P.K. Ghosh,
I.A.S. and ANT. Vs. J.G. Rajput [1995] INSC 657 (10 November 1995)
Verma,
Jagdish Saran (J) Verma, Jagdish Saran (J) Venkataswami K. (J) J.S. Verma. J.:
CITATION:
1996 AIR 513 1995 SCC (6) 744 JT 1995 (8) 214 1995 SCALE (6)257
ACT:
HEAD NOTE:
Leave
granted.
This
appeal by special leave is against the order dated 18.3.1994 made in Misc.
Civil Application No.1841 of 1993 in Special Civil Application No.1497 of 1988,
by a Division Bench (R.A.Mehta and B.J. Shethna, JJ.) of the High Court of Gujarat.
The impugned order was passed in unusual circumstances which are mentioned
hereafter.
Respondent
J.G. Rajput is an employee of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. He filed a
writ Petition - Special Civil Application No. 1497 of 1988 - in the High Court
of Gujarat challenging his suspension by order dated 14.3.1988 in which he was
represented by Shri B.J. Shethna (later appointed a Judge of the High Court of
Gujarat) as his counsel. The respondent obtained an order on 28.3.1988 staying
his suspension (Annexure A). Thereafter, Shri B.J. Shethna was elevated to the
Bench of the Gujarat High Court and the respondent was then represented by Shri
Adil Mehta as his counsel. A settlement was arrived at between the Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation and the respondent before the High Court which was
recorded on 28.2.1990 and S.C.A. No. 1497 of 1988 was permitted to be withdrawn
by C.K. Thakkar, J. before whom it was listed (Annexure B). The corporation
contends that in terms of the settlement, the respondent was confirmed in
service in the scale of Rs.950- 1400 and was also allotted a residential
quarter. Thereafter on 8.4.1991, the respondent filed Misc. Civil Application
No. 540 of 1991 for review of the final order made in S.C.A. No. 1497 of 1988
which came up for hearing before C.K. Thakkar, J. who rejected the review
application on 2.4.1992 on his satisfaction that the terms of settlement had
been complied with by the Municipal Corporation (Annexure C).
Thereafter
on 7.5.1993, the respondent was served with a chargesheet for theft of some
municipal property vide Annexure D. According to the Municipal Corporation,
this chargesheet was unconnected with the earlier dispute which had ended in
the manner aforesaid and it related to a subsequent incident of theft. However,
the respondent filed Misc. Civil Application No. 1109 of 1993 in the High Court
wherein it was prayed that the inquiry pursuant to the said chargesheet be
stayed and the appellants who are the Municipal Commissioner and Deputy
Municipal Commissioner of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation be punished for
contempt of the court and the earlier Special Civil Application No. 1497 of
1988 be restored. This M.C.A. No. 1109 of 1993 was dismissed by C.K. Thakkar,
J. on 30.7.1993 vide Annexure E which reads as under :- "On the basis of
the compromise arrived at between the parties, the main matter i.e. Spl. C.A.
No. 1497 of 1988 came to be disposed of by an order dt. December 29, 1990. An application for review being
M.C.A. No. 3 of 1991 came to be filed by the present applicant, which was
rejected by the order dated April 2, 1992.
Once again, the present application is made. The applicant- party-in-person
drew my attention to a charge-sheet issued to him by the Commissioner on May 7, 1993. I am not expressing any opinion so far that
charge-sheet is concerned, but there is no question of reviewing the earlier
matter when the review application came to be disposed of. Hence, this
application is rejected. D.S." However, the respondent did not accept that
the controversy in Special Civil Application No. 1497 of 1988 had concluded as
held once again in the above order by C.K. Thakkar, J. and on 21.12.1993, he
filed a contempt petition - Music. Civil Application No. 1841 of 1993 under the
Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 (Annexure F).
This
contempt petition came up for hearing on 22.12.1993 before a Division Bench of
the High Court comprised of R.A. Mehta and B.J. Shethna, JJ. The Division Bench
issued notice of the matter returnable on 29.12.1993. On 29.12.1993 when the
matter was again taken up by the same Division Bench, the counsel appering on
behalf of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation requested that the matter may not
be taken up by that Bench, pointing out that B.J. Shethna, J. who was on the
Bench had earlier appeared as an advocate in the High Court on behalf of the
respondent in S.C.A. No. 1497 of 1988 on the basis of which the allegation of
contempt of court was made in this compt Petition. A perusal of the contempt
petition (Annexure F) shows that it is based on the earlier Special Civil
Application No. 1497 of 1988 and issuance of the chargesheet dated 7.5.1993 to
the respondent is alleged to be in contempt of the orders made therein. The
respondent's case, therefore, is clearly on that basis in spite of the
assertion of the Municipal Corporation that the chargesheet issued to him later
is a subsequent and an independent matter.
The
above facts and the specific case of the respondent in the contempt petition
leave no doubt that the appropriate course for B.J. Shethna, J. in these
circumstances was to recuse himself from hearing this contempt matter on
account of the stand taken by the respondent for whom he had appeared as
counsel in Special Civil Application No. 1497 of 1988. It appears that the
constitution of the Division Bench had undergone a change in the meantime and
the regular Division Bench comprised of R.A. Mehta and M.S. Parikh, JJ. but the
matter was treated as part-heard by the earlier Division Bench of R.A. Mehta
and B.J. Shethna, JJ. in spite of the objection taken on behalf of the
Municipal Corporation to the hearing of the contempt petition by B.J. Shethna,
J., as earlier indicated.
The
appellants then opposed admission of the contempt petition by filing affidavits
on 13.1.1994 contending inter alia that B.J. Shethna, J. may not hear the
matter for the reason stated; and that C.K. Thakkar, J. had examined the matter
twice earlier and held that the terms of settlement arrived at between the
parties had been fully complied with by the Municipal Corporation on account of
which no case of contempt could be made out. The matter came to be listed
before the same Division Bench (R.A. Mehta and B.J. Shethna, JJ.). Thereafter,
on several dates, in spite of the above objection which indicated a strong reason
for B.J. Shethna, J. to recuse himself from the Bench hearing the contempt
petition, he chose to hear the matter and on 18.3.1994 the Bench of R.A. Mehta
and B.J. Shethna, JJ. made the impugned order as follows :- "Heard.
Rule.
Interim stay of the inquiry in pursuance of the Charge sheet dt. 7.5.1993. dt.
18.3.1994. sd/- (R.A.MEHTA, J) sd/- (B.J.SHETHNA, J.)" Aggrieved by the
impugned order dated 18.3.1994, this appeal has been filed by special leave.
On
11.7.1994, this Court (C.J.I. and Mohan, J.) issued notice in this matter and
granted interim stay. In the counter affidavit filed by the respondent, he has
expressly admitted as under :- "2. Respondent had been suspended on 14-3-1988 by the Municipal Corporation.
Respondent
filed Special Civil Application No. 1497/1988 in the High Court of Gujarat
(hereinafter referred as High Court) challenging the said order of suspension
dated 14.3.1988.
Shri
B.J. Shethna (now elevated as Judge) appeared and obtained an order for staying
suspension order (interlocutory). Thereafter he did not appear since he had
been elevated as Judge." "9. The Respondent being harassed by the
Corporation left with no remedy except to initiate contempt proceedings against
the Petitioners since they have not complied with the undertaking as mentioned
in the terms of compromise vide dated 28-2-1990, on 21-12-1993 in the High
Court which was registered as Misc. Civil Application 1841/1993.
10.
The said Civil Misc. Application came before Hon'ble Mr. Justice R.A. Mehta and
Hon'ble Mr. Justice B. J. Shethna and notice was issued returnable on
29.12.1993. When it came for hearing before the said judges. Objection was
raised that it be not heard by the said Bench because Hon'ble Mr. Justice B.J. Shethna
had appeared as a counsel on the first hearing in Spl Civil Application No.
1477/1988 for the Respondent. This request was not acceded to. Again similar
objection was raised on 10.3.1994 but not acceded to. On 18.3.1994 notice was
issued and inquiry Proceedings against this Respondent were stayed." Rest
of the affidavit is not material in this context.
It
appears that the learned Chief Justice of India apprised B.J. Shethna, J. of
this allegation to elicit his comments. A letter dated 12.8.1994 of B.J. Shethna,
J. to the then Chief Justice of India and another letter dated 9.10.1995 to the present Chief Justice of
India in this connection are on record. In none of these letters, the basic
facts relevant in the present context have been denied and the tenor of both
the letters indicates, unfortunately, an attempt to justify the course adopted
by B.J. Shethna, J. of hearing the contempt petition and making the impugned
order in spite of the above objection expressly taken to his presence in the
Bench which heard the contempt Petition. In his letter dated 12.8.1994, B.J. Shethna,
J. while justifying the course adopted by him also said as under :-
".......Thus, except the fact that the contempt proceedings were arising
out of the final order passed in SCA 1497/88 on 26-12-90 and subsequent
petitions filed in that petition being MCA 540/91 and MCA 1109/93 note for
speaking to minutes, there was no nexus. Therefore, that objection was
over-ruled by us." These letters also indicate his disappointment that
contempt proceedings were not initiated against the appellants for raising such
an objection. The expression of this opinion by him is even more unfortunate.
We are
indeed sad that in these circumstances, B.J. Shethna, J. should have persisted
in hearing the contempt petition, in spite of the specific objection which
cannot be called unreasonable on the undisputed facts, and in making the
impugned order accepting prima facie the respondent's above noted contention.
Ordinarily, at least at that stage it should have been appreciated that the
more appropriate course for him to adopt was to recuse himself from the Bench
hearing this contempt petition, even if it did not occur to him to take that
step earlier when he began hearing it. It is on account of the lack even now of
the proper perception needed of the appropriate course for a Judge to adopt in
these circumstances that it has become our painful duty to emphasise on this
fact most unwillingly. We do so with the fervent hope that no such occasions
arise in future which may tend to erode the credibility of the course of
administration of justice.
A
basic postulate of the rule of law is that `justice should not only be done but
it must also be seen to be done.' If there be a basis which cannot be treated
as unreasonable for a litigant to expect that his matter should not be heard by
a particular judge and there is no compelling necessity, such as the absence of
an alternative, it is appropriate that the learned judge should recuse himself
from the Bench hearing that mater. This step is required to be taken by the
learned judge not because he is likely to be influenced in any manner in dong
justice in the cause, but because his hearing the matter is likely to give rise
to a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the litigant that the mind of the
learned judge, may be subconsciously, has been influenced by some extraneous
factor in making the decision, particularly if it happens to be in favour of
the opposite party. Credibility in the functioning of the justice delivery
system and the reasonable Perception of the affected parties are relevant
considerations to ensure the continuance of public confidence in the
credibility and impartiality of the judiciary. This is necessary not only for
doing justice but also for ensuring that justice is seen to be done.
In the
facts and circumstances of this case, we are afraid that this facet of the rule
of law has been eroded.
We are
satisfied that B.J. Shethna, J., in the facts and circumstances of this case,
should have recused himself from hearing this contempt petition, particularly
when specific objection to this effect was taken by the appellants in view of
the respondent's case in the contempt petition wherein the impugned order came
to be made in his favour. In our opinion, the impugned order is vitiated for
this reason alone.
Consequently,
this appeal is allowed. The impugned order dated 18.3.1994 is set aside. In
view of the fact that B.J. Shethna, J. has since then been transferred from the
High Court of Gujarat to the High Court of Rajasthan, it is needless to direct
that the matter be now heard in the High Court of Gujarat by a Bench of which
he is not a member.
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