M/S Kilpest
Pvt. Ltd. & Ors Vs. Shekhar Mehra [1996] INSC 1271 (8 October 1996)
S.P.
Bharucha, S.B. Majmudar Bharucha, J.
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
WITH (C.A.
1975/86, Con. Pet. 352/96)
These
are cross appeals against the judgment and order of a Division Bench of the
High Court of Madhya Pradesh.
The
appellant in Civil Appeal No.1975/86, Shekhar Mehra (Mehra), and the second
appellant in Civil Appeal No.1974/86, R.K.Dubey (Dubey) promoted Kilpest Pvt.
Ltd. (the company) and were its first Directors. Dubey was the Managing
Director and Mehra was the Joint Managing Director.
The
two fell out and Mehra did not attend Board of other meetings of the company
after 1st September,
1981. In December 1981
Mehra, his relations and friends (the Mehra group) held 1500 shares of the
company of Rs100/- each and Dubey, his relations and friends (the Dubey group)
held 1625 shares. Thereafter the Dubey group increased its shareholding so that
when the present petition was filed they held 4500 shares. At a Board meeting
of the company held on 2nd
January, 1982, K.P.Mishra,
the third appellant in Civil Appeal No.1974/86, was appointed to the Board as
an Additional Director. In the Extraordinary General Meting held on 15th January, 1983, Articles 84 to 86,91 and 93 of the
Articles of Association of the company, which provided for the management of
its business by Dubey and Mehra for life with equal remuneration, were altered
and the post of Joint Managing Director was abolished. At a Board meeting held
on 9th April, 1983, it was resolved that Mehra had
ceased to be a Director. He then filed a a civil suit, with which we are not
directly concerned, and then the present petition for oppression and mis-management
under Sections 397 and 398 of the Companies Act, 1956.
It was
the case of Mehra in the petition that the meetings subsequent to December,
1981, had been called without notice to him so as surreptitiously to allot
additional shares to the Dubey group and remove Mehra from the post of Joint
Managing Director. the allotment of additional shares and the alternation of
the aforesaid Articles had altered the basic structure of the company. While
this might be a ground for winding it up, Mehra sought relief under Section 397
and 398 of the Act. The petition also set out various alleged acts of mis-management
by Dubey. The petition was contested.
The
learned single judge found it appropriate to try the petition as a winding-up
petition. The company appealed. The Division Bench allowed the appeal, set
aside the order of the single judge and dismissed the petition. Mehra then
filed an appeal to this court, which was allowed and the matter was remanded.
Upon
remand the parties went to trial on the basis of affidavits. The single judge
dismissed the petition, whereupon Mehra filed the appeal upon which the order
under challenge was passed. The division Bench came to the conclusion that
there was no merit in Mehra's case that he had not been given notice of the
meetings. It found that the company could not be treated as a partnership
concern and there was no ground for winding it up under the just and equitable
clause. Dubey was found to have committed an act of breach of faith by
appropriating to himself the sum of Rs.52,875/- belonging to the company.
Having regard to its powers under Section 402 of the Companies Act, the
Division Bench directed that Mehra be appointed a Director of the company
enjoying all the powers and privileges enjoyed by the other Director, K P Mishra;
that Dubey should pay back to the company the sum of Rs. 52,875/- and that the
registrar of Companies should inspect the records of the company for the period
1981 till the date of the judgment regarding purchase of raw materials from the
parties mentioned therein and if it was found that no such purchase of raw
materials from the parties mentioned therein and if it was found that no such
purchases had been made and payments were to fictitious parties, Dubey should
pay back the amount thereof.
At the
stage when leave to appeal was given by this court, the operation of the order
under challenge was stayed. IT was directed that the company would function in
the manner it was functioning during the pendency of the appeal before the high
court and that there stay would not prevent the Registrar of Companies carrying
out the inspection required by the order under appeal.
While
there appeals have been awaiting final disposal the company has prospered.
Learned
counsel for Mehra sought to challenge the findings of the fact reached by the
Division Bench in the judgement under appeal. We find that the Division Bench
assessed the evidence before it and came to a conclusion thereon. The
conclusion has not been challenged as being perverse or such as could not
reasonably have been reached upon the record, as, indeed, it could not have
been, We, therefore, proceed upon the basis of the findings of fact recorded by
the Division Bench.
The
principal argument on behalf of Mehra was based upon the judgement of the House
of Lords in Ebrahimi vs. Westbourne Galleries Ltd. and Ors., (1972) 2 All ER
492. It was submitted that inasmuch as there were only two promoter Directors,
who held, along with their friends and relations, 1500 and 1650 shares
respectively, and since they were to remain Joint Managing Directors for life,
the principles applicable to a partnership were relevant. There having been an
exclusion of Mehra from the business of the company, Mehra was entitled to an
order winding up the company.
Ebrahimi's
case was considered by this court in Hind Overseas Private Limited vs. Raghunath
Prasad Junjhunwalla and Anr.. 1976(3) S.C.C. 259. The facts of Ibrahimi case
were set out therein thus:
In Ebrahims's
case (supra) the company which was first formed by the two erstwhile partners, Ebrahimi
and Nazar, was joined by Nazar's son, George Nazar, as the third director and
each of the two original shareholders transferred to him 100 shares so that at
all material times Ebrahimi held 400 shares, Nazar 400 shares and George Nazar
200 shares. the Nazars, father and son, thus had a majority of the votes in
general meeting.
Until
the dispute all the three remained directors. Later on as ordinary resolution
was passed by the company in general meeting by the votes of Nazar and George Nazar
removing Ebrahimi form the office of director. That led to the petition for winding-up
before the court." This Court noted that the following features had been
found in Ebrahimi's case:
"(1)
There was a prior partnership between the only two members who later on formed
the company.
(2)
Both the shareholders were directors sharing the profits equally as
remuneration and no dividends were declared.
(3)
One of the shareholder's son acquired shares from his father and from the
second shareholder, Ebrahimi, and joined the company as the third shareholder -
director with two hundred shares (one hundred from each).
(4)
After that, there was a complete ouster of Ebrahimi from the management by the
votes of the other two directors, father and son.
(5)
Although Ebrahimi was a partner, Nazar had made it perfectly clear that he did
not regard Ebrahimi as a partner but regarded him as an employee in reputation
of Ebrahimi's status as well as of the relationship.
(6) Ebrahimi
through ceasing to be a director lost his right to share in the profits through
directors' remuneration retaining only the chance of receiving dividends as a
minority shareholder.
Bearing
in mind the above features in the case, the House of Lords allowed the petition
for winding-up by reversing the judgment of the court of appeal and restoring
the order of Plowman, J." This court observed that although the Companies
Act was modelled on the English statute, the Indian law was developing on its
own lines and making significant progress.
Where
the words used in both the Indian and English statutes were identical, English
decisions might throw light and their reasons might be persuasive, but the
proper course was to examine the language of the statute and ascertain its true
meaning. It was apposite, having regard to the background, conditions and
circumstances of present Indian society and the needs and requirements of the
country that a somewhat different treatment be adopted. The courts would have
to adjust and adapt, limit or extend principles derived from English decisions,
entitled as they were to great respect, suiting the conditions of Indian
society and the country in general, always, however, with one primary
consideration in view that the general interests of the shareholders should not
be readily sacrificed at the altar of squabbles of directors for power to
manage the company.
This
Court said:
"When
more than one family or several friends and relations together form a company
and there is no right as such agreed upon for active participation of members
who are sought to be excluded from management, the principles of dissolution of
partnership cannot be liberally invoked. Besides, it is only when shareholding
is more or less equal and there is a case of complete deadlock in the company
on account of lack if probity in the management of the company and there is no
hope or possibility of smooth and efficient continuance of the company as a
commercial concern, there may arise a case for winding-up on the just and quitable
ground. In a given case the principles of dissolution of partnership may apply
squarely if the apparent structure of the company is not the real structure and
on piercing the view it is found that in reality it is a partnership. On the
allegations and submissions in the present case, we are not prepared to extend
these principles to the present company." We respectfully agree with the
observations on the case of Hind Overseas Pvt. Ltd. and would add this.
Sections 397 and 398 of the Companies Act provide relief to shareholders
against oppression and mismanagement. The powers exercisable in such petitions,
at the relevant time by the courts and now by the Company Law Board, have been
set out in Sections 402. Sections 402 reads thus :
"S.402.
Powers of Company Law Board on application under section 397 or 398 - Without
prejudice to the generality of the powers of the Company Law Board under
sections 397 or 398, any order under either section may provide for –
(a) the
regulation of the conduct of the company's affairs in future;
(b) the
purchase of the shares or interests of any members of the company by other
members thereof or any the company;
(c) in
the case of a purchase of its shares by the company as aforesaid, the
consequent reductiont fits share capital;
(d) the
termination, setting aside or modification of any agreement, howsoever arrived
at, between the company on the one hand, and any of the following persons, on
the other, namely :-
(i) the
managing director,
(ii) any
other director,
(iii) the
managing agent,
(iv)the
secretaries and treasurers, and
(v) the
manager, upon such terms and conditions as may, in the opinion of the Company
Law Board, be just and equitable in all the circumstances of the case;
(e)
the termination, setting aside or modification of any agreement between the
company and any person not referred to in clause (d), provided that no such agreement
shall be terminated, set aside or modified except after sue notice to the party
concerned and provided further that no such obtaining the consent of the party
concerned;
(f)
the setting aside of any transfer, delivery of goods, payment, execution or
other act relating to property mode or done by or against the company within
three months before the date of the application under section 397 or 398, which
would, if made or done by or against an individual, be deemed in his insolvency
to be a fraudulent preference;
(g) any
other matter for which in the opinion of the Company Law Board it is just and
equitable the provision should be made.
The
promoters of a company, whether or not they were thither to partners, elect to
avail of the advantages of forming a limited company. They voluntarily and
knowingly bid themselves by the provisions of the Companies Act. The submission
that a limited company should be treated as a quasi-partnership should,
therefore, not be easily accepted.
Having
regard to the wide powers under Section 402, very rarely would it be necessary
to wind up any company in a petition filed under Sections 397 and 398.
The
present was a petition under Sections 397 and 398. The Division Bench exercised
power under Section 402 to appoint Mehra as a director to protect his interests
and guard against mismanagement. It required Dubey to return to the company the
sum of Rs.52,875 which he had wrongly appropriated to himself. It directed the
Registrar of Companies of enquire into other allegations of misconduct in which
it found, prima facie, substance; and we may say immediately that we have
perused the report filed by the Registrar of Companies which shows that no
substance was, ultimately, found therein. We agree with the Division Bench that
this was no case for winding up the company and must dismiss the appeal filed
by Mehra.
Insofar
as Dubey's appeal is concerned, it was submitted that the division Being ought
not to have ordered that Mehra be appointed a Director of the company. The
Division Bench found that Dubey had appropriated to himself moneys belonging to
the company. Mehra's presence on the Board would prevent a recurrence, thus
protecting Mehra's interest and that of the company. We, therefore, find no
substance in Dubey's appeal.
Dubey
had filed a contempt petition against Mehra for having made complaints to
certain authorities while these appeals were pending. There is no breach of any
order nor any contempt and the contempt petitions must be dismissed.
The
appeals are dismissed. The contempt petition is dismissed. There shall be no
order as to costs.
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