Kakching
area shall be subject to the appropriate legislation that may be passed on the
basis of the enquiry report. As against the quashing of the order, the appeal
arising out of SLP (C) No. 3408/96 was filed and as regards para 34, the
respondents have filed the appeals arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 8499-8505/96.
Thus, these appeals by special leave.
Shri
R.F. Nariman, learned senior counsel for the appellants, contended that in view
of the findings recorded by the statutory Commission appointed by the
Government, though "Lois" has been declared as a Scheduled caste
throughout the State, except the persons who really have the status of the
Scheduled Castes or of Lois are inhabitants of the eight villages, namely, Sekmai
(Awang), Phayeng, Khurkhul, Koutruk, Laimaram, Laimaram Khunon (Tairenpokpi), Kwatha
and Andro, the people from other villages do not have the said status. In
support thereof, he relies upon the report of I. Seshimeran Aier, Commissioner
and P.C. Mathew, Commissioner appointed by the State Government to identify the
Scheduled castes for the purpose of amending the list of Scheduled Castes
before coming inhabiting in these eight villages alone are the members of the
Scheduled Castes.
Others,
though historically Lois, were assimilated in the mainstream of the Neither
Hindu society. Therefore, they are not entitled to the benefit of the status of
Scheduled Castes for the purpose of the Constitution. But they recommended to
the Government for consideration of their social and educational backwardness
after identification under Article 340 of the Constitution. This material does
indicate that the Lois inhabiting in rest of 18 villages, though historically
considered to be Lois, are, in fact, not Lois and they are not entitled to the
status of Scheduled Castes. The High Court, therefore, was not right in
quashing the notification issued by the Government.
Dr. Shankar
Ghosh, learned senior counsel for the respondents, on behalf of 2500 recipients
of social status as Scheduled Castes, on the other hand, contended that in view
of the Presidential notification issued after the 1976 [Amendment] Act,
declaring Lois is the State of Manipur as Scheduled castes, it is neither
permissible for the State Government nor for the Court to subtract their status
as Scheduled Castes by receiving any evidence from any source, whether laid by
the parties or by the Commission. Therefore, the certificates issued to the
persons in Kakching village are valid in law and that para 34 of the judgment
of the High Court requires to be set aside and it does not warrant interference
with the rest of the conclusions reached by the Division Bench.
In
view of the respective contentions, the question that arises for consideration
is; whether the view taken by the High Court is correct in law? This Court has
considered the controversy in catena of decisions. Article 366(24) defines
"Scheduled Castes" and Article 341(1) gives power to the President in
respect of any State or Union Territory to identify the Scheduled Castes in
consultation with the Governor of the State and issue a public notification
specifying the Scheduled Castes for the purpose of the Constitution. The
Scheduled Castes so specified, shall be subject to law made by the Parliament
under Article 341(2) of the Constitution. The list of the Scheduled Castes thus
published in respect of each of the State shall be final and conclusive.
The
question whether Bhovi is a voddar caste, the latter having been declared by
the Presidential notification to be a Scheduled Caste, had come up for
consideration in B. Basavalingappa vs. D. Munichinnappa [(1965) 1 SCR 316]. The
Constitution Bench considering the question had held that "the power was
given to Parliament to modify the notification made by the President under
clause (1). Clause (2) further goes on to provide that a notification issued
under clause (1) shall not be varied by any subsequent notification, thus
making the notification by the President final for all times except for
modification by law as provided by clause (2). Clearly, therefore, Article 341
provides for a notification and for its finality except when altered by
Parliament by law. Therefore, in view of this stringent provision of the
Constitution with respect to a notification issued under clause (1), it is not
open to any one to include any caste as coming within the notification on the
basis of evidence - oral or documentary - if caste in question does not find
specific mention in the terms of notification." This view was reiterated
by another Constitution Bench in Bhaiyalal vs. Harikishan Singh [(1965) 2 SCR
877]. The question was reconsidered in Srish Kumar Choudhury vs. State of Tripura [(1990) 1 SCR 576]. Therein, the Laskar
community claimed the status of Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State. The Presidential notification did not specifically deal
with them by express notification but they claimed the status of Jamatia, Notia
which is a Tribe notified by the President. Dealing with that question, this
Court, after considering the above two Constitution Bench judgment and other
judgments, had held that as a result of the detailed enquiry made as to the economic
status, the level of education and the necessity of protection, inclusion into
or exclusion from the Order requires to be made by the President and,
therefore, it is for the State Government to make necessary recommendations to
the President for taking appropriate action whether Laskars would be included
as Scheduled Tribes by appropriate amendment. In this behalf, until that was
done, it was held that it was not permissible for the Court to receive any
evidence to consider whether they are Schedules Tribes.
The
question was also examined in Palghat Jilla Thandan Samudhaya Samrakshna Samityi
vs. State of Kerala [(1994) 1 SCC 357]. Therein,
another Bench of three Judges had held that Thandans in Kerala State were declared to be Scheduled Castes. The High Court
directed an enquiry whether Ezhavas or Thiyyas are other Backward Classes (Tappers)
are Thandans. This Court had held that the enquiry that was ordered by the High
Court to find out whether there was community called Thandan distinct from Ezhava
in Palghat District in areas other than the erstwhile Chittur Taluk and also in
any other place in the erstwhile Malabar District, was not permissible to be
made since neither the Court nor the State Government has any power to amend or
subtract the list published by the President and, therefore, the direction
issued by the High Court was not correct in law.
Accordingly
a direction was given to issue necessary certificates until the Order was
amended by the Parliament.
Unfortunately,
it was not brought to the notice of the Court that they are Other Backward
Class (Tappers) and, therefore, similar question was considered by this Court
in Nityanand Sharma & Anr. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. [JT 1996 (2) SC
117]. Therein Lohars were not included in the Scheduled Tribes in the State of Bihar. They claimed the status of
Scheduled Tribes. Lohars are only blacksmiths while Lohras are the Scheduled
Tribes notified by the President. This Court had held that it was not
permissible for the Court to consider whether Lohars are Lohras who are
declared to be Scheduled Tribes. In Kumari Madhuri Patel & Ors. vs. Additional
Commissioner, Tribal Development & Ors. [(1984 (6) SCC 241], a Bench of two
Judges, to which one of us (K. Ramaswamy, J.) was a member had to consider
whether Kolis, a Backward Class in Maharashtra would be declared as Mahadeo Koli, a Scheduled Tribe in Maharashtra. Despite the cultural advancement,
the genetic traits pass on from generation to generation and no one could
escape or forget or get them over. The tribal customs are peculiar to each
tribe or tribal communities and still being maintained and preserved.
Their
cultural advancement to some extent may have modernised and progressed but they
would not be oblivious or ignorant of their customary and cultural past to
establish their affinity to the membership of a particular tribe. The tribe or
tribal communities, parts, of or groups thereof have their peculiar traits. It
was further held that Presidential declaration, subject to amendment by
Parliament, is conclusive. No addition to it by way of declaration of castes,
tribes or sub-caste, parts of or groups of tribes or tribal community is
permissible. After an elaborate survey of the Constitutional purpose and the
relative caste structures, customs, marriages etc. it was held that Kolis are
Backward Class and Mahadeo Koli are Scheduled Tribes. The appellants therein
being OBCs were held not entitled to status as Scheduled Tribes. The Court has
no power to declare synonymous as equivalent to the tribes specified in the
Order or include in or substitute any caste/tribe etc. It would thus be clear
that for the purpose of the Constitution, "Scheduled Tribes" defined
under Article 366(25) as substituted under the Act, and the Second Schedule thereunder
are conclusive. Though evidence may be admissible to a limited extent of
finding out whether the community which claims the status as Scheduled Caste or
Scheduled Tribe was in fact include in the concerned Schedule, the Court is
devoid of power to include in of exclude from or substitute or declare synonyms
to be of to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe or parts thereof or group of
such caste or tribe. In Valsamma Paul vs. Cochin University & Ors. [JT 1996 (1) SC 571] by
virtue of the marriage, the appellant a forward class claimed status of a
backward class. The question arose: whether the could claim the said status by
virtue of being married to a backward class (fishermen)? It was held that she
was not entitled to the said status. The retrograde attempt to grab the benefit
of and distributive justice to the targetted group was held to be prevented. It
would thus be clear and we hold that until the Presidential notification was
modified by appropriate amendment by Parliament in exercise of the power under
Article 341(2) of the Constitution, the Presidential notification issued under
Article 341(1) is final conclusive and it cannot be added to any caste or
subtracted by any action either by the State Government or by a court on
adduction of evidence.
The
next question is: whether the Lois other than the Lois residing in the aforestated
eight villages are entitled to claim the status as Scheduled Castes. It is
right, as contended by Dr. Ghosh, that so long as the Presidential notification
remains unamended, everyone who is declared as Lois is entitled to the status
of Scheduled Caste. But there is a peculiar factual situation prevailing in the
State of Manipur as historically collected from the
evidence by the two Commissioners appointed by the State Government before 1956
(Amendment) Act and also the latest Commission whose findings have been
extracted hereinbefore.
C.M.
Mathew, Commissioner had stated thus:
"The
Lois are living in the vally and they take meant and liquor as the scheduled
tribes but unlike the Scheduled Tribes when they die they are cremated.
Socially the Lois are as little better than Yaithibis in the eyes of the caste
Hindus. The Lois are backward and deserve special consideration from Government
for the amelioration of their condition. I am, therefore, of opinion that
should be included in the list of Scheduled Castes." I. Shimaren Aiar,
Regional Assistant Commissioner after recording evidence had stated in 1953
thus:
"The
term "Lois" means backward class. There are a distinct community,
different in many aspects from the manipuri Meitei, and to a great extent
similar to those of the hill tribes. They have been treated as untouchable for
the following reasons.
1. The
Lois are not allowed to enter the houses of the Meiteis (Manipuri Hindus).
2. The
main occupation of the Lois are cultivation and distilling of country liquor.
3.
Inter-marriage and co-dining between the Lois and the Meiteis are prohibited.
4. The
Lois worship goddes of nature.
5. The
Lois cremate their deaths, in this respect they are a kin to the Hindus."
It would thus be seen that the Lois who are Scheduled Castes have been subject
to the disabilities mentioned by the two Commissioners, Aier and Mathews and
accepted by the statutory Commission. In this behalf, Articles 17, (15(2) and
46 furnish the unimpeachable historical evidence of disabilities to which
Scheduled Castes are subjected to and the Constitution aimed to remedy by
distributive justice, equality of opportunity and the status with dignity of
person in socio-economic and political democracy and to prevent their
exploitation. They would furnish as guiding principles to solve the given
problem. As stated earlier, the question is; who are entitled to the status of
Scheduled Castes? It is not in dispute that though Lois residing in 26 villages
other than the eight named villages mentioned hereinbefore, had not claimed the
status as Scheduled Castes until March 1992, until the Commissioner of District
Thoubal and his subordinates had issued the social status certificates, for the
first time, only to the 2500 residents of Kakching; until then, too did not
village, no other residents in other 17 villages have claimed the status as
Scheduled Castes even after 1992 till date. This material has not been
contradicted; nor can it be contradicted. The Commission had pointed out that
at the direction of the Government one Rameshwar Singh was issued social status
certificate as Scheduled Caste without any enquiry,. That would show the
enormity of the misuse of the power to claim false social status.
Under
these circumstances, though the High Court was right that until the amendment
to the List has duly been made, the Lois would be entitled to the status of
Scheduled Castes, before issuance of the certificate of status the competent
officer should enquire whether the applicant is subjected to the disabilities
which the Scheduled Castes have been suffering. All those who satisfy these
criteria alone are entitled to the issuance of certificates until the amendment
is duly made by the Parliament under Article 341 (2) of the Constitution. The
High Court, therefore, was not right in the conclusion in paragraph 34 that
though the certificates issued by the Commissioner including those 2500
certificate holders were valid, that would be subject to the law made by the
Parliament. Any one who claims the status of Scheduled Castes should satisfy
the same criteria indicated by the Commissioners until the amendment is duly
made by the Parliament under Article 341(2) of the Constitution and an enquiry
should be conducted in that behalf.
The
State Government is directed to furnish to the President the report submitted
by the Commission, referred to hereinbefore, and all other material for
appropriate action by the Central Government by laying before the Parliament to
effect necessary amendment under Article 341(2) of the Constitution.
The
appeals are accordingly disposed of, but, in the circumstances, without costs.
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